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Reichstag elections; The Nazi party became the largest party in the Reichstag with 230 seats

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Reichstag elections; Nazi Party seats fell to 196

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The fall of Von Papen government

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General Kurt Von Schleicher appointed Chancellor

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Radical left groups wanted:

Wanted germany to be controlled by 'the people'

Opposed capitalism and wanted to abolish private ownership of land & business, and put these in the hands of workers

They were internationalists who stressed co-operation, rather than the independence of nations

The German Communist Party (KPD) was the main far-left party during the course of the Republic

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November:

The end of the first World War; Germany signed the armistice

The November revolution

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The fall of the Von Schleicher Government

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Far left: KPD (Communists), (The Spartacist)

Moderate left: SPD (Social Democrats) & DDP (Democrats)

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Centre: ZP (Centre Party) (actually more centre right)

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A peace treaty signed on June 28, 1919, that formally ended World War I between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany

Caused long term bitterness and humiliation

German's felt as though they had been betrayed and treated unfairly as terms were very harsh

War guilt article 231 said Germany had to accept blame for starting the war

severe food shortages accounted for the deaths of 70,000 Germans due to allied blockage

Clause 232 required Germany to " make compensation for all the damage done to the civilian population by the allied and associated powers

Military Reparations:

Economic Reparations:

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Marked the end of fighting on the Western Front in World War I between the Allies and Germany

Was Not a peace treaty

Followed by negotiations that led to the Treaty of Versailles in 1919

The Armistice required Germany to disarm, evacuate occupied territories, and release Allied prisoners of war.

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Authoritarian political ideology that prioritizes the nation above all else

Often involves a dictatorial leader, suppression of opposition, and strong control over society and the economy

Fascism also emphasizes nationalism, militarism, and a belief in a hierarchical social structure

Example- Nazi Germany (1933-1945):

Under Adolf Hitler, the Nazi Party implemented a fascist regime based on racial ideology e.g. antisemitism and the persecution of minorities, culminating in the Holocaust

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-Leader of the german social democratic party (SPD)

-Supporter of German democracy

-Became the first president of the Weimar Republic from 1919 until his death in 1925

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An attitude or action that is anti-jewish

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A desire to be a nation and the belief that people with a common language and culture have the right to be a nation

An aspect of nationalism that developed in Germany, which included the promotion and assertion of superiority of the interests of the German nation above all other

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Parties got Reichstag, but in proportion to the number of votes they got nation-wide

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A peace treaty signed on June 28, 1919, that formally ended World War I between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany

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formally the Constitution of the German Reich, was the foundational document of the Weimar Republic

Weaknesses in the constitution:

Strength's of the constitution:

Article 48:

Granted the German President the power to take emergency measures, without Reichstag consent, in national cities

Intended to address urgent situations

Used to bypass the parliament leading to erosion of democracy and rise of Nazism, erosion of democracy: decline of democratic institutions and practises within a country

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Head of state: President

Elected by voters every 7 years

Power to appoint/dismiss chancellor

Could dissolve the Reichstag (German Parliament)

Commanded the army

In emergency, could issue laws by decree and override the constitutional rights of the German people

Government: Chancellor and Ministries

Had to have confidence of the Reichstag

Reichstag:

Elected by German over 20 years of age

Deputies elected

How did it work?

Voters voted for a party list as a whole instead of an individual

Num of deputies in Reichstag was not fixed, it depended on the total number of voters cast

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An uprising started by workers and soldiers in the final days of World War I

Marked the end of the German Empire, which had existed since 1871

Led to the creation of a new democratic government, the Weimar Republic, with a constitution adopted in 1919

"Stab-in-the-back" myth: Led to the rise of the "stab-in-the-back" myth, which blamed the left-wing parties and the revolutionaries for Germany's defeat in World War I.

Abdication of the Kaiser (9th November): Under pressure from the revolution, Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated on November 9th and fled to the Netherlands

changed the ideology of the nation, which was significant

changes mind-sets of people

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1919-1923: Republic struggled to establish its legitimacy and overcome threats to its authority from within Germany

A time of violence and instability

Early hardship gradually settled

From 1924 to the start of the Great Depression in 1929, Germany found measures of political stability and economic growth

Time when Germany was accepted back into European community

Period of cultural creativity and social change in Germany

1929-1933:

Renewed period of hardship when the country faced serious economic and political problems (brought collapse of German democracy and the victory of Adolf Hitler and the Nazis

Gustav Stresemann- "dancing on a volcano", as the Weimar republic had weak leadership

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Political Challenges-

Threat from the left (the Sparticst):

Threat from the right:

Economic Challenges-

Occupation of the Ruhr:

Hyperinflation:

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-Most influential politician from 1923-1929]

-

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A member of the communist party that seized power in Russia by the Revolution of November 1917.

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Successes-

The economy:

Gustav Stresemann built up Germany's prosperity again with the Dawes plan

Dawes plan: helped to sort out Germany's economic chaos and had also helped reduce tension, Evidence: 800 million marks in loans from the USA poured into Germany

By 1927 German industry seemed to have recovered very well

By 1928 Germany had finally achieved the same levels of production as before the war

Culture:

Writers and poets flourished especially in Berlin

Famous Bauhaus style of Architecture developed, Evidence: First Bauhaus exhibition attracted 15000 visitors

Politics:

" the republic is beginning to settle and the German people are becoming reconciled to the way things are"

Foreign Policy:

1925 signed the Locarno Treaties

1926 Germany was accepted into the League of Nations

Problems-

Economy:

Culture:

Politics:

Foreign Policy:

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28th June- The Treaty of Versailles is signed

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The politicians of the newly formed Weimar Republic who signed the armistice in November 1918 and later signed the Treaty of Versailles, ending World War I

They were blamed by right-wing and nationalist groups for surrendering to the Allied powers and accepting the treaty's harsh terms

Seen as a humiliation and betrayal by many Germans.

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A leader of the Spartacist League (later the German Communist Party), who proclaimed a socialist republic on the same day

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A German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)

He played a leading role in both his party and in the young Weimar Republic

a German Social Democratic politician who, without party or government authorization, on Nov. 9, 1918, made the Weimar Republic a fact by proclaiming it from the balcony of the Reichstag. He later became the republic’s first chancellor.

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Abdication of the Kaiser

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It served as the seat of parliament in the German Empire and the Weimar Republic

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where a party gets 1 representative for every certain number of votes it gets

In the Reichstag, this is 1 representative for every 60,000 votes

Means their is no majority government that holds a seat

At one point 29 different parties held a seat at the Reichstag

Coalition have to be formed

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January-

Occupation of the Ruhr:

French and Belgium troops entered the Ruhr and began to take what Germany owed to them in forms of raw materials and goods

Result of the occupation of the Ruhr was horrific for Germany

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Moderate right: DVP (People’s Party)

Far right: DNVP (National People's Party), NSDAP (Nazi Party)

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Far right groups:

Wanted a return to a strong government (lots of power for the government to control people)

Wanted a strong army

Wanted the country to be headed by a powerful kaiser-like leader

They supported capitalism and ‘championed families, law & order and traditional values’

The German National People's Party (DNVP) was the main right-wing party in 1919

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Hitler  Appointed Chancellor

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Hitler becomes chancellor

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Reasons how the Nazi party came into power 

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Reasons how the Nazi party came into power 

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Paragraph 1- Media and Propoganda

Paragraph 2- Youth Education and indoctornation

Paragraph 3- Failure of the Weimar Republic

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Paragraph 1: Goebbels' Role in Nazi Propaganda

• Minister of Propaganda and Public Enlightenment (1933–1945).

• Close ally of Adolf Hitler.

• Controlled media: newspapers, radio, film, and public events.

• Promoted Nazi ideology: antisemitism, nationalism, and militarism.

• Organized book burnings and produced antisemitic films like Jud Süss.

• Expert in emotional manipulation and mass persuasion.

Paragraph 2: Impact and Influence on Nazi Society

• Maintained public morale during wartime.

• Created Nazi myths and staged dramatic spectacles.

• Used fear and misinformation to suppress opposition.

• Normalized atrocities like the Holocaust through propaganda.

• Helped sustain loyalty to the regime despite military losses

Paragraph 3: Legacy and Final Actions

• Remained loyal to Hitler until the end.

• Committed suicide with his wife after poisoning their children (May 1, 1945).

• Symbol of the destructive power of propaganda.

• Influenced future authoritarian regimes.

• Reminder of how media can be weaponized for mass control and violence.