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1.- Land Disputes: Russia and Ukraine argue over land, especially crime and parts of eastern Ukraine.

2.- Power Struggle: Russia wants to control Ukraine’s politics and stop it from joining Western groups.

3.- History: Russia sees Ukraine as part of its historical territory.

4.- Military Influence: Russia doesn’t want NATO, a Western military alliance, to come closer to its borders.

5.- Identity: Ukraine wants to be independent, while Russia wants to keep influence over it.

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1.- Initial Invasion: In February 2022 Russia launched air and ground attacks in several parts of Ukraine, including the capital, Kiev and other key cities.

2.- Ukraine resistance: Between 20222-2023 despite Russian military superiority, Ukraine managed to stop the Russian advance, supported by weapons and international assistance, especially from OTAN.

3.- Ukrainian counteroffensive (2023): Ukraine launched a significant counteroffensive, recapturing occupied territories in the east and south of the country.

4.- Energy crisis in Europe (2022-2023): Sanctions against Russia and Moscow's response disrupted gas supplies to Europe, exacerbating the global energy crisis.

5.- Grain Export Agreements (2022-2023): Ukraine, a major grain producer, negotiated with Russia, under international mediation, to allow grain exports across the Black Sea.

6.- Battle of Bakhmut (2023): One of the longest and most destructive battles of the conflict, with enormous losses on both sides, highlighting the brutality and scale of the war.

7.- Nova Kakhovka Dam Destruction (2023): A devastating attack that flooded large areas of Ukraine, affecting both civilians and key infrastructure.

8.- Partial mobilization in Russia (September 2022): President Putin announced a partial mobilization, calling reservists to fight, which sparked protests and an exodus of Russians fleeing the country.

9.- Presidential election in Ukraine: In 2024 in the midst of the conflict, Ukraine held elections, reaffirming its democratic commitment and resistance against Russian aggression.

10.- Drone attack on Moscow: In 2024 Ukraine intensified its drone attacks on Russian territory, including the capital, marking a new front in the conflict.

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Comprehensive Peace Agreement:

Address Major Issues: The agreement must cover territorial disputes, political arrangements, security concerns, and economic impacts.

Short-Term and Long-Term Terms: Include provisions for immediate ceasefires as well as long-term solutions and frameworks for ongoing negotiations.

International Guarantees:

Implementation Oversight: Secure international guarantees to monitor and enforce the agreement's implementation.

Adherence Assurance: Utilize international bodies to ensure that both parties adhere to the terms of the agreement and address any violations.

Inclusive Stakeholder Participation:

Broad Representation: Ensure that the peace negotiations and agreement involve all relevant stakeholders, including local communities, minority groups, and international actors, to address diverse concerns and promote buy-in from all parties affected by the conflict.

Transparency and Legitimacy: Foster a transparent negotiation process to build trust and ensure that the resulting agreement is perceived as legitimate and equitable by all parties involved.

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Explanation of the type of conflict     

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Explanation of the type of conflict     

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The conflict between Russia and Ukraine in 2024 is an international conflict, framed as a conventional war between two sovereign states. It is a geopolitical conflict, with deep historical and strategic roots, where issues of national sovereignty, territorial integrity and the influence of foreign powers play a central role. The war has involved not only the armed forces of both countries, but also international actors such as NATO, the European Union and other countries that have provided diplomatic, economic and military support to Ukraine or imposed sanctions against Russia. This conflict can also be classified as a hybrid war, where conventional military tactics are combined with cyber attacks, disinformation and economic warfare.

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BBC News Mundo [@BBCMundo]. (n.d.). ¿Cuál es el origen del conflicto entre Ucrania y Rusia y por qué tiene relevancia internacional? Youtube. Retrieved August 21, 2024, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcPj4eEnhyM

Hernández, J. (2024, August 21). Ucrania avanza en Rusia mientras el alcalde de Moscú acusa a Kyiv de “uno de los mayores ataques de la historia” con drones. CNN. https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2024/08/21/ataque-drones-ucrania-moscu-trax/

Kirby, P. (2024, August 20). Russian forces claim unconfirmed capture of Niu-York in east Ukraine. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c79wqpqp297o

Waterhouse, J. (2024, August 19). Guerra en Ucrania I Kyiv espera que su incursión militar en territorio ruso cambie el rumbo de la guerra. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/articles/cyvpm6q1vv8o