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an economic theory asserting that benefits provided to the wealthy and businesses will eventually "trickle down" to the rest of the population through job creation and economic growth

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an economic philosophy advocating minimal government interference in the marketplace, allowing natural market forces to determine prices, production, and distribution.

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the use of violence or threats to intimidate and create fear for political, religious, or ideological purposes

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the process of increased interconnectedness and interdependence among countries, economies, and cultures through international trade, communication, and cultural exchange

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individuals or policies favoring limited government intervention, traditional values, and a free-market approach to economic issues.

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the total value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period, serving as a key indicator of economic performance.

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reducing or eliminating government restrictions and regulations on industries, with the goal of fostering competition and economic efficiency.

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refers to the economic policies of President Ronald Reagan in the 1980s, emphasizing tax cuts, reduced government regulation, and a belief that stimulating economic growth among the wealthy would benefit the entire economy.

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government actions related to taxation and spending to influence the economy, aiming to achieve economic goals such as full employment and stable prices.

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actions by a central bank to control the money supply and interest rates, influencing economic activity by managing inflation, employment, and overall economic stability

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individuals or policies advocating for social and economic equality, government intervention in the economy, and progressive social values.

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the general increase in the prices of goods and services over time, reducing the purchasing power of currency.

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a political movement in the 1980s, led by religious conservatives, advocating for socially conservative policies and seeking to influence American politics based on moral and religious principles.

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Military alliance primarily between the USA and Western Europe.

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The death and destruction of six million jews and five million other people by the Nazis during WWII.

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Globally centered groups that try to solve world problems.

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Named by Winston Churchill. This is the metaphorical demarcation between communism and democracy in Europe.

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Theory that communism must be prevented from spreading to other countries and that the USA must use military force to stop it if necessary.

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Theory that if one country uses nuclear weapons other countries will use them as well effectively ending the world as we know it.

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Supreme Court Case that ended the segregation of schools.

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Created the World Bank and IMF to solve the world’s economic problems.

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Successor to the League of Nations. Exists to solve the world’s political problems.

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Military alliance between countries in Eastern Europe and the USSR.

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Belief that if one country becomes Communist its neighbors would also become communist.

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Significantly more powerful than past weapons. First used in Hiroshima.

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Vastly more powerful than atomic bombs. Capable of destroying entire cities and permanently irradiating countries.

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Created by President LBJ to improve the social welfare safety net in the USA.

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Tax on imports

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International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. Sometimes considered a precursor to the modern UN.

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A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically

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The principle that all countries should have equal access to any of the ports open to trade in China

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A popular way to describe the New Deal, referring to relief, recovery, and reform

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A message from Germany to Mexico—decoded and shared by the British—that urged Mexico to invade the US to keep the US occupied in exchange for German support for Mexico taking back parts of the Mexican Cession

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A captain and admiral in the Navy who was a prominent supporter of Imperialism

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American military strategy in WWII to slowly claim territory across the Pacific, leading to the eventual defeat of Japan

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The prevention by law of the manufacture and sale of alcohol between 1920 and 1933

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The resolution to WWI that squarely blamed Germany by demanding billions in reparations and destroying German military infrastructure

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Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation

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The campaign to allow female voters

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The practice of allowing investors to purchase a stock for only a fraction of its price and borrow the rest at high interest rates

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The movement of African Americans from the South to the industrial centers of the Northeast and the Midwest.

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The political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests

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The traditional belief that the United States should refrain from involvement in overseas politics, alliances, or wars, and confine its national security interest to its own borders

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Negative term for wealthy business owners during the Gilded Age who made fortunes by monopolizing huge industries through unethical business practices

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The idea that extremely wealthy Americans had a responsibility to spend their money in order to benefit the greater good.

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Positive name for wealthy business owners during the Gilded Age, implying that they helped the United States become strong through their business pursuits

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An organized group of workers that use collective bargaining to improve working conditions

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A banker who financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks. He bought out Carnegie and in 1901 he started the United States Steel Corporation

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The age between the Civil War and WWI when the American economy grew rapidly and individuals were able to use monopolies to amass great wealth

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A man who started from meager beginnings and eventually created an oil empire. In Ohio in 1870 he organized the Standard Oil Company. By 1877 he controlled 95% of all of the refineries in the United States

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The idea that the wealthy and powerful were naturally superior and deserved their success

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Known as the steel king; he integrated every phase of his steel-making operation. He pioneered "Vertical Integration" to improve efficiency by controlling the quality of the product at all stages of production and eliminating the middleman

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Patterns of movement across the country, including waves of new immigrants and formerly enslaved people moving toward urban centers

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The railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical

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When writers sought to expose corruption in big business and government

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A system of economic production based on the private ownership of property and the contractual exchange for profit of goods, labor, and money

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Loyalty or support of a particular region or section of the nation, rather than the United States as a whole

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Southern half of the country, a group of states trying to separate over the issue of slavery

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Required that slaves be returned to their owners, even if they were in a free state

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Granted African Americans citizenship and equal protection under the law

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Granted African American men voting rights

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19th century belief that Americans had the God given right to spread across the whole continent

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Northern half of the country, a group of states that were generally anti-slavery

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When a state attempts to secede from, or leave, the nation it was once a part of

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Passed by the U.S. Congress on May 30, 1854. It allowed people in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders. The Act served to repeal the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which prohibited slavery north of latitude 36°30´

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Freed all slaves and abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States

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Henry Clay introduced a series of resolutions in an attempt to seek a compromise and avert a crisis between North and South, this included that the Fugitive Slave Act was amended, the slave trade in Washington, D.C. was abolished, California entered the Union as a free state, a territorial government was created in Utah, and an act was passed settling a boundary dispute between Texas and New Mexico that also established a territorial government in New Mexico

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People of a territory should themselves decide the issue of slavery

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Opposed Jackson's strong-armed leadership style and policies, but promoted protective tariffs, federal funding for internal improvements, and other measures that strengthened the central government.

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Eli Whitney’s 1793 invention that dramatically improved the speed for processing cotton, changing the trajectory of cotton production in the United States

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Pro Slavery, favored secession from Union, States' rights, agrarian-oriented, opposed gold standard, supported lowering tariff, and opposed imperialism in 1890s

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The fight for the suffrage (voting) for half of the population

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Machine invented by Samuel Morse that used a system of dots and dashes to send messages across long distances electronically through a wire. It connected the different hemispheres of the world, allowing for more communication between people

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Campaign to end slavery

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Warned European powers not to interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere

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Movement dedicated to promoting moderation and, more often, complete abstinence in the use of alcohol

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Uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces

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Human-made waterways connecting natural bodies of water, very important for early travel

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Landmark 1803 Supreme Court case in which Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of Judicial Review, which grants the Supreme Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional

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The British forcibly enlisted thousands of American men into the Royal Navy from passing ships, and refused to recognize that Americans had renounced their British citizenship

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Manufacturing businesses first created in the late eighteenth century that concentrated all aspects of production under one roof, reorganized production and divided work. The key aspect was that it was under one roof and had specialized tasks. Made the production faster and more efficient.

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Group of persons organized to acquire and exercise political power

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A colonist who supported British rule

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An eighteenth-century philosophical movement that began in Western Europe with roots in the Scientific Revolution

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Determined that each slave would be counted as three fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation

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A colonist who rebelled against British rule

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Near the end of the Revolutionary War, the Continental Army had not received pay for many years and threatened to abandon the fight, if they were not compensated

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One of the biggest accomplishments of the Articles of Confederation. This established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union

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Before the American constitution, this established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes

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A period from the early 1600s to the mid 1700s where British Parliamentary Laws were not enforced on the colonists

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Supporters of the new Constitution and a strong federal government. They fear a weak government. Generally very wealthy

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The decision to have a bicameral legislature, one house based on population, and one house with an equal number of representatives for every state.

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A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east

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Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the (British) Crown

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Supporters of the Articles of Confederation, not the Constitution. They fear a tyrannical national government with too much power and strongly advocate for the Bill of Rights.

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Religious reform movement in the 16th and 17th centuries that sought to “purify” the church of England

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Colonies focused on cash crops.

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Economic exchange amongst three markets and geographies

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Total ownership of one person over another.

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Colonies with a large agricultural base. Because of location they were key distribution centers in the English Mercantile System