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1. Choose a spokesperson

2. All students in the group are to work on all of the following questions/sections included in the Padlet

3. You can use diagrams/images other visual resources to explain each respiratory condition.

4. When we come back to the whole class, the spokesperson will feedback the groups findings, with the teams support

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Emphysema.

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Emphysema.

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Emphysema (COPD) is caused by an inflammatory response 95% of cases are caused by smoking. Macrophages in the alveolus secrete cytokines and proteases. Proteases destruct alveolar walls (causing a decrease in perfusion) and capillary beds (causing a decrease in perfusion). Cytokines attract neutrophils from the circulation to move into the alveolus which secrete elastase. Elastase decreases the elastic recoil of the alveolus, decreasing ventilation and causing air trapping.

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9. OPTIONAL: Important vocabulary (include list of key vocabulary referenced; if you do not know the term(s), look up and add a definition for the word(s))

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9. OPTIONAL: Important vocabulary (include list of key vocabulary referenced; if you do not know the term(s), look up and add a definition for the word(s))

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2. Is it obstructive or restrictive? Why?

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2. Is it obstructive or restrictive? Why?

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obstructive  condition in which air flow obstruction causes decreased ventilation of alveoli, it causes decreased oxygenation of blood and causes decreased perfusion of brain , muscle. COpd ( emphysema ) causes lungs to lose their elasticity and ability to expand which leaves some air trapped in your lungs when you exhale air .

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3. How does the condition effect lung compliance and/or airway resistance?

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3. How does the condition effect lung compliance and/or airway resistance?

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Compliance: Patients with emphysema usually have a very high lung compliance due to the poor elastic recoil. The elastic recoil is decreased and the P-V curve is shifted up and left. This is due to the loss of elastic tissue as a result of alveolar wall destruction.

Resistance: Emphysema results in reduced lung elastic recoil pressure, which leads to a reduced driving pressure for expiratory flow through narrowed and poorly supported airways in which airflow resistance is significantly increased.

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4. Explain the role of V/Q mismatch in this condition.

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4. Explain the role of V/Q mismatch in this condition.

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Emphysema can obstruct blood flow in a pulmonary vein, decreasing perfusion to a region in the lung, lack of adequate blood flow means that oxygen can't get into the blood. An increased V/Q ratio may also be seen with Emphysema. A high V/Q ratio develops in emphysema patients due to high compliance and reduced blood flow.

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5. How is oxygenation and ventilation affected? Eg. consider O2 content, O2 delivery, alveolar ventilation 

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5. How is oxygenation and ventilation affected? Eg. consider O2 content, O2 delivery, alveolar ventilation 

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Emphysema describes one of the structural changes seen in COPD where there is destruction of the alveolar air sacs (gas-exchanging surfaces of the lungs) leading to obstructive physiology. In emphysema, an irritant (e.g., smoking) causes an inflammatory response. Neutrophils and macrophages are recruited and release multiple inflammatory mediators. Oxidants and excess proteases leading to the destruction of the air sacs. The protease-mediated destruction of elastin leads to a loss of elastic recoil and results in airway collapse during exhalation.
In COPD there is airway obstruction, this will cause decreased ventilation of alveoli.
As a result blood flowing to ill ventillated alveoli does not accept normal oxygen leading to hypoxemia.

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6. What type of respiratory failure would this condition lead to?

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6. What type of respiratory failure would this condition lead to?

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In COPD air trapping happens and unable to exhale air properly which leads to increased CO2 in the blood ,causing type 2 resp failure .

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Respiratory acidosis.

Emphysema damages the walls between the alveoli and the blood vessels. Cause lungs can’t get as much oxygen into your bloodstream or remove as much carbon dioxide. This affects the levels of both oxygen and carbon dioxide  in your blood.

People with severe emphysema often have blood gas readings that indicate acidic blood, or higher levels of carbon dioxide and low oxygen in their body.

The primary disturbance of elevated arterial PCO2 is the decreased ratio of arterial bicarbonate to arterial PCO2, which leads to a lowering of the pH

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8. What are the typical clinical manifestations/ patient assessment data? (relate these to pathophysiology concepts already described)

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8. What are the typical clinical manifestations/ patient assessment data? (relate these to pathophysiology concepts already described)

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COPD (Emphysema) are described as your "pink puffers". They are typically of low weight, are barrel chested, have an increase work of breathing with shallow breaths and upon auscultation you'll typically hear a prolonged expiratory wheeze.