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What is TB? | Infectious diseases | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Nursing Process

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Anatomy of the Respiratory System | An Overview | Biology Playlist

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Pharmacology NCLEX Review Question: Bronchodilators and Corticosteroids Asthma Nursing

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Pneumonia Symptoms, Pathophysiology, Nursing | Respiratory Disorders NCLEX Lecture Part 1

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Chronic Bronchitis vs Emphysema Pathophysiology, Treatment, Nursing, Symptoms | COPD NCLEX Review

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Pneumonia Treatment, Nursing Interventions, Antibiotics Medication | NCLEX Respiratory Part 2

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Lung Assessment Nursing | Lung Auscultation | Assessing Lung Sounds Part 2

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1. Alveoli has two functions:
~Gas exchange
~ Secretes Surfactant

2. Getting carbon dioxide out of your body is more important than getting oxygen into your body.

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1. The right lung has 3 lobes: RUL, RML, RLL.  The left lung only has 2 lobes: LUL, LLL.

2. C7-T3 assess upper lobes of the posterior lungs and T3-T10 assess lower lobes of the posterior lungs.

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1. Albuterol is a short acting bronchodilator.
2. After taking a corticosteroid make sure to rinse or gargle after each use.

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1. In both bronchitis and emphysema blood gases will show low oxygen level and high carbon dioxide levels.
2. Bronchitis and emphysema are both categorized under COPD and both limit airflow. Some patients can actually have both.

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1. Chronic Hypoxemia progress to cyanosis, causes constriction of pulmonary vessels and pulmonary hypertension.
2. Long term management of COPD is smoking cessation, avoiding triggers, and annual influenza/pneumonia vaccines.

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1. Risk factors for getting pneumonia include prior infection (influenza or cold), week immune system, immobile, or post op from surgery.
2. There are two types of pneumonia:
~Community acquired.
~Hospital acquired.

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1. The respiratory system alone causes a loss of 300-400ml of water per day.  Increase fluids to keep hydrated.
2. Antibiotics used to treat Pneumonia:
vancomycin, macrolides, fluroquinolones, cephalosporin, tetracycline, and penicillin.

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1. Typically, you start showing signs and symptoms of the flu about 4 days after exposure and can last up to 1 week.
2. The flu is spread person to person by respiratory droplets and can spread a few feet in the air.

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1. TB is spread person to person through the air.  Typically, infected person is coughing a lot.
2. Constitutional symptoms (things that effect the whole body) weight loss, fever/chills, and night sweats.

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1) The function of the respiratory system is to regulate acid-base balance, regulate water balance, regulate heat (water vapor), thermoregulation, provide defense against pathogens, helps with venous return (negative intrathoracic pressure), activation of angiotensin I into angiotensin II, vocalization, and olfaction.
2) It's a little bit more important for the body to get rid of carbon dioxide than take in oxygen because carbon dioxide effects the pH level of the body. If not regulated, potential respiratory acidosis or respiratory alkalosis.

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1) When listening to lung sounds, it's better to do on direct skin versus over the patient's clothes because you could pick up other noises.

2) Listen to posterior lung sounds and avoid placing the stethoscope over the shoulder blades or scapula or the sounds could be muffled.

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1) Fluticasone is a corticosteroids. It's used to reduce inflammation. It helps prevent symptoms of asthma.

2) Albuterol is a bronchodilator. It's used to open the bronchi and bronchioles of the lungs and allow air flow.

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1) Bronchitis is the inflammation of the bronchioles and excess mucous production.

2) Emphysema is damage to the alveolar sacs which lose elasticity and don't inflate or deflate properly. This can lead to trapped air.

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1) COPD is chronic inflammation, usually from an irritant, that causes damage to the lungs and obstructs airflow.

2) S/s of COPD include: chronic cough, pursed lip breathing, accessory muscle use, barrel chest, cyanosis of the lips or finger tips, and potentially ride-sided heart failure.

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1) Most pneumonia is bacterial, however some cases are cased by viruses or fungi.

2) Respiratory acidosis: carbon dioxide is kept in the body and it's difficult to get oxygen (hypoxemia). ABGs: PO2 is less than 90 mmHg, pH is less than 7.35 mmHg, PCO2 is more than 45 mmHg.

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1) Nursing interventions: monitor lung sounds, vital signs such as RR and oxygen saturation levels, skin color, monitor ABG labs, sputum specimen, breathing treatments, medication administration, and education.

2) Medications: antipyretics, fluids, antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia, antivirals for viral pneumonia.

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1) Influenza (flu) is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the influenza virus. There are three types: influenza A, B, and C.

2) Upper respiratory tract: nose, nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and upper trachea.
Lower respiratory tract: lower trachea, lungs (bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli).

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1) TB is most commonly caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis.

2) Constitutional s/s: fever, chills, night sweats, weight loss
Lower respiratory tract s/s: cough, bloody sputum, chest pain, SOB
Duration: more than 3 weeks

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1. Signs of respiratory distress includes use of accessory muscle and tachypnea.

2.This system regulates the exchange of CO2 and oxygen. If this is disturbing the body tries by telling the heart to put fast, causing tachypnea and tachycardia.

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1. When assessing the lungs were looking to see if the patient has diminished lung sounds, crackles, and symmetry 2:1.

2. The assessment should also include a generalized overview of the body. Checking the nails for clubbing, SPO2, levels on the spirometry.

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1. Medications such as anti-inflammatory help decrease inflammation and reduces the swelling to allow the lungs to expand. Take these every day to prevent chronic asthma developing.

2. Diagnostic test for asthma includes, blood test, skin test, spirometry, chest x-ray, and culture the sputum.

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1. Bronchitis is the inflammation of the trachea and bronchi. When this gets inflamed the lungs swell and fil, with fluid causing you to have a persistent cough.

2. Acute bronchitis last for a few weeks and is typically caused by a viral infection. Chronic bronchitis can last for months but is associated with mucous.

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1. Causes of COPD can be due to air pollution, secondhand smoke, smoking, AAT genetic defiency and work environments that accumulate lots of dust.

2. Labs to test for COPD include ABG's, pulse ox, ECG or EKG, chest x-ray, CT scan, and exercise test.

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1. surfactant is anti-surface tension surface tension and will prevent lung collapse
2.respiratory system controls acid-base balance
-acidosis : low pH
-alkalosis : high pH

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1. c7 to t3 assesses the upper lobes, t3 to t10 assesses the lower lobes
2. since the scapula are large have your patient lean forward and flex the back to be able to listen to the lungs

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1. Pneumonia is inflammation and fluid in the lungs caused by bacterial, viral or fungal infections.

2. Diagnositic test for Pneumonia include blood test, sputum culture, imaging, pulse ox, ABG and bronchoscopy

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1. Interventions of Pneumonia can include administering medications such as anti-viral, anti-fungal or antibiotic medications to help reduces the symptoms.

2. Another intervention for this Pneumonia can include giving the patient supplemental oxygen if O2 levels are low, increasing fluids and or helping the patient rid fluids, by recommending a foley to the HCP and waiting for the order.

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1. The flu is a common respiratory virus. Symptoms include fever, chills, body aches and congestion.

2. Mangement for the flu can include administering an antiviral within 48hrs of infections to help mild the symptoms, getting rest, fluids and food replenishing, cough suppressants and nasal spray for congestion.

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1. TB is a bacteria infection that mainly affects the lungs. TB can also affect other vital organs such as the brain if not treated.

2. Diagonostic test for TB include lab test on sputum and fluid in the lungs, chest Xray and CT.

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1. Gas exchange takes place in the alveoli that are in the lower part of the lungs.
2. The lungs has many functions. One is getting air into your body and getting carbon dioxide out of your body

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1. When listening to lung sounds you want to make sure that you hear the same sound on both sides of the lungs
2. To assess the posterior side of the lungs you want to assess the inside of the shoulder blades so the sound does not get muffled

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1. Bronchodilators are used to open up the bronchioles(short acting medication)
2.When using a corticosteroids you want to make sure the patient washes their mouth out because they can get thrush.

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1.Both conditions are the same by having a low O2 level but limit air flow.
2.They are both irreversible and there is no cure for it at all.

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1.Causes of COPD are inhalation of toxic substances or occupational pollutants
2.It is characterized by long term inflammation of the bronchial tubes

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1.Pneumonia is a lower respiratory tract infection that causes inflammation of the alveoli sacs
2.Risk factors for getting pneumonia are prior infection are HIV, change in neuro status, lung problem, post op from surgery.

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1.With Pneumonia make sure you auscultate lung sounds, vital signs, monitor blood gases from new one and former, assess when to suction, respiratory breathing treatment and educate patient on spirometer usage.
2. If patient is immobile make sure patient is up 30 degrees and they are being turned every two hours to keep moving to keep secretions moving due to risk for aspiration.

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1.Influenza is a contagious respiratory disease caused by the influenza virus has three types: A,B, and C.
2.This virus is transmitted by person to person, touching contaminated surfaces and respiratory droplets/particles.

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1. TB is caused by a fungus called mycobacterium tuberculosis.
2.It is spread by the air by coughing alot.

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1) Two stages of TB are active and latent infection stages.
2) To determine active TB must determine symptoms and the duration.

Constitutional symptoms

fever/ chills/ night sweats/ weight loss

Lower Resp. tract symptoms

cough/ chest pain/ bloody sputum/ trouble breathing

Duration

greater than 3 weeks

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1) 3 types of influenza A,B,& C
Annual flu are types A & B

2) Annual vaccine is the best way for prevention. Should not receive if .....

Previous allergic reaction to vaccine or hypersensitivity to egg products ( must consult with provider before receiving, there are egg free vaccines)

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1) Tripod breathing and pursed lip breathing make breathing easier.

2) COPD can be classified as

Chronic bronchitis (long term inflammation of bronchial tubes)

Emphysema (alveolar destruction which creates impaired gas exchange.

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1. The respiratory system's main job is to move fresh air into your body while removing waste gases.
2. The respiratory system takes up oxygen from the air we breathe and expels the unwanted carbon dioxide.

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1. Ask yourself is there anything “weird” heard along with the inspiration and expiration. For example, are you hearing crackles or wheezes? This is very important to do during the assessment.
2. Have patient breathe in and out through mouth slowly while listening. Allow the patient to set the pace to prevent hyperventilating , especially patients with breathing disorders like COPD.

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1. Albuterol  is a short-acting bronchodilator.  Bronchodilators open the bronchi and bronchioles of the lungs.
2. Fluticasone is a corticosteroid. Corticosteroids can be given various ways (by mouth, intravenous, inhaled, topical).

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1. In chronic bronchitis the main issue is with inflammation of the bronchioles due to the damage from inhalation of some type of irritant.
2. In emphysema the main issue is with damage to the alveolar sac (loses elasticity…becomes floppy and doesn’t inflate and deflate properly) leading to “air-trapping”.

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1.  COPD is the airflow limitation caused by airway narrowing and/or obstruction, loss of elastic recoil, or both.
2. Signs and symptoms of COPD are

Shortness of breath, especially during physical activities.

Wheezing.

Chest tightness.

A chronic cough that may produce mucus (sputum) that may be clear, white, yellow or greenish.

Frequent respiratory infections.

Lack of energy.

Unintended weight loss (in later stages)

Swelling in ankles, feet or legs.

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1. Pneumonia is a lower respiratory tract infection that causes inflammation of the alveoli sacs.
2. Signs and symptoms of pneumonia are

Cough, which may produce greenish, yellow or even bloody mucus.

Fever, sweating and shaking chills.

Shortness of breath.

Rapid, shallow breathing.

Sharp or stabbing chest pain that gets worse when you breathe deeply or cough.

Loss of appetite, low energy, and fatigue.

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1. Incentive spirometry is a good intervention to use for pneumonia. Incentive spirometry should be done 10 times every 1 to 2 hours while awake.
2. While dealing with a patient that has pneumonia you also want to monitor their respiratory system such as listening to their lung sounds, vital signs, checking the color of their skin for cyanosis, suctioning as needed, and doing their breathing treatments.

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1. Flu is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose, throat, and sometimes the lungs.
2. Signs and symptoms

fever or feeling feverish/chills.

cough.

sore throat.

runny or stuffy nose.

muscle or body aches.

headaches.

fatigue (tiredness)

some people may have vomiting and diarrhea, though this is more common in children than adults.

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1. Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by germs that are spread from person to person through the air. TB usually affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body, such as the brain, the kidneys, or the spine.
2. Signs and symptoms of tuberculosis are feelings of sickness or weakness, weight loss, fever, and night sweats.

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1) chronic bronchitis s/s

chronic productive cough greater than 3 months, SOB, cyanosis, edema

Emphysema s/s

Wt loss, SOB, hyperventilation, barrel chest

2) They both limit airflow (decrease O2 & increase CO2) = respiratory acidosis.

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1) give Albuterol 1st =  bronchodilator and provides more air flow.

Give Fluticasone 2nd = corticosteroid and it decreases inflammation.

2) wait 5 min in between doses

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1) Listen for lung sounds with diaphragm of stethoscope and directly on skin, not over clothing.

2) C7-T3 posterior is where you would listen for the upper lobes of both lungs.

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1) 1 function of the respiratory system is regulation of acid base balance.
Respiratory acidosis

Low PH, High PCO2, High HCO3

Respiratory alkalosis

High PH. Low PCO2, Low HCO3

2)
URT
Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx
LRT
Tracheobronchial tree, alveoli

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1) Community acquired - most occurring, got germ from outside of a healthcare setting
Hospital acquired- hard to treat, bacteria usually resistant to antibiotics. Developed 48-72hrs after admission.

2) DX: Auscultation, chest x ray, sputum culture

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1) Antibiotics to treat depends on type of bacteria causing the infection.

2) Stay up to date with vaccines
Influenza: annually
Pneumovax: 65 and older every 5 yrs.

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1. The main job of the lungs is to get carbon dioxide out, not getting the oxygen in.
2. URT- nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx
LRT- tracheobronchial tree, alveoli

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1. The right lung has 3 lobes but the left lung only has 2 lobes.
2. Listen to lung sounds on bare skin for better results. Never listen over gown or clothes!

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1. Always rinse mouth with water after corticosteroids!
2. Give bronchodilators first then wait 5 minutes to give other meds. wait 1 minute if giving another pump of same med.

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1. Need to wait 5 minutes before giving a corticosteroid after albuterol because you need to give time for the albuterol to open the airways.
2. wait 1 minute between the two puffs of albuterol.

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1. chronic bronchitis and emphysema are but categorized under COPD but are not the same thing
2. chronic bronchitis: inflammation of the bronchioles + goblet cells creating big amounts of mucus = difficulty breathing

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1.pursed lip breathing is one of the best ways to help a COPD patient without medications because they are producing positive end-expiratory pressure, letting them breath out as much as possible.
2. most patients of COPD have chronic hypoxemia either leading to pulmonary hypertension causing right sided heart failure

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1. The alveoli can't express carbon dioxide, so if the space is being taken up by co2 fresh oxygen can't come in and do its job= hypoxemia
2.Pneumonia will probably lead to resp alkalosis (high CO2, low pH and low O2)
- HCO3 (from kidneys) will try and increase the blood's pH because it is acidic, and the bicarb will be higher than 26

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1. The alveoli have two functions:

1. Gas exchange

2. Secrete surfactant

2. The respiratory system controls acid-base balance:

1. High pH: Alkalosis

2. Low pH: Acidosis

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1. The right lung has 3 lobes:

1. Right Upper Lobe (RUL)

2. Right Middle Lobe (RML)

3. Right Lower Lobe (RLL)

2. The left lung only has 2 lobes:

1. Left Upper Lobe (LUL)

2. Left Lower Lobe (LLL)

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1. Fluticasone is a corticosteroid that reduces inflammation. It is a long acting beta-agonist that helps prevent symptoms of asthma. (You can NOT use fluticasone as an emergency inhaler.)

2. Albuterol is a short acting bronchodilator. It opens the bronchi and bronchioles of the lungs and allows better airflow. Albuterol is used as a fast acting rescue inhaler.

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1. Bronchitis is the inflammation of the trachea and bronchi. When the trachea and bronchi are inflamed, the lungs swell and fill with fluid, causing a persistent cough.

2. There are two types of bronchitis:

1. Acute Bronchitis: Lasts for a few weeks and is typically caused by a viral infection.

2. Chronic Bronchitis: Can last for months, but is associated with mucous.

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1. Signs and Symptoms of COPD include:

1. Chronic cough

2. Pursed lip breathing

3. Accessory muscle use

4. Barreled chest

5. Cyanosis of the lips and/or fingertips

6. (Potentially) right-sided heart failure

2. Causes of COPD can be due to:

1. Air pollution

2. Smoking

3. Secondhand smoke

4. Genetic deficiencies

5. Work environments that accumulate a lot of dust

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1. Most pneumonia is caused by a bacterial infection, however, some cases are caused by viruses or fungi.

2. Signs and Symptoms of pneumonia:

1. Cough (which may produce greenish, yellow, or even bloody mucous.

2. Fever, sweating, and chills

3. Shortness of breath

4. Rapid, shallow breathing

5. Sharp or stabbing chest pain that gets worse when you breathe deeply or cough

6. Loss of appetite, low energy, and fatigue

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1. Nursing interventions include:

1. Monitor lung sounds

2. Vital signs (RR, O2 sat.)

3. Skin color

4. Monitor ABGs

5. Sputum specimen

6. Breathing treatments

7. Medication administration

8. Education

2. There are two types of how pneumonia is contracted:

1. Community acquired: most common, contracted from outside the hospital

2. Hospital acquired: hard to treat, usually is caused by resistance to antibiotics, usually develops between 48-72 hours after admission

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1. Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by viruses that infect the nose, throat, and sometimes the lungs.

2. Getting an annual influenza vaccine is primary prevention.

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1. Tuberculosis is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, TB can then be spread through the air, usually through the infected person coughing so much.

2. Diagnostics for TB include lab tests on sputum (and other fluid from the lungs), a chest x-ray and a CT scan.

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1.) The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe
2.) Includes airways, lungs and blood vessels that work together to move oxygen throughout the body and clean out waste gases like carbon dioxide

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1.) The right lung has three loves and the left love has 2 lobes
2.) Respiratory assessment helps determine how your lungs are functioning

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1.) Corticosteroids bring inflammation down and prevents symptoms associated with asthma
2.)Asthma is a chronic disease in which the bronchial airways in the lungs become narrowed and swollen, making it difficult to breathe

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1.) Acute bronchitis is caused by an infection, such as a cold
2.) Bronchitis and emphysema are both categorized under COPD

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1.) With COPD the lungs get damaged or clogged with phlegm
2.) COPD is a long term inflammation of the bronchial tubes

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1.) Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can cause mild to sever illness in people of all ages
2.) Germs, bacteria, virus and fungi are all key in pneumonia

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1.functoin of the lungs are to get oxygen in, and get carbon dioxide out
2. carbon dioxide controls the Ph in your body

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1.) O2 therapy, coughing, deep breathing, adequate hydration and suctioning
2.) Monitor respiratory system

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1.) The flu is a contagious respiratory illness caused by the influenza viruses
2.) There are 3 types of the flu: A, B, C.

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1.) A skin test and blood test can determine exposure
2.) Caused by a mycobacterium that grows really slow

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1.The right lung has 3 lobes, right upper lobe, right middle lobe, right lower lobe, and the left lung only has 2 lobes, left upper lobe, left lower lobe.
2. It is best to listen to lung sounds directly on the patient, not over a gown or shirt.

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1.fluticasone is a corticosteroid, which lowers inflammation in patients that have Ashma.
2. inhaled medications can cause thrush, so we want to make sure the patient is rinsing their mouth out with water, they should swish water around and then spit it out.

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1.Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are both categorized and COPD.
2. there is no cure for either of these conditions.

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1.pulmonary function test can help diagnose COPD
2. hypoxia can cause confusion, or low LOC

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1.Respiratory distress signs- accessory muscle use, restlessness and anxiety
2. Lungs serve to get CO2 out of body

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1. auscultate on bare skin
2.Avoid putting stethoscope over scapula

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1.if they have pneumonia and it is viral, they will not get any antibiotics.
2. vancomycin is used to treat severe pneumonia because it is an antibiotic that covers drug resistant bacteria

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1.if not treated the flu can result in a sinus or ear infection and people at risk for that is children under 5, adults above 65, pregnant, chronically ill (heart disease or lung disease)
2. Influenza A normal s/sx are headache, fever, chills, fatigue and weakness, body aches, nasal discharge, sore throat, cough
Influenza B is the GI issues like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

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1. TB spreads mostly by person to person through the air and it is less likely to spread through sharing food/ objects.
2. lower TB infection is cough, bloody sputum, and chest pain and more than 3 weeks
3. TB isn't always in the lungs