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It is a picture of Qipao worn by Chinese celebrities.

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Qipao, sometimes referred to as a cheongsam or a “Mandarin gown,” is a traditional Chinese dress that originated in the Qing Dynasty but gained popularity in the 1920s. The Qipao is a form-fitting, one-piece dress that typically features a high collar, delicate cloth buttons on the front, and side slit. It is often made from silk or other luxurious fabrics (Zauhar, 2020).
The Qipao has become an iconic representation of traditional Chinese fashion and is still worn by women on formal occasions, weddings, and other special events in Chinese culture.

(Zauhar, Catherine. (2020). A brief history of the qipao: China’s sexiest dress. Supchina. https://signal.supchina.com/a-brief-history-of-the-qipao-chinas-sexiest-dress/)

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A musician was playing a song named "Orchid Pavilion Preface" (Cui, 2021).

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Traditional Chinese Instrument - Guzheng

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Traditional Chinese Instrument - Guzheng

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The Guzheng, also known as a Chinese zither, is a traditional Chinese musical instrument with a history that spans over two thousand years. This instrument features a large, rectangular soundboard made of wood, typically with 21, 25, or 26 strings stretched across movable bridges. Musicians play the Guzheng by plucking the strings with their right hand's fingertips or with specialised picks, while the left hand presses the strings to create different pitches.

(Cuj, jianghui. (2021, December 11).《 Lan-Ting-Xu》|Jay Chou| Zither/guzheng | Covered by Cujjianghui. [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gLusgvdrun4&ab_channel=%E5%B4%94%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%89%E5%8F%A4%E7%AD%9D）

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《蘭亭序 Lan-Ting-Xu》|周杰倫Jay Chou| Zither/guzheng,古筝 | Coverd by Cujjianghui崔江卉

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The Forbidden City, located in the heart of Beijing, China, is a historical and architectural marvel that served as the imperial palace for Chinese emperors for nearly 500 years, from the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) to the end of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912). Officially known as the Palace Museum, this vast complex is surrounded by imposing walls and has more than 90 palaces with 98 buildings. It is renowned for its intricate design, featuring traditional Chinese architecture and magnificent halls, courtyards, and gardens. The Forbidden City, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, stands as a symbol of China's rich cultural heritage and imperial history, drawing an average of eighty thousand visitors daily who are captivated by its grandeur, historical significance, and the stories it holds within its walls.

(Peng, Ying-chen. (n.d.) The Forbidden City. Khan Academy. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/south-east-se-asia/china-art/a/forbidden-city)

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This is a picture of ingredients used in herbal medicine.

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Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a holistic healthcare system that has evolved over thousands of years, deeply rooted in ancient Chinese philosophy and understanding of the human body. Practitioners of TCM use diverse psychological and physical methods, including herbal remedies, as well as acupuncture and tai chi, to address health issues.
Herbal medicine utilises a wide range of natural ingredients, including plants, minerals, and animal products, to craft personalised remedies suited to individual health requirements. Acupuncture is a practice involving the precise insertion of needles into specific points along the body's meridians to harmonize the flow of Qi, the vital life force.  Cupping therapy, employing suction cups to boost blood flow, and mind-body practices such as Tai Chi and Qigong, characterised by slow, deliberate movements to enhance balance, are integral components of TCM's holistic approach.

(National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. (2019). Traditional Chinese Medicine: What You Need To Know. U.S.Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/traditional-chinese-medicine-what-you-need-to-know)

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I was riding a bicycle to stay healthy and energetic.

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Health to me means a state of overall well-being, including physical, mental, and social alignment. I feel energetic when my body's systems operate efficiently due to a balanced diet, regular exercise, and sufficient rest. I maintain a realistic and positive view of myself through practising mindfulness, managing stress, and finding a mental equilibrium that mirrors the harmony sought in traditional Chinese philosophy. I also believe that health involves engaging in a supportive social network to form connections with others and contribute positively to the community.

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Principal Health Issues that Refugees Face

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Principal Health Issues that Refugees Face

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The Syrian refugee crisis started because of a civil war that began in March 2011 and is still ongoing, making millions of Syrian families leave their homes. As of June 2022, the UN estimates that 14.6 million people in Syria need humanitarian assistance, including over 6.5 million children (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, n.d.). Syria is the country where the second-highest number of people come from when applying for Australia’s humanitarian visas offshore, with 17.5% in 2020-21 (Department of Home Affairs, 2021). Three prevalent health issues identified in the Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide that are likely to be observed in people coming from Syria are tuberculosis, anaemia and mental health issues.

Tuberculosis (TB) is one health concern that may be present in people arriving from Syria. Since the beginning of July 2020, there has been a reported increase in Rifampicin- and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (RR/MDR-TB) cases detected in northwest Syria (WHO, n.d.). Syria has very limited capacity to conduct active case finding, and widespread shortages of medicines and specialised TB services exist. Patients’ treatments may be interrupted because of displacement, or their TB centres may be disrupted by conflict.
Treatment option: Conducting screenings and providing latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) treatment for refugees from Syria after their arrival can prevent the transmission of TB in the community. The primary preventive treatment for LTBI involves a regimen of isoniazid lasting 6–9 months.

Anaemia is another health issue that might be observed in refugees arriving from Syria. Since 2011, the enduring conflict in Syria has adversely affected the well-being of Syrian children. The war has led to prevalent malnutrition among these children, potentially increasing the occurrence of malnutrition-related conditions, including iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). In a study of apparently healthy Syrian children, a high prevalence of anaemia, iron deficiency (ID), and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) was found. In the retrospective study involving 1128 children, 57% were anaemic, a prevalence significantly higher than the global level of anaemia (Albaroudi et al., 2018).
Treatment option: When clinical and haematological features indicate iron deficiency anaemia, iron supplements, such as ferrous sulphate (elemental iron), can be prescribed to replenish iron levels.

Mental health issues are a common concern that refugees from Syria are likely to present upon arrival. The Syrian conflict has subjected many individuals and families to profound trauma, displacement, loss, and the challenges associated with living in conflict zones. These experiences can significantly impact the mental health of refugees. Common mental health concerns include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and other stress-related conditions.
Treatment option: Counselling and psychotherapy with a mental health professional to address specific concerns and provide support. The mental health professional may use various therapeutic approaches to help individuals understand and manage their challenges, develop coping strategies, and work towards positive mental health outcomes.

(Albaroudi, I. N., Khodder, M., Al Saadi, T., Turk, T., & Youssef, L. A. (2018). Prevalence, diagnosis, and management of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia among Syrian children in a major outpatient center in Damascus, Syria. Avicenna Journal of Medicine, 8(3), 92–103. https://doi.org/10.4103/ajm.AJM_169_17

Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide. (n.d.).Common health concerns- all ages. https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (n.d.). Syria humanitarian response. Australian Government. https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/syria/syria-humanitarian-response

Department of Home Affairs. (2021). Australia's Offshore Humanitarian Program 2020-21. Australian Government. https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/australia-offshore-humanitarian-program-2020-21.pdf

World Health Organization. (n.d.). The challenges facing TB patients in Syria. https://www.emro.who.int/eha/news/the-challenges-facing-tb-patients-in-syria.html#:~:text=Since%20the%20beginning%20of%20July,of%20these%20cases%20remain%20scarce.)

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For me, the most relevant aspect of Competency Standard 12.3 is the commitment to person-centred and family-focused care. Having learned this unit and being an international student myself, I recognise that a patient's cultural context can profoundly influence their health beliefs, decision-making processes, and overall well-being. By embracing person-centred care, I can tailor interventions to align with the patient's values and preferences, fostering active participation in their own healthcare journey. Furthermore, involving the patient's family in the care process not only enhances support but also contributes to a holistic understanding of the patient's needs. This competency has equipped me with the tools to engage with patients from different cultural backgrounds in a manner that respects their individuality, considers their family dynamics, and acknowledges the broader social factors that may influence their health outcomes.

(Migrant and Refugee Women’s Health Partnership (2019). Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice: Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds: Competency Standards Framework for Clinicians January 2019. https://culturaldiversityhealth.org.au)

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I was eating Peking roast duck with a friend at a Chinese restaurant in Fremantle.

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Peking roast duck is a famous Chinese dish that originated in Beijing, China. It is characterised by its crispy skin, tender meat, and rich flavour. Eating Peking roast duck is a unique and enjoyable experience. To eat it properly, the duck is usually served with thin pancakes, scallions, cucumber, and sweet bean sauce. Firstly, the crispy skin is carefully sliced off and placed on a pancake, followed by a few pieces of tender meat, some scallions and cucumber, and a dollop of sweet bean sauce. The pancake is then rolled up and eaten in one or two bites.

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This video showcases some customs observed during the Mid-Autumn Festival and was filmed in my hometown, Shanghai. (ShanghaiEye, 2023)

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The Mid-Autumn Festival, also known as the Moon Festival, is celebrated on the 15th day of the 8th lunar month, with full moon at night. It falls on Friday, 29 September this year. The Mid-Autumn Festival has ancient roots, dating back over 3,000 years in China. It is a time for loved ones to come together, share a meal and mooncakes - a symbol of unity and completeness, and bask in the glow of the full moon. Streets, parks, and homes are adorned with colourful lanterns during the festival.

(ShanghaiEye. (2023, September 29).China in Festivals: Happy Mid-Autumn Festival. [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XeXQgQvVnAI&ab_channel=ShanghaiEye%E9%AD%94%E9%83%BD%E7%9C%BC）

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China in Festivals: Happy Mid-Autumn Festival 🥮🎑 #中秋 快乐！

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Education

Migrants and refugees often encounter challenges arising from disparities in their home country's education system, which may not be acknowledged in Australia. Accessing quality education in Australia becomes problematic due to language disparities, cultural nuances, and a general lack of familiarity. This limited access to quality education can impede health literacy, influencing an individual's comprehension of health information, preventive measures, and treatment options. These barriers further extend to hinder the capacity of migrants and refugees to effectively navigate the Australian healthcare system and affect their health.

Housing, basic amenities and the environment

Affordable and suitable housing is a critical determinant of the health and well-being of migrants and refugees in Australia. Challenges refugees and migrants encounter in securing affordable and suitable accommodation, including overcrowded living conditions and limited access to basic amenities, impact both physical and mental health (Ziersch et al., 2017). Migrants and refugees, especially those from different climates, may be more susceptible to respiratory problems if housing conditions contribute to poor air quality. Addressing housing issues, such as improving affordability and quality, is imperative for positive health outcomes and the successful integration of migrants and refugees into Australian society.

Access to affordable health services of decent quality

For many migrants and refugees, especially those who have recently arrived, affordable healthcare services serve as a lifeline for addressing both immediate and long-term health needs. Limited financial resources, unfamiliarity with the healthcare system, and potential language barriers can hinder their access to timely and appropriate care. Migrants and refugees may encounter difficulties in affording private healthcare, including specialist and allied health services. This often leads them to rely on public health services, where the quality and accessibility of care become pivotal. Ensuring that migrants have access to culturally sensitive, affordable, and high-quality healthcare is essential for promoting their health, preventing the exacerbation of existing conditions, and facilitating successful integration into the Australian healthcare system and society at large.

(World Health Organization. (n.d.). Social determinants of health. Geneva, World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1

Ziersch, A., Walsh, M., Due, C., & Duivesteyn, E. (2017). Exploring the Relationship between Housing and Health for Refugees and Asylum Seekers in South Australia: A Qualitative Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(9), 1036–. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14091036)