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1895 - Booker T. Washington proposes the "Atlanta Compromise"

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1895 - Booker T. Washington proposes the "Atlanta Compromise"

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At an exposition fair, Washington argued that black people should not seek political equality and campaign for fair treatment, tolerating racism and segregation. In return, they would receive free education and pursue vocational trades, increasing the black community's immediate economic standing.

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1901 - Booker T. Washington writes Up From Slavery

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1901 - Booker T. Washington writes Up From Slavery

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In his usual non-confrontational style, Washington tries in his autobiography to reassure Whites of the value of educating black people, emphasizing how he instills traditional values through education and arguing that its goal lies in conferring basic principles and practical skills, rather than ideological principles or higher thought.

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1905 - W.E.B DuBois publishes The Talented Tenth

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1905 - W.E.B DuBois publishes The Talented Tenth

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Du Bois argues that talented, intelligent black men had a duty to advance their positions in society, and should pursue higher education. Through this education, they could become community leaders, from public intellectuals to elected officials to grassroots activists, advancing both the economic and political standing of the black community.

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Organized by W.E.B. DuBois, this organization opposed Booker T. Washington’s focus on economic equality by instead demanding political equality, opposing racial segregation and disenfranchisement, refusing to accommodate or be conciliatory towards whites and the South.

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Ending the doctrine of "separate but equal" established by Plessy v. Ferguson, presenting evidence from behavioral psychologists and interpretations of the 14th amendment, the Supreme Court argued segregation in public schools was inherently unequal, and thus prohibited under the Constitution.

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In an effort to desegregate the public bus system, community organizers boycotted to force desegregation. During this process, Martin Luther King Jr. emerged as a leader, advocating for nonviolence and direct action, physically protesting peacefully for change.

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Here, MLK elaborates on his fused principles of nonviolence and direct action. King argues that direct action against unjust laws is a moral necessity, rather than waiting for justice to come through the courts.

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1964 - Malcom X's peak and separation from the Nation of Islam

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1964 - Malcom X's peak and separation from the Nation of Islam

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Instead of MLK's strict nonviolence, Malcom X advocated for self-defense by any means necessary, arguing the black community needed to organize as a separate entity to properly secure its rights. He endorsed black separatism, and argued that human rights could not be achieved through legislation action, but through strengthening the black community.

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The Black Panther Party, originally an offshoot of Malcom X's ideology, sought to promote black separatism and militarism, bringing Marxist ideas of class struggle to the civil rights movement. They frequently fought with police and the FBI, suffering many internal conflicts before dissolving.

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1972 - The National Black Political Convention 

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1972 - The National Black Political Convention 

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Nonviolent activists, black nationalists, and religious groups organized to develop a political action plan, keeping the civil rights movement focused on seeing through desegregation.