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This is to honor all the lives that were lost during the dark time of history of the Middle Passage, approximately 1.8 million enslaved people that died during the Transatlantic passage. Where it is stated “they came from a settled culture, of tribal customs and family ties, of communal lives and traditional ritual, that African blacks found themselves helpless when removed from this. They were captured in the interior, sold on the coast, then shoved into pens with blacks of other tribes, often speaking different languages.” (Zinn28) In addition to the loss of enslaved African people's lives, many cultures were lost with it, Africans were  losing their own identity, name and language, during this passage to the New World. Where they didn’t know what to expect, they just knew their wholes lived had been left behind, in a now distant “home”.

Many would die from inhuman conditions, without ventilation, insufficient water, and starvation. In addition to physical violence they would suffer, others would jump off decks throwing themselves off the ship. A survivor from a voyage, Ottobah Cugoano, said “the brutish, base, but fashionable way of traffic" (Gates and Anderson 1998: 369).

African people have suffered a long way, that needs to be remembered so history won’t repeat itself. So this is a memory of all those who lost their lives and identity  in on of the darkest times in Modern World History.

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Cuba, which at the time was a spanish colony, had just recently failed the anachronism after the abdication of Charles I, while also dealing with contraband trade in the colony. Enslaved people would be unfairly treated receiving just enough food to keep them alive, but not too much that they could fight. While during the embarkation 38 slaves had died, in the process of getting to the New World. Once slaves arrived in the Americas they would be auctioned, to the person who bet the most money on them. And when they arrived to sugar-cane plantations, which were the most prosperous in Cuba, “living under conditions unfit for survival”

In Cuba slavery started by the 16th century and lasted until October 7, 1886 when it was abolished by the Spanish royal.

Cuba's current GDP per capita is at 9,500 USD, which is considered to be avearge when compared to other American countries colonized by Europeans, but it's also almost 9,000 dollar more than where the slaves in this voyage came from (Guine-Bissau)

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Cartagena, Cartagena Province, Bolívar, Colômbia

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Cartagena, Cartagena Province, Bolívar, Colômbia - 17th century 

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Cartagena, Cartagena Province, Bolívar, Colômbia - 17th century 

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Cartagena was founded in 1533, by Spanish Commander Pedro de Herebia. The city had been invaded many times, since it was seen as a very prosperous place. By the end of the 16th century, Cartagena had the greatest port in the Americas, at the time. So during the 17th century the king of Spain ordered the area to become the center of slave trade, making the city to become even richer.
This was the final stop for slaves on the ship NS del Castillo, 335 disembarked the ship. It is cited that “463 slave ships arriving in Cartagena between 1573 and 1640 disgorged more than 73,000 enslaved Africans who were recorded by port officials.” (Landers)  . Once enslaved Africans arrived in Cartagena they would be directed to agents in order to conduct purchases. Then most of them would be brought to Portobello (nowadays Panama) or to Bolivia, to work on mines.Slavery in Cartagena, ended during 1821, when the Congress passed a law emancipating the country’s slaves.

Currently Colombia's GDP per capita is at 13,449 USD, a close number when compared to the Portugal (where the voyage began) when compared to other voyages landing places.

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In Charleston, South Carolina, United States during the 19th century where most of the population were blacks and slaves. According to the South Carolina Encyclopedia, on Charleston, states “By 1800 Charleston had a population of 10,104 blacks–slaves and free–and only 8,820 whites; the black majority would continue.” (Greene). Showing that Charleston depended on slaves to its economy.

The city was also developing a lot during the 19th century where new buildings were going up.

The slave port of Charleston was the biggest one in the United States and so most enslaved Africans passed through the city when they arrived. From this one specifc voyage in 1806 arriving from San Tomé, 201 slaves desembarked the ship.

African slaves were sold in the port and sent to: a house in the city or a plantation (in South Carolina or somewhere else in the U.S.). Plantations in Charleston relied upon slave labor, some plantations had up to 235 enslaved Africans working. Therefore many plantations collapsed after the end of slavery.

South Carolina plant rice

During 1822 rumors went around about a slave rebellion led by Denmark Vesey, a free person of color, which eventually reached the white elite. Resulting in 35 people being hanged. After this, the city was known by editors and writers as the “capital of Southern Civilization”.

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This ship’s main port during this voyage was Princes Islands, which is now known as San Tomé y Príncipe. An island that was discovered and colonized by Portugal in the 15th century. Before their arrival the island was inhabited.
During the 19th century the island’s main income source came from the Coffee and Cocoa plantation, which was very prosperous due to the island's location over a rich volcanic soil. The plantations were owned by portuguese or landlords. Eventually San Tomé and Princípe became the world’s largest exporter of Cocoa.
In 1806 it has been recorded that a ship arriving from the U.S.A, the Bellona, arrived in the island and brought 267 Africans slaves into Charleston.
Slavery was abolished only in 1875. Once slavery ended the difficult labor conditions continued, people would come into São Tome and never come back, they would be put into a system where you would work for minimum wages and you could not leave the island.

São Tomé and Principe current GDP is shown to be 2,360 USD. This data helps to better understand the impact that Europeans had in Africa, this island was described to be a prosperous land but now most of the stability the island provided was taken away.

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*This boat has no specific location of departure, but its flag is from the U.S.*
In 1806 a slave trade ship set sail for Africa, the name was The Bellona, led by captain Collins.

During the 19th century, the United States was a new nation. The population increased, and turned into the world’s biggest agricultural and industrial economy.

America’s president was Thomas Jefferson, in his second term. He also strongly supported ending the slave importation and the separation of church and state.

The Louisiana purchase had recently happened (1803).

The captain of this ship was Collins and  the passage took about 120 days. Bellona was the ship’s vessel, known as three decker merchantman.

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St. Helena was colonized by English during 1659, the use of enslaved Africans in order to do manual work was normalized. The island served as a great importance to ships sailing from Europe, Asia and South Africa.

During this time period the Spanish and Portuguese gave up the island and took part in West Central Africa. Leaving the St. Helena area to British and Dutch. Of which had been fighting for the land over the past few years.
People were mostly brought from East Africa or Madagascar to be enslaved. Africans were being taken out from battlefields, farms and villages, to be eventually sold to European buyers in coastal areas. They were chained so they couldn’t free themselves. In the ship NS del Castillo was recorded 419 Africans embarked in St. Helena's port in direction to Cartagena, Colombia.  For traders in St. Helena, European captains  were required to have a trade license, which would be obtained by paying taxes.

St. Helena's GDP per capita is today at 8,021 USD, where it is a very good amount when compared with other countries on Africa. Meaning that St. Helena most likely didn't  suffered as much consequence, due to European colonization, as other African countries. But still considerably lower than colonizers (Europeans) current GDP'S per capita.

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During the 17th century Portugal was characterized as a period of discoveries. There was the emerging colony of Brazil, so therefore a lot of slaves were being brought from Africa. Meaning that during the time period Portugal was ruling the maritimes and atlantic world.   But in 1755 happened the cataphoric earthquake and the ascension of Maria 1, Portugal’s first queen.
Approximately during in 1618 a voyage set sail from Portugal in direction to St. Helena. The captain of the vessel was Antonio da Silva.
Nowdays, Portugal's GDP per capita is currently at 31,692 USD which is high when considering the countries that Portugal colonised, like for example St.Helena the place where this ship stoped on the way to the "New world".

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The country is located in the West Africa region. When the Portuguese arrived at the region, they started with slavery and tens of thousands of slaves were being exported to the New World. It was recorded that 325 enslaved africans embarked the ship Nuestra Senhora del Rosario. They would also be producing unique textiles, becoming the regional trade during the 16th century. When enslaved Africans would be captured they would “The slave trade on the Upper Guinea Coast, on the other hand was conducted by individual private traders and lançados. Lançados were born in Portugal or Cape Verbe, who settled in the coast and to, broad outline of the activities of these private traders [...] critical role they played in the initial development of the Atlantic Trade.” (Newson) The guinea played a huge hole in defining the development in the slave trade. While on this voyage 325 slaves embarked the ship.
Before Europeans the Bijago (what the society was called) was a place with many warriors, where women would cultivate land and take care of houses, while men were focused on boat materials and attacking close lands like Jolas, Papeles and Balantas.

Today, Guine-Bissau's current GDP per capita is of 795USD, which is much less compared to other European and American countries. Like for example where this voyage set sail (Spain) and where it arrived (Cuba).

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York River, Virgínia, EUA - 18th century

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York River, Virgínia, EUA - 18th century

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The York River served as a huge importance since it was an area of early settlements in Virginia.

The town is located at the narrowest point by the river, causing people to call it “the Peninsula”. It had been very prominent in political and economic history of the Peninsula. The port of Yorktown, where the final battle of the American Revolution for 1781 took place.

Yorktown served as a major port for other towns like Williamsburg. But during the 18th century it started to decline, and being less and less used leading to the city's collapse.

It has been recorded that during the years 1727-69, 644 voyages arriving in Virginia with African slaves. This specific voyage, from the Royal African Company, were recorded that from the 114 embarked slaves only 92 disembarked in the York River.

Moreover, American colonies during this time period, would be looking for the opportunity of starting a rebellion. Wheat had displaced tobacco in Virginia. While enslaved that was a shift for new opportunities. Since now they need to work with wheat, which was considered much harder to work with. Leading slaves to have a greater sense of economy and urbanity.

The enslaved population most of the time lived in small farms in areas that had more contact with white people.

In the United States, slavery was abolished on December 6, 1815, with the 13th Amendment abolishing slavery in the country.

Nowdays the United States have their GDP per capita at 70,248 USD, the highest one on this map. This happens because it was the place with the best political stability, resulting in the countries economic growth.

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Loango kingdom is located in the split of Angola Province of Cabinda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

The Kingdom of Loango was a very significant area of Africa especially during colonial times.  It was dominated by Villi, Congo people that came to the coastal region during the 1300s. But during the 18th century with the Atlantic slave trade Loango changed. The power exerted by someone became based on the number of slaves owned. Slaves were separated, exported one's from domestic ones.

It is stated to the University of Witwatersrand Johannesburg ``More than one million slaves were traded during the 18th Century on the Loango coastline.” (WITS University).

Political leaders at the time weren’t involved in the slave trade, instead they would nomiate a person to do the trade on their behalf. The Mafouk, the regulated person, would do the bidding, negotiations and sellings of those slaves; he would be the most powerful man in the kingdom. And so it has been noted that 114 slaves embarked the ship from the Royal African Company during 1702.

So to compare to today's world we are going to be analysing Congo's GDP per capita which stands at 3,434 USD. That is very low

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During the 18th century was when the islands of Great Britain united together (England, Wales, and Scotland). They combined British and Scottish parliaments together. Soon Great Britain would become the world’s dominant colonial power rather than Spain and France, but also losing North America territory. There happened several wars against Spain, the last rebellion of Scottish-Jacobites and the American Revolution (soon to come).

This period was also marked by the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (1760 - 1840) with advancing technology.

Great Britain also built a strong royal navy helping to protect worldwide trading.
London was where the voyage of the Royal African Company  , began. Thomas Arnold  was the captain of the ship he was a British Royal Navy Officer, born in 1679 and died in 1737. Also known as the master navigator and made himself known during the battle of Cape Passaro.

England's GDP per capita is currently at 36,100 USD which is the second highest GDP per capita inside this map. That is really impressive, especially in comparison Congo (where the ship stopped on the way to America). This shows the impact that the Transatlatic slave trade had on Africa.

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During this time Teneriffe, located in the Canary Islands. They had recently been discovered by Columbus, and Tenerife specifically was a Spanish colony. From the book An Ecohistory of the Canary Islands A precursor of European Colonization in the New World and Australasia  “Outshining These islands in European perception/ yet the discovery of America greatly enhanced their importance. The Canaries became the first stop on the way to the New World.” (Crosby) The Guanches were the first settler on the island. During 1637 the slave trade got prohibted in Tenerife, few years after the ship sailed.

In 1586 the ship NS Del Rosario, set sail to Portuguese Guine and Bissau (nowdays where Guine-Bissau is located), where they would bring African slaves to Americas.The captain of this ship was Juan Martínez de Recalde; he was born in Bilbao C. 1540, and he was a Spanish sailor from the Spanish Armada. And while on the Spanish Armada Wrecks on the Irish coast, he was one of the commanders with prior  experience on the Irish coast. So he was a very experienced spanish sailor.  Among the staff the ship had a capacity of 359 mens 119 sailors and 240 soldiers. But when the ship came to America, instead of sailors slaves were being brought to America.

Nowdays Spain's GDP per capita is currently at 36,221 USD, which is much greater when compared to Guine-Bissau's GDP 795 USD (2021). Demonstrating the impact that these colonies suffered due to Europeans.