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The skin hosts a diverse range of normal flora depending on its microenvironment (e.g., moist, dry, or oily areas). Moist areas like the axilla, perineum, and toe webs have higher microbial loads compared to dry regions such as the arms or legs. These variations are influenced by factors such as moisture, body temperature, and lipid content.

1. Staphylococcus epidermidis

• Most dominant resident bacteria on the skin (up to 90% in some areas)

• Found throughout the skin

• Helps protect against pathogens by competing for space and resources

2. Staphylococcus aureus

• Common in the nose, perineum, and vulvar skin

• Found in 10–40% of healthy adults, especially in moist areas

• Opportunistic pathogen; prevalent in people with skin diseases like atopic dermatitis

3. Micrococcus luteus

• Present on normal skin but less abundant than staphylococci

• Typically makes up 20–80% of isolated micrococci

• Generally harmless, part of the skin’s protective flora

4. Diphtheroids (Corynebacterium species)

• Widespread on skin, especially in moist or oily areas

• Include:

• Lipophilic diphtheroids (common in the axilla)

• Nonlipophilic diphtheroids (found on dry surfaces like forearms or palms)

5. Propionibacterium acnes (now Cutibacterium acnes)

• Lives in sebaceous gland (oil-rich) areas like the face, chest and back

• Involved in the development of acne, especially after puberty

• Found more often in teenagers and adults due to sebum production

6. Propionibacterium (cut bacterium) granulosum

• Present in acne lesions, but less frequent than P. acne’s

Plays a minor role in acne pathogenesis

7. Propionibacterium avidum

• Rarely found in acne lesions

• More often isolated from the axilla

8. Streptococci (especially β-hemolytic)

• Rarely found on normal skin

• Skin lipids tend to kill streptococci

• Some α-hemolytic species may occasionally transfer from the mouth

9. Gram-negative bacilli

• Usually found in moist intertriginous areas (e.g., axilla, toe webs)

• Rare on dry skin due to desiccation

• Common species:

• Escherichia coli

• Klebsiella

• Proteus

• Enterobacter

• Acinetobacter spp.

10. Nail Flora (under the fingernails)

• Similar to skin flora

• May contain fungi and environmental particles

• Common fungi include:

• Aspergillus

• Penicillium

• Cladosporium

• Mucor

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VAGINA

🔬 1. Lactobacillus spp. (e.g., Lactobacillus crispatus, L. jensenii, L. gasseri, L. iners)

Main role: Protect and maintain vaginal health

Functions:

Produce lactic acid → keeps vaginal pH low (acidic, ~3.8–4.5) to prevent growth of harmful bacteria.

Produce hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and bacteriocins → antimicrobial substances that kill pathogens.

Compete with harmful microbes → prevent infections by occupying space and using nutrients.

🦠 2. Anaerobic bacteria (e.g., Gardnerella vaginalis, Prevotella, Mobiluncus)

Main role: Present in small numbers in healthy women; can overgrow in bacterial vaginosis (BV)

Functions:

Normally controlled by Lactobacilli.

Overgrowth disrupts vaginal pH and balance → leads to infection and odor.

🍄 3. Yeasts (mainly Candida albicans)

Main role: Part of normal flora in small numbers

Functions:

Can grow and cause yeast infections (vulvovaginal candidiasis) if the balance is disturbed (e.g., after antibiotics or during stress).

PENIS

🔬 1. Staphylococcus epidermidis

Main role: Normal skin flora that protects the penis surface

Functions:

Occupies skin to prevent colonization by harmful bacteria

Produces substances that inhibit pathogen growth

Supports the skin’s immune barrier, especially on the glans and shaft

🦠 2. Corynebacterium spp.

Main role: Common skin bacteria around glans and foreskin

Functions:

Maintains microbial balance on the penis skin

Some species produce compounds that limit bad bacteria

Helps reduce skin irritation and odor under the foreskin (if present)

🌊 3. Streptococcus mitis and other non-pathogenic Neisseria spp.

Main role: Natural residents of the urethra

Functions:

Maintain urethral microbial balance

Occupy space to prevent infection from harmful microbes

Usually do not cause symptoms unless balance is disturbed

🛡 4. Lactobacillus spp. (less common, but may be found in some males)

Main role: Rare in penis microbiota, but may contribute to balance

Functions:

Produces lactic acid, which may help maintain neutral pH

Can limit overgrowth of yeasts and bad bacteria

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1) Microorganism: Corynebacterium accolens

Type: Gram positive Bacteria

Location: Nasal paasages

Role:

- Inhibits harmful pathogens like streptococcus pneumoniae which causes pneumonia, sinusitis, ear infection and meningitis.

- It produces antibacterial lipases that break down skin oils into free fatty acids which are toxic to the pathogens.

2) Microorganism: Moraxella catarrhalis

Type: Gram negative bacteria

Location: Nasopharynx

Role:

- Occupies space to prevent overgrowth of pathogens in nasal cavity.

- Helps prime the immune system, contributing to the development of mucosal defense.

3) Microorganisms: Streptococcus pneumoniae

Type: Gram+ Bacteria

Location: Nasopharynx (the uppermost part of the pharynx (throat), located behind the nasal cavity and above the soft palate.)

Role:

- Competes with other bacteria for space and nutrients, influencing the composition of the nasopharyngeal microbiome.

- ⁠Low-level exposure helps prime the immune system, particularly mucosal immunity

4) Microorganisms: Lactobacillus spp.

Type: Gram+ Bacteria

Location: the middle part of the pharynx (throat), located behind the mouth.

Role:

- Maintains microbial balance by inhibiting the growth of potential pathogens

- Produces lactic acid, lowering the pH and creating an unfavorable environment for harmful bacteria.

- Produces bacteriocins (natural antimicrobial compounds) that directly kill or inhibit other bacteria.

- May enhance mucosal immune responses, supporting the body’s defense system.

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Group 3  - Caroline,Jita,Atirah,Zulaikha (DIGESTION SYSTEM)

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Group 3  - Caroline,Jita,Atirah,Zulaikha (DIGESTION SYSTEM)

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-Break down fiber and complex carbs (in the large intestine).

-Produce vitamins like K, B12, Biotin, and Folate.

-Support enzymes in digesting sugars and proteins.

-Produce gases and fatty acids for energy.

-Stimulate gut movement (peristalsis).

- Protect against harmful bacteria.

1. Mouth

-Contains bacteria like Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus.

-Begin breaking down carbohydrates.

-Can cause dental plaque if overgrown.

2. Stomach

-Very few microbes due to strong acid (pH 1–2).

-Some bacteria like Lactobacillus survive.

-Helicobacter pylori may be present (can cause ulcers).

3. Small Intestine

-Moderate number of bacteria like Enterococcus and Lactobacillus.

-Help in digestion and vitamin production.

-Support the immune system.

4. Large Intestine (Colon)

-Highest number of bacteria.

-Includes E. coli, Bacteroides, and Clostridium.

-Major site of microbial digestion (especially fiber).

-Produces essential vitamins and gases.

-Protects against harmful bacteria.