# data[].attributes.headline
What does it mean that violence is a social practice, beyond individualized victimization?

# data[].attributes.subject
What does it mean that violence is a social practice, beyond individualized victimization?

# data[].attributes.body
Violence being a social practice is not just the act of violence itself, but the "reasoning" and "justification" for doing so. against another group.

# data[].attributes.body
Cultural imperialism is the impact that the dominant group has inflicted to deem their culture as the "norm" while 'othered' group's cultures are seen in a very oppressed way - stereotypes, objectification, sexualization, "less".

# data[].attributes.body
Powerlessness is cultural and economic, where there is a large power dynamic between professionals and nonprofessionals. Although both are working class, professionals are given this power and respect without asking for it due to their "better" status and middle-class privilege.

# data[].attributes.body
Marginalization is the exclusion and expulsion of people from contributing to capitalism because their labor is considered worthless/useless.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
People with disabilities are often excluded from workplaces or are not accommodated for their disability. 

# data[].attributes.body
"The central insight expressed in the concept of exploitation is that this oppression occurs through a steady process of the transfer of the result of the labor of one social group to benefit another" (37).

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Sweat shops that exploit cheap child labor

# data[].attributes.body
Exploitation works under social categories like race, gender, and class. Certain ethnic groups (depending on their environment and culture) are taken advantage of because of their background. This can include being paid less than the "superior" ethnic group or being tasked with the hard work while others do the easier work.

With gender, women are usually paid less than men since their work is deemed to be "less valuable". Even while both may do an equal amount of work, a man's work will produce more labor in patriarchy.

Class is where exploitation primarily works, most people are middle-class workers who sell their labor to upper-class capitalists or bourgeois. People who really struggle and have an economic disadvantage are exploited the most since their need to work motivates capitalists to give them the cheapest and/or the most demanding labor.

# data[].attributes.body
One method that can be used to challenge exploitation is to change labor laws or go on strikes that cater to capitalists. Many are underpaid for the work they do, or don't get OT, or even compensation in that matter. By regulating the wages that workers sell their labor for, there could be less unfair pay for the high amount of value that they produce.

# data[].attributes.body
In today's youth, college students such as myself and the people around me are often affected by this exploitation. Student debt is something that many people feel like they can't get out of, even over the course of their life. Because of this, it is required to produce labor in order to pay off student loans and survive simultaneously. Exploitation through student loans and working to survive is a cycle that continues and continues, until our bodies can no longer reach expected production.

# data[].attributes.headline
In which social categories does violence work?

# data[].attributes.subject
In which social categories does violence work?

# data[].attributes.body
Violence works in all social categories but to list some:

Gender: Women are constantly victimized yet the men that do those violent acts are justified or are punished less severely. It happens so often that women live in fear of being out late at night or even being alone in general. Men often "justify" their actions by saying that "she was asking for it" or think they are purposely sexualizing themselves by the way they dress to appease men. Sexual assault (SA) and rape is something common in the world, but we still see aggressors being let free or just being fined for it.

# data[].attributes.body
Powerlessness relates to exploitation/marginalization since the lack of power the "inferior" groups have will make them stay in the same position they're in because of the power that the "dominant" people have. For example, the working class that is exploited in retail or fast food work is treated with no respect and ultimately has no power. Because of this, they become exploited and may not be able to retaliate against capitalists with power for fear of being expelled. While professionals who are still (upper) middle-class are exploited under "superior" types of work: doctors, lawyers, professors, etc... Although exploited, they are given respect and have power/authority in their institution.

# data[].attributes.body
Ability: Differently able-bodied people are objectified and infantilized -- able-bodied people treat them like children which is pitying and belittling. For example, someone "speaking for" the differently abled and not letting them have a say because they have a disability.

Race: "Dominant" group looking down and criminalizing them, AND sexualizing them for being exotic. For example, black people being deemed as "dangerous" or "suspicious" for no apparent reason whatsoever. Or when white (especially men) seek out to date someone "exotic" - saying things like "I've never dated (ethnicity) person before."

# data[].attributes.headline
With which category does marginalization work?

# data[].attributes.subject
With which category does marginalization work?

# data[].attributes.body
Marginalization works under social categories such as: race, gender, and ability. Although many people of color are exploited under the capitalist system, one group comes into mind when talking about marginalization -- Indigenous groups. These groups such as Native Americans are moved away from the rest of society into harmful or polluted areas of land. There is barely any form of help given out to them, nor any job opportunities due to their Indigenous heritage.

Women are always exploited under the system, but to some degree they are exempted from labor as well. For example, work places might implement unfair dress codes for Muslim women -- hijabs being prohibited in the workplace. Or for pregnant women, they may not be considered getting hired, being promoted, or guarantee their stay as an employee during or after their pregnancy. These reasons that solely occur because of their gender only reinforces the marginalization of these people.

People with physical or 'hidden' disabilities are the last on the list in social participation. Because of how capitalism is based off "mechanicalized" movements as a means of production, those who are non-abled bodied are rejected since they don't fit the idealized "productive body." This social construct makes capitalists avoid hiring these people because accommodating to them costs them more money. Or to prevent accommodation expenses, capitalists and able-bodied people encourage getting "treated" or "fixed" so you can join back into the workforce. Medicalization and the discrimination against these people make it so that disability is something unusual or feared. Which in return, makes it so that they cannot even participate in the exploitative system of capitalism.

# data[].attributes.headline
What is one effective method of challenging marginalization?

# data[].attributes.subject
What is one effective method of challenging marginalization?

# data[].attributes.body
An effective method to challenge marginalization would be to directly combat the unjust system that actively marginalizes groups. By physically going against it through protests, movements, or even simply educating yourself and others about it, changes can be made. For example, the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 is a movement that transpired here in the US that made a positive impact on those with disabilities. The video The Power of 504, showed how people (most with disabilities) demonstrated to the federal building in SF to pass a law that would prohibit discrimination in public sectors. They spent weeks staying overnight to fight for their cause and to pass the 504, which would eventually go through. It became the first law to protect people with disabilities, something we can learn from now in order to further prevent marginalization from happening in today's world.

# data[].attributes.headline
How does marginalization connect to exploitation?

# data[].attributes.subject
How does marginalization connect to exploitation?

# data[].attributes.body
They both connect since marginalization helps exploitation keep going. Since marginalization prevents people who need accommodations and are deemed more "expensive", capitalists can continue to gain the most money they can leech out of workers without penalty. Capitalists are able to exploit peoples' labor power for cheap while not paying a single penny to hire people who don't have "the productive body."

# data[].attributes.headline
In which social categories does powerlessness work?

# data[].attributes.subject
In which social categories does powerlessness work?

# data[].attributes.body
Powerlessness works in social categories such as race, class, gender, ability, and language. All of these listed are connected with powerlessness since there's the "dominant" group that powers over the "inferior" group. With race, it'll be White people powering over BIPOC, or with ability, the abled-bodied folks powering over disabled people -- the list goes on.

# data[].attributes.headline
How would cultural imperialism promote violence as a social practice?

# data[].attributes.subject
How would cultural imperialism promote violence as a social practice?

# data[].attributes.body
harmful stereoptypes

invisible dominat group --> if someone were to retaliate back they would be seen as aggressive, domiantn group doesnt realziie the harm that comes with his words and victimizes themselves

gender -- women grow up to be more aware and careful.

# data[].attributes.headline
What is Double-Consciousness? Define based on your own experiences

# data[].attributes.subject
What is Double-Consciousness? Define based on your own experiences

# data[].attributes.body
Double-consciousness is when we view ourselves and our identity through the oppressor's eye, which makes us double-guess our culture and identity since we grew up in a "dominant" culture society. Based on my own experience, I grew up in Christian household because of my mom's heavy belief. Due to her ways of teaching me about the "glories" of Christianity -- sending me to church and talking about the bible, gospel, god, and more, it became a layer in the way I lived everyday. I was always taught that I would be sent to hell if I didn't believe in Jesus and follow his faith. Because of growing up and discovering parts of my identity, like questioning my sexual orientation, I was rejected at the idea of it since my mom (who is homophobic ;-;) taught me that "gay people would be sent to hell". Things like this prohibited me from questioning myself and beliefs, since even questioning it in the first place would be against god and his belief -- the mindset I grew up with.

# data[].attributes.headline
Share reflection on code switching if it is an effective way

# data[].attributes.subject
Share reflection on code switching if it is an effective way

# data[].attributes.body
Code switching can be personal and different for everyone out there, since it doesn't strictly apply to different languages but it can be used in multiple contexts (ex. talking to friends, talking at work, talking to mom, etc...) For me, it can be effective in tackling against powerlessness because it makes it so that we feel more connected with culture. Code switching to another language and simply engaging in a culture that's important to you and many others creates this community/group that embraces that side.

On the other hand, it's important to note that code switching can be damaging to people. Because it can actually do the opposite of connecting with culture, it can detach you from it. This heavily impacts people where English isn't their first language by forcing them to constantly switch to the "proper" English, to refine it until you sound "passing" enough. This often results in the loss of your own cultural identity because of forced conformity. So it's difficult to say whether or not it is effective in fighting against powerlessness since it can be impacting in both positive and negative ways.

# data[].attributes.headline
What are some ways to get rid of cultural imperialism (How to get rid of double-consciousness?)

# data[].attributes.subject
What are some ways to get rid of cultural imperialism (How to get rid of double-consciousness?)

# data[].attributes.body
Not exactly sure how we can collectively get rid of double-consciousness since it's still imbedded in our heads. But from what we discussed in class, I agree with how we can try relief ourselves from strange and oppressive encounters. By talking back and at least helping ourself by at least saying something about it. And I think when we actively experience double-consciousness or accidently view something in an oppressive way, it's good to catch ourselves doing that and rethink it in a non-colonizing way. Because we grew up with a colonized and structured mindset, actively going against those thoughts can help us reiterate our way of thinking.