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A weapon of mass destruction (WMS) is a biological, chemical, radiological, nuclear or any other weapon that can kill or significantly harm many people or cause great damage to artificial structures, natural structures or the biosphere.

It affects citizens, government and its organisations, the environment and ecosystems that are in place within the area that they may be used.

This can affect UK security because they can be a hazard and potentially kill millions of people, or destroy essential infrastructure, which is why security is needed in place to prevent these types of attacks from happening.

A strategy in place to prevent weapons of mass destruction from being used is Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) which is a doctrine of military strategy, and a national security policy that states that a use of nuclear weapons by an attacker would result in the defender striking back and causing complete annihilation, resulting in both the attacker and defender being destroyed in the process.

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A state of armed conflict between different countries or different groups within a country.

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A person or thing likely to cause danger.

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A serious disagreement and argument about something important.

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Terrorism is the unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against citizens, with the pursuit of furthering political aims.

This affects vulnerable citizens who can be manipulated and groomed into doing things for these causes and taking part in activities that they tell them to do, as they get brainwashed with their agenda due to their vulnerability. As well as this, it can put general civilians at risk during terror attacks as it can can harm or kill people, and poses a threat to infrastructure, as structures such as bridges can be attacked.

Terrorism affects the UK's security because it can spread fear and violence amongst the general population and can affect the economy due to the destruction of infrastructure. As well as this, it can affect the normal lives of people, and disrupt efforts of peace and security.

The strategy in place to prevent terrorism in the UK is known as CONTEST and focuses on 4 key points to prevent terrorism, prevent, pursue, protect and prepare. These pillars that they have in place are designed to attack every stage of the threat should it have to, through preventing people from being converted into terrorist, to then mitigating the impact that a terrorist attack has had on the country.

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Espionage is the practice of spying or making use of spies, usually by governments to obtain political and military information.

UK government is mainly affected by this, as it is an attempt to acquire sensitive information that is meant to remain classified from others.

This affects UK security because it can have numerous harmful affects depending on the information that has been acquired through espionage. For example, positions of soldiers could be leaked, which would then result in their positions being compromised and put them in danger, or it could damage international relations with other countries and organisations; as well as harm the economy of a country.

The UK uses the services of MI5 to do counter espionage and prevent essential information from being stolen and prevents hackers from getting a hold of important information.

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Instability and Conflict Overseas is when a formal Government within a Country is absent or weak, with examples being Yemen or Somalia, and as a result organised crime and conflict can take place.

Instability and Conflict overseas can affect the civilians who live in the areas that are afflicted by this, the overall stability of a region, and can lead to the destruction of societies infrastructure; as well as affecting the Governments within those areas, for example in Afghanistan where they were overthrown and lost control of their Country due to instability and conflict.

This can affect the UK's security because it can lead to a higher risk of extremism and terrorism through direct attacks typically done as a form of revenge, or through propaganda in an attempt to radicalise others to join their organisation and to follow their extreme beliefs. Furthermore, it can pose itself as a risk by affecting international relations, as it can create a gap in countries relations, which can then escalate into conflict if not handled correctly.

The strategy that the United Kingdom use to counter this is through the National Security Council, who's main goal is to tackle these issues at the source before they escalate to a full conflict or manage to materialise on the United Kingdom's territory. This is typically delivered through close co-operation with organisations such as the UN. Also, the United Kingdom has Stabilisation Response Teams, who's goal it is to prevent conflict through diplomatic means by bringing civilian and military expertise together and providing a clear direction for a government to go in.

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Serious and Organised crime is when an individual or group of people plan, co-ordinate and commit serious offences as part of transnational networks.

This can affect the locals within an area where this is not managed properly, the economy of an area as it can drive away potential outside investors and opportunity for work due to people being turned away s a result and can also have an impact on the efficiency of the Uniformed Protective Services as if left unmanaged it can grow into a large issue which can then be overwhelming for a service to deal with due to a number of issues, including a lack of provisions, manpower or funding.

Serious and Organised crime can affect UK security because it can branch off into a number of different issues such as violence and assaults through street gangs, as seen in London where their has been a large increase in stabbings due to this, or can lead to other issues such as class-a drugs being sold to people in larger amounts and distributed more. A large issue that can also be faced by Organised Crime is corruption, as organised crime groups can utilise the amount of money and power that they hold to then have leeway over officials in power that they can use to gain more power.

Their strategy for organised crime is to pursue offenders through prosecution and disruption, and making use of all of their tools to tackle organised crime groups and interfere in their work. This is done to prevent people from participating in organised crime, and to interrupt the systems that it runs; as well as shut them down and mitigate the impact that it has.

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Services Responsible - Managing and Reducing Threats

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Services Responsible - Managing and Reducing Threats

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There are a number of services responsible for both managing and reducing threats to the United Kingdom: such as the Police Service, the Armed Services; as well as both MI5 and MI6. Each of these services manage different types of threats, using various different methods and ways to ensure the United Kingdoms and its citizens safety overall. For example, the Armed Forces mainly deal with external threats in foreign countries to ensure that they cannot grow into a global threat, whereas groups such as MI5 and MI6 use the collection of information to keep the United Kingdom safe by working to gather information on incidents such as potential terrorist attacks, to then act and prevent them before they take place through surveillance of potential terrorist. Finally the Police Service act directly to tackle crime, dealing with simple incidents such as speeding, all the way to crimes such as murder, and are typically the first ones to respond to any incidents within the UK, and mainly serve their local community in the process.

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General Threats and Risks that the United Kingdom faces can include things such as low level crime, up to risks such as terrorism, and have been identified as a risk to the United Kingdom due to them opposing the laws that have been set in place in the United Kingdom.

These can affect a wide variety of aspects including: people, infrastructure, local economy, national economy, stability and credibility of the Uniformed Protective Services depending on what the exact threat is.

General risks can affect the United Kingdom by costing the government money an due to the costs that they can have to deal with, due to the government then having to spend money to deal with this through means such as funding the police and other protective services to prevent the incidents that happen due to general crime, so generally it can affect the economy.

Strategies in place to prevent general crime can be through programmes such as the knife surrender scheme to prevent the amount of knives on the street, thus reducing the risk of knife crime, or by providing police with training and the resources to safely ram people off mopeds to reduce the amount of moped crimes that were happening in London, resulting in an 80% decrease in them as a result.

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Security Failures can impact the Uniformed Protective Services through a number of different ways, with the first one being potential budget cuts due to underperforming and not providing an adequate service which they are paid to do, which can be followed up with consequences such as firing incompetent staff who they believe are underperforming within their role which is why the failure in security may have happened in the first place, through to a department being shut down or reformed as a result of the failure. Another impact of failure can be the public losing trust in the Uniformed Protective Services, as they are not protecting them from threats which can then lead to a level of unrest within the public due to the failures of the Uniformed Protective Services. This can have negative consequences due to it potentially leading to services such as the police having a more difficult time upholding law and order due to the level of mistrust that is held towards them by the public, and overall can generally decrease their performance and increase their workload.

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MI5, also known as The Security Service is the United Kingdoms internal intelligence service that operates to prevent threats towards the United Kingdom through the use of covert surveillance on people of interest, these could be things such as suspected terrorist, drug dealers or even foreign attempts at espionage. As well as this, they will work closely with other departments, such as MI6 and the Police Force to ensure that they're passing their information along to ensure that any threats the United Kingdom may face are dealt with. Their main method of defence is through the use of information through gathering information on potential threats that the United Kingdom may face, and then acting on that information if required, with them stopping 37 late stage terrorist attack plots since 2017.

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There are several different ways in which Security Failures can impact the United Kingdom, for example they can result in a terrorism attack taking place due to Protective Services missing signs that an attack was going to take place, which can then result in an attack taking place, which can then further affect the United Kingdom in ways such as economic cost to repair damage done by the attack and to pay for the damages to any people that have been harmed within an attack. As well as this, it can then result in sensitive data being compromised and in the hands of enemies of the United Kingdom, which can then have negative affects as it can leave the United Kingdom venerable, such as information on prototype weapons being leaked, or on information about equipment used, which is a risk as it can then allow enemies to develop countermeasures to avoid the equipment that is being used. Furthermore, this can then result in the public losing trust within the government due to them failing to prevent this risk and can then lead to a level of unrest amongst the population due to the failures of those in charge.

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The Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) are the United Kingdoms foreign intelligence service that operate to gather intelligence through the use of espionage/spying. This is typically done to protect the security of the United Kingdom; as well as its technology, and provides the Government of the UK the ability to defend national security and economic stability at a covert level, due to being able to have inside information threats regarding the United Kingdoms wellbeing, typically through gathering intel and acting on it before it becomes a threat. This can also serve use in times of conflict through gathering information that can then be used against the opposing side. As well as this, it allows the Government to have up to date information about different situations which they can then act upon if they need to.

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The GCHQ, otherwise known as the Government Communications Headquarters is the United Kingdoms intelligence, security and cyber security agency. They mainly specialise in the gathering of intelligence to then share with the other Intelligence agencies MI5 and MI6; however unlike them they do not act on this, and instead prioritize gathering information from communications, and protecting this information, while keeping the United Kingdoms information up to date and relevant. Also, they provide signals intelligence and information assurance to both the British Government and British Armed Forces.

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Strategies to manage security threats to the United Kingdom are mainly done through the Police Service, Armed Services and Security Services. One strategy to manage threats is the deployment of troops to key areas to neutralise a threat, such as the deployment of troops after the 9/11 terror attacks in Afghanistan due to them housing Osama bin laden, which then led to the United States deploying troops to the region to neutralise Osama Bin Laden, as well as lead an international coalition with the involvement of British Troops as well to bring the end of Al-Qaeda's reign of power in Afghanistan. The way some security threats are dealt with on the streets of the United Kingdom can be done by the Police Service deciding to deploy more police officers, and have them do more patrols in order to deter crime and keep the streets safe, as criminals will be less likely to be active in a area knowing that they could potentially be caught due to police patrols in an area.

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Prevent is part of the United Kingdoms anti-terrorism strategy and is the first step, which involves preventing people from becoming terrorist through multiple means, mainly by stopping them from supporting their organisations and having their ideas be appealing. Actions that would be undertaken in this phase would be taking down propaganda pushing forward their agenda, and protecting vulnerable people who can be radicalised into believing their extreme views, as well as working with people who have been radicalised to attempt to get them to second guess their beliefs about the terrorist organisations ideals.

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CONTEST is the United Kingdoms counter-terrorism strategy that they have employed throughout the nation. This is split into different sections, known as the 4 p's, which includes the following: Prevent, Pursue, Protect and Prepare. Each of these having their own meaning, such as Prevent being the prevention of terrorist propaganda being spread, as well as stopping vulnerable people from being radicalised to believe their radical views. Pursue is the next phase, which includes the direct interception and prevention of a terrorist attack, by detecting and thwarting the attempted attack, then prosecuting the offenders, this can be done to anyone who plots against the United Kingdom or its overseas interest. Protect is the next step, and involves the strengthening of counter terrorist measures across the United Kingdom and its overseas interest in order to reduce the level of vulnerability of an area, with this area mainly focusing on the improvement of border security and infrastructure. Finally, there is prepare, which serves the purpose of mitigating the affect of a terrorist attack that will take place, and is to far in to be stopped, which can then include how the attack that will take place can be stopped, such as by sending in armed police to neutralise the terrorist, or by planning out budgets and how they will rebuild infrastructure.

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The environment can be managed and changed to negate the effects and chance of a crime taking place, for example the use of covert surveillance through security cameras can be used to then deter criminal activity from the area, as there is a greater risk of being identified and caught. An example of a measure put in place to negate effects is barricades on the side on pavements to prevent terrorist attacks with vehicles and running people over on the pavement. This is also done to ensure the safety of vital infrastructure, such as Buckingham Palace.

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A number of threats are posed by terrorism, such as fearmongering, the death of innocent civilians, and damage to vital infrastructure such as bridges As well as this, it can have a negative impact on the economy of a country depending on the scale, as they may have to spend a large amount of money of counter-terrorism operations. Another threat that is present as a result of terrorism is the risk of political instability, as terrorist attacks and propaganda can result in political instability, which is present in countries such as Afghanistan currently.

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There are a large number of factors that can affect terrorism, such as global affairs and politics, for example when the United States intervened in Afghanistan after the 9/11 terror attacks it then resulted in a 20 year war, which made the Taliban in Afghanistan stronger as a result, due to propaganda making more people in the area join the Taliban. As well as this, the security and budget of a country can affect terrorism, as a wealthy country with many counter-terrorist measures in place will be less likely to have a terrorist attack due to the countermeasures they can afford to take; whereas poorer countries and areas such as Yemen cannot afford to perform counter-terrorist operations on the same scale as a country such as the United Kingdom, which can then affect how terrorist operate and act within the country.

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There are a number of terrorist organizations currently operating, such as the Taliban currently lead by Hibatullah Akhundzada who currently control Afghanistan, the Irish Republican Army (IRA), lead by Gerry Adams who are active in parts of Ireland and the United Kingdom and want a unified Ireland, and Al-Qaeda who were responsible for the 9/11 attack, who were lead by Osama Bin Laden.

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A number of tactics and methods are employed to counteract terrorism and its affects, with the first tactic being the gathering and sharing of information amongst the security services and branches of Uniformed Protective Services in the United Kingdom, as this will then allow for terrorist or threats to the nation to be identified; as well as have their attempts stopped before they can carry out their attacks. Another tactic that can be used to prevent terrorism is improved border security, as a good border security, who are well trained and equipped will be able to prevent a number of potential terrorist from being able to enter the United Kingdom to enact their plans, so as a result of this, their plans are thrown away and they will be unable to carry it out. A third tactic that the United Kingdom uses is international information on potential terrorist/dangerous criminals due to its involvements in groups such as NATO and INTERPOL, so if a country has information on an individual who may be suspected of terrorism or be a terrorist, the United Kingdom can also use that information to track them down should they attempt to enter the United Kingdom, and prevent any attacks or incidents they may be planning.

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As of 2020, there have been 5 reported incidents of terrorist attacks in the United Kingdom, resulting in 5 deaths, as well as 10 injuries. Currently, the UK's terrorist threat level is on substantial, meaning an attack is likely.

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Terrorism in the media can be used for many different things and purposes, with a big purpose that it is used for being fearmongering, as this can then shift the general public perception on how they may view a terrorist organization, Government or idea, as well as using the fear and anxiety they inflict upon the public as a mean to push their agenda forward. Furthermore, another way in which terrorism can be used in the media is through showing the brutality of a terrorist group and their actions that they have done, which as a result can then lead to the public having a shift on opinion on the group, for example if they report upon a terrorist organization executing civilians, then it can shift the public view of the organization in a negative manner, which is good because it will decrease chances of rehabilitation due to people seeing what they organizations actually do and how they treat people.

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Over the last 20 years, the perception on terrorism has been shifted due to events such as the 9/11 attacks, which then prompted a 20 year war in Afghanistan as a result of the terrorist attacks. Since then, security has been increased drastically around the world to prevent these sorts of terrorist attacks from happening across the globe, as countries have been putting billions into counter-terrorism and adapting to terrorist methods over the years. As well as this in recent years, there has also been a rise in cyber terrorism as it has risen, such as when hospitals across the United Kingdom got attacked, resulting in the NHS losing all of their patient data and putting many lives at risk, but as a result of this it has also increased cyber security to counteract terrorism and cyber crime.

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The United Kingdoms Counter-Terrorism strategy is Contest, which includes the four main points:

Pursue: Where they use intelligence to identify and neutralize the threat of the terrorist before an attack can take place.

Prevent: This is where they prevent people from succumbing to radicalization through anti-radicalization schemes.

Protect: Is the pillar where the United Kingdom would enhance security in order to respond to a terrorist attack, such as enhanced security and training.

Prepare: The pillar where the United Kingdom ensures that they're prepared for an incoming terrorist attack should they take place, usually by having emergency responses and protocols ready incase an attack does take place.

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The UK has a number of legislations passed in order to counter terrorism in the country, such as the Terrorism Act (2000) which provided the UK with the basis to define and deal with terrorism, and allowed for terrorist organizations to be prosecuted. This was then followed up with the Anti-Terrorism, crime and security act of 2001, which was introduced due to 9/11, which allowed the Government to have extra powers in order to combat terrorism.

Recently in 2015, the UK passed the Counter-Terrorism security act, which mainly prioritizes the preventing people from being radicalized, and restricted travel on those who wish to join terror organizations. It also allowed the temporary control of of movement of UK nationals suspected to be a terrorist.

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One strategy that the UK Government uses to prevent terrorism is by raising public awareness about the signs of potential terrorism and radicalization, and the steps to take if they do come across it, or how to prevent it. By keeping the public informed, it ensures that during a terrorist attack, they will be better prepared and know what to do.

As well as this, they can utilize international relations and databases to remain fully informed about current terrorist organizations and individual terrorist in the world, and who to look out for and potentially what they're plotting and other information about these groups, which can allow the Government to have a better plan in the event that the terrorist or terrorist organization becomes a threat to the United Kingdom or its overseas interest.

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The CTITF was established in 2006, and formed to increase global co-operation and co-ordination when it comes to anti-terrorism, with their main goal being addressing and preventing terrorism on a world wide level, and wish to prevent the spread of terrorism as well as its influence, and to combat the terrorist groups across the world.

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Europol is an agency for the European Union, with the co-operation across all of its members. They assist EU countries in combating crime, such as terrorism, radicalism, extremism, violence and other international crimes. They communicate through a database , the system EIS analysis work files. Europol cannot arrest people, as well as this, while not a part of Europol, the United Kingdom still works with them.

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The International Police Organization work across the globe to Police international crimes, such as human trafficking. It is an Intergovernmental Organization They mainly combat terrorism, cybercrime, drugs, organized crime and sometimes copyright. Each members pays around 127 million a year, with it making use of the I-24/7 international database as a result for each member to see. However, similar to Europol, they cannot perform arrest, but can assist in making them.

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UK Visa and Immigration is responsible for the managing of the visa process for people who want to work, visit or settle in the United Kingdom. They ensure immigration systems is well administered efficiently, as well as proper vetting and background checks, while controlling the flow of immigration, making them vital to the national security of the UK.

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They're responsible for securing the borders of a country and allowing for a smooth controlled flow of people going through goods and services. They check the immigration status of visitors, and search baggage, vehicles and cargo. As well as this, they patrol the UK coastline and search ships, while also gathering intelligence in the process. Also, they alert the police and security service to people of interest and can arrest people.

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The NCA is a law enforcement agency in the United Kingdom. Their main duty is to fight against serious and organized crime, and collaborate with other agencies and organizations to tackle major criminal activities. They use data analysis and intelligence collection, as well as deal with criminals that pose a great threat.

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The National Cyber Security Centre protects a countries critical information and ensure that it does not get leaked and remains confidential. They give guidance and support to Government departments and public organizations regarding cyber security.

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The United Kingdom has a number of Supporting Statutory Protective Services, including:

NHS: The National Health service who provide free healthcare to the citizens of the United Kingdom, and operate without discrimination. Their goals are to provide universal healthcare at a high quality.

Ambulance Service: The Ambulance Service are the United Kingdoms main source of transportation for injured people who need to be transported to a medical facility in order to get help, they also carry equipment and have at least 1 doctor inside to treat people on the way to the hospital.

Highways England: They are responsible for the management of highways, ensuring that they're in working order, informing drivers of incidents that may have taken place such as a crash, lane closures, as well as ensuring that drivers on the highway are following the laws, if not they can then use their cameras to provide the Police Service with information to lead them to perform an arrest.

Coastguard: The coastguard rescue people who are typically lost at sea, or need assistance, and as a result they usually respond first to these sorts of incidents by making use of vehicles such as Helicopters and boats in order to perform their duties.