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- Exercise 30 minutes per day or every second day
- Eat a balanced diet
- Muscle stretching
- Breathwork
- Socialising

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Originating in 1850, AFL stands for Australian Football League. Football is a significant part of Australian culture that is continual. It includes a multicultural scheme to welcome diverse communities and includes women and Aboriginal players. All professions are welcome, making this a prime health aspect of Australian culture.
(Australian Human Rights Commission, n.d.)

References:
Australian Human Rights Commission. (n.d.). Australian Football League. Australian Rules Football.https://humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/racial_discrimination/whats_the_score/pdf/afl.pdf

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Traditional dance in Australia is performed by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. Dance stories include native Australian animals, country and dreamtime. The music accompanied is didgeridoo and music stick. (Watarrka Foundation, n.d.)

References:
Koomurri Aboriginal Cultural Workshops. (2017, September 13). Aboriginal Welcome Dance Northern NSW [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sUxDNyrCtCo

Watarrka Foundation. (n.d.). The Tradition Of Aboriginal Dance. https://www.watarrkafoundation.org.au/blog/the-tradition-of-aboriginal-dance

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Traditional Irish dance, Step Dancing or Riverdance, is performed with traditional Irish music. The dance requires fast movement of the feet and stillness of the upper body. There are three shoes worn for Riverdance, and these are called, hard shoes, ghillies and reel shoes. (Harris, 2016)

References:
Harris, J. (2016, October 20). Riverdance – The shoes behind the step. Blumenthal Performing Arts. https://www.blumenthalarts.org/news/detail/riverdance#:~:text=Riverdance%20features%20Irish%20stepdance%2C%20a,wowing%20audiences%20for%20twenty%20years.

Riverdance. (2015, December 21). Riverdance - Anniversary Tour footage - Special release [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oc1Fd0BpjmM

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Riverdance  -  Anniversary Tour Footage - Special Release

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Employment:

The World Health Organisation states adult refugees and migrants gain employment below their academic credentials while awaiting evidence of qualification and gaining working visas. During this time, minimally skilled jobs are achieved, thus resulting in a low income. Low income is linked to poorer health. (Health and Migration Programme. 2022)

References:
Health and Migration Programme. (2022). World report on the health of refugees and migrants. www.who.int. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240054462

Services Australia. (n.d.). Payment for refugees and asylum seekers - Moving to Australia. https://www.servicesaustralia.gov.au/payment-for-refugees-and-asylum-seekers?context=60041#a1

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During my childhood, I had an array of multicultural food served by my Irish Nanna and my Australian stepmother.

Irish Dishes:
- Sheppard's Pie
- Colcannon
- Irish stew
- Potato bread

Australian Food:
- Vegemite scrolls
- Barramundi
- Homemade meat pies
- Homemade ANZAC biscuits
- Trifle on Christmas

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My Father is adopted. It is recognised the birth father is Serbian, who originated from Yugoslavia before the country separated into six countries, Serbia being one of them.

On my Mother's side, we are Irish. My Mother's birth mother was born in Northern Ireland, Belfast. We have fair and pale skin on my Mother's side, and on my father's side, he has an olive-tanned complexion. I am a mix of Serbian and Irish ethnicity.

I live in a Western society and have done my entire life. My family and I are not part of religious groups related to our ethnicity; we consider our culture Australian.

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End-Text References: Principle Health Issues Refugees Face

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End-Text References: Principle Health Issues Refugees Face

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Australian Refugee Health, Primary Care for People of Refugee Backgrounds. (n.d.). Australian Refugee Health Practise Guide. https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/

Department of Home Affairs website. (n.d.). Department of Home Affairs Website. https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-statistics/statistics/country-profiles/profiles/iraq#:~:text=Population,54%2C980)%20at%2030%20June%202011

Flag of Iraq. (2023, October 1). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Iraq

International Journal of Mental Health Systems. (2018). Improving the capacity of community-based workers in Australia to provide initial assistance to Iraqi refugees with mental health problems: an uncontrolled evaluation of a Mental Health Literacy https://ijmhs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13033-018-0180-8.

Iraqi Culture - Iraqis in Australia. (2017). Cultural Atlas. https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/iraqi-culture/iraqi-culture-iraqis-in-australia

Lee, C., Emeto, T. I., & Walsh, N. (2022). Prevalence of hepatitis B virus amongst refugees, asylum seekers and internally displaced persons in low‐ and middle‐income countries: A systematic review. Journal of Viral Hepatitis, 30(1), 4-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvh.13770

Renzaho,A.M.N.,& Dhingra,N. (2016). Addressing the Needs of Syrian and Iraqi Refugees in the Nepean Blue Mountains Region: a Formative Assessment of Health and Community Service Needs, 5. https://www.nbmphn.com.au/resources/about/169_0517-refugee-report_f_web

Vaccination for migrants, refugees and people seeking asylum in Australia. (2023, June 28). The Australian Immunisation Handbook. https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccination-for-special-risk-groups/vaccination-for-migrants-refugees-and-people-seeking-asylum-in-australia

World Health Organization. (n.d.). Noncommunicable diseases. World Health Organization. https://www.emro.who.int/iraq/priority-areas/feed/atom.html#:~:text=Noncommunicable%20diseases&text=Mortality%20due%20to%20NCDs%2C%20including,and%20chronic%20lung%20disease%202%25.

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At the end of June 2021, it was reported that 99,630 Iraqi-born refugees were living in Australia. (Department of Home Affairs Website, n.d.) Three health concerns listed in the Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide that are likely to occur are mental health issues, chronic non-communicable diseases in adults, and immunisation. (Australian Refugee Health, Primary Care for People of Refugee Backgrounds, n.d.)

Country Focus: Iraq

Mental Health:
Multiple social, psychological and biological factors determine mental health. In a study conducted in Australia, 30% of members met the criteria of post-traumatic stress disorder, and 40% reported intellectual anguish. These mental health results transcend compared with the overall population. (Uribe Guajardo et al.,2018)

One treatment available to refugees in Australia is bulk-billed mental health care plans with barriers such as financial adversity, bulk-billed services, and community-based approaches to trauma and relocation can have positive impacts toward mental health. (Understanding the mental health and help-seeking behaviours of refugees, 2022).

Non-communicable diseases:
NCDs are a prime factor in death and other health conditions. Iraqi refugees may present in Australia with pre-existing conditions or have been developed through resettlement. These conditions include cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic emphysema and bronchitis, contributing to 55% of deaths. (World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region, n.d)

One treatment available to refugees from Iraq in Australia is access to health-supported service provider programs. These health professionals introduce access to Medicare, Government financial assistance and orientations on navigating Australia's health system. (Renzaho & Dhingra 2016)

Immunisation: Hepatitis B
Iraqi refugees have different immunisation schedules than Australia, meaning refugees may not be vaccinated according to the Australian Immunisation schedule. Hepatitis B is a standard vaccination that can be missed before resettlement. Through serology, the virus can be detected. Hepatitis B living in the body for an extended period can extend to chronic hepatitis B and cause liver cancer, death and cirrhosis. (Lee et al., 2022)

Treatment in Australia consists of screening, usually done through refugee healthcare. Healthcare workers can determine whether vaccinations are required through blood tests. (Vaccination for Migrants, Refugees and People Seeking Asylum in Australia, 2023)

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The Impact of Social Determinants on Migrants and Refugees in Australia

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The Impact of Social Determinants on Migrants and Refugees in Australia

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Housing, basic amenities and the environment:

There are several barriers to safe housing for migrants and refugees, such as financial hardship and awaiting migratory status—all of these can impact a person's overall mental and physical health prognosis. The World Health Organisation reports respiratory illness and depression can result from impoverished housing environments. Unfavourable health status is also gained where detention centres are overpopulated and health care is scarce. Both settings have their health risks. (Health and Migration Programme, 2022)

Education:
The World Health Organisation suggests a combination of education levels can still result in inadequate participation in health services, resulting in adverse health consequences related to physical and mental health. Higher-paying jobs, in most cases, require an academic degree. Migrants or refugees can be seen turning toward physical labour or low-earning jobs. Some have no choice but to work low-paying jobs where prior educational attainment is not yet recognised in Australia. (Health and Migration Programme, 2022)

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After analysing the framework, Competency Standard 12.1 encourages all clinicians to be mindful of how culture can affect healthcare decisions. For me, the learning gained from the framework is to embrace culturally responsive care and aim for flexible options where cultural beliefs may not conquer. This skill will be fundamental for me in future nursing employment, as it rules out insensitive practices and upholds respect.

(Migrant & Refugee Women's Health Partnership, 2019)

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Health, to me, is physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being. For me to achieve optimal health, I take action to exercise regularly and eat a rich diet of fruits, vegetables and lean meats. I incorporate weight lifting and cardiovascular exercise into my weekly routine which in turn empowers my overall wellness.