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Students will analyze and evaluate the significance of the Anfal Campaign (1986-1989) in shaping Kurdish historical consciousness and collective identity.

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1. Examine the historical context and events of the Anfal Campaign
2. Analyze how trauma and memory influence historical narratives
3. Evaluate the role of justice and recognition in Kurdish nation-building
4. Assess the impact of Anfal on modern Kurdish historiography

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Essential Question: How do traumatic historical events shape a community's collective identity and historical narrative?

Facilitate a discussion about the concept of collective memory and historical trauma.

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Present an overview of the Anfal Campaign, including:
- Timeline of events
- Scale of the genocide
- International response

Students will take notes using Padlet's collaborative board feature.

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Anfal Campaign and Kurdish Genocide, Know what Saddam Hussein did with Kurdish people in Iraq

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In small groups, students will analyze survivor testimonies and documentation from the Anfal period. Using Padlet, each group will create a post highlighting key findings and emotional impact.

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History of Kurdistan Region - Representation in the United States

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HISTORY OF KURDISTAN: Anfal Campaign & Genocide of Kurds and Minorities & Kurdistan Memory Program HISTORY OF KURDISTAN Anfal Campaign The Kurdish Genocide, culminating in the Anfal Campaign of 1988, represents one of the most egregious crimes against humanity in the 20th century. Orchestrated by the Ba’athist regime of Saddam Hussein and led by Ali […]

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Students will examine academic articles on how Anfal influenced:
- Kurdish historical writing
- Political discourse
- National identity formation
- Intergenerational trauma

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Class debate on the role of memory and justice in processing historical trauma. Topics include:
- Recognition of genocide
- Memorial practices
- Legal proceedings
- Reconciliation efforts

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For advanced students: Compare the impact of Anfal with other historical genocides and their effects on collective memory and historiography.

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- Monitor group discussions and Padlet contributions
- Evaluate primary source analysis worksheets
- Assess quality of class debate participation

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Students will write a 1000-word analytical essay addressing:<br>'How has the Anfal Campaign influenced Kurdish historical consciousness and approaches to historiography?'

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Groups will share their key takeaways about the relationship between historical trauma and collective identity.

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Students will post on the class Padlet answering:
1. What aspects of Anfal's impact on Kurdish historiography surprised you most?
2. How does understanding this history help us comprehend modern Kurdish identity?

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Students will research a specific aspect of Anfal's impact (memorialization, literature, politics, etc.) and prepare a short presentation for next class.

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Read selected academic articles on Kurdish historical memory and prepare discussion points.

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Memory and trauma in the Kurdistan genocide - Kurdistan Omar Muhammad, Hawre Hasan Hama, Hersh Abdallah Hama Karim, 2023

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Memory and trauma are often considered to be interconnected social phenomena. Collective memory exists in every society, but when a particularly catastrophic ev…