# data[].attributes.headline
The most interesting thing about this concept for me is it really illustrates the arduous nature of working in the kitchen. It also shows a level of perspective for today's Chefs, like myself, on how things used to be. Our lives could be so much more difficult in the kitchen were it not for standardization of attire and the evolution of technology for cooking tools.

# data[].attributes.subject
The most interesting thing about this concept for me is it really illustrates the arduous nature of working in the kitchen. It also shows a level of perspective for today's Chefs, like myself, on how things used to be. Our lives could be so much more difficult in the kitchen were it not for standardization of attire and the evolution of technology for cooking tools.

# data[].attributes.headline
This video can give you a good look at the early kitchen environment in the mid 1700's to early 1800's

# data[].attributes.subject
This video can give you a good look at the early kitchen environment in the mid 1700's to early 1800's

# data[].attributes.headline
There were no large mixers for making dough. Very little if any refrigeration. Only the richest could afford an ice box to hold items cold. The first mixers to aid a baker in making bread  began to pop up in 1820-1850.

# data[].attributes.subject
There were no large mixers for making dough. Very little if any refrigeration. Only the richest could afford an ice box to hold items cold. The first mixers to aid a baker in making bread  began to pop up in 1820-1850.

# data[].attributes.headline
The Chef's outfit was created by Marie Antoine Careme to protect Chefs from the very really dangers of fatigue, catching fire and extreme heat. 1822. The outfit became necessary because all cooking equipment in the kitchen was powered by live wood or coals fires. Smoke was prevalent. Heat in the kitchen was often much higher than temperatures outside due to little or no ventilation. It was far to common for chefs and cooks to catch fire, pass out, or be hurt while working long hours in a kitchen.

# data[].attributes.subject
The Chef's outfit was created by Marie Antoine Careme to protect Chefs from the very really dangers of fatigue, catching fire and extreme heat. 1822. The outfit became necessary because all cooking equipment in the kitchen was powered by live wood or coals fires. Smoke was prevalent. Heat in the kitchen was often much higher than temperatures outside due to little or no ventilation. It was far to common for chefs and cooks to catch fire, pass out, or be hurt while working long hours in a kitchen.

# data[].attributes.headline
The invention of the Gas stove and Oven.  James Sharp invented and patented the gas oven in the year 1826. Although it had been invented it did not spread to commercial and residential areas due to the lack of gas lines in cities. It was not until the 1920's that this invention became mainstream; having a huge effect on the work environment of the kitchen. Now a Chef could control the temperature and not have to worry about fluctuation like they had to when wood and coal were burning out at the end of shifts.

# data[].attributes.subject
The invention of the Gas stove and Oven.  James Sharp invented and patented the gas oven in the year 1826. Although it had been invented it did not spread to commercial and residential areas due to the lack of gas lines in cities. It was not until the 1920's that this invention became mainstream; having a huge effect on the work environment of the kitchen. Now a Chef could control the temperature and not have to worry about fluctuation like they had to when wood and coal were burning out at the end of shifts.

# data[].attributes.headline
1835 Jacob Perkins received a patent for a vapor compression style fridge that used ammonia. It was not using the safest product possible to keep things cool but it worked. The invention of refrigeration was a huge development for the kitchen. Now perishable products could be stored and maintained in their original state for much longer periods of time without the use of preservation techniques like drying, fermenting, curing or smoking.

# data[].attributes.subject
1835 Jacob Perkins received a patent for a vapor compression style fridge that used ammonia. It was not using the safest product possible to keep things cool but it worked. The invention of refrigeration was a huge development for the kitchen. Now perishable products could be stored and maintained in their original state for much longer periods of time without the use of preservation techniques like drying, fermenting, curing or smoking.

# data[].attributes.headline
Famed Chef Jaques Pepin speaks of his time as an apprentice in WWI-WWII era France. Apprentices live in quarters close to the kitchen. Every morning they would have to chop wood and stock it into a cast iron stove and ignite the wood sufficient to power all the stoves and ovens in the kitchen for several hours. Because the equipment was made of cast iron it would radiate immense heat throughout the day. Several times a day it became necessity for people to leave the kitchen so as to cool off before returning to work. Chefs would often spend 10+ hours per day cooking with maybe 1 day or even just half a day off from work each week.

# data[].attributes.subject
Famed Chef Jaques Pepin speaks of his time as an apprentice in WWI-WWII era France. Apprentices live in quarters close to the kitchen. Every morning they would have to chop wood and stock it into a cast iron stove and ignite the wood sufficient to power all the stoves and ovens in the kitchen for several hours. Because the equipment was made of cast iron it would radiate immense heat throughout the day. Several times a day it became necessity for people to leave the kitchen so as to cool off before returning to work. Chefs would often spend 10+ hours per day cooking with maybe 1 day or even just half a day off from work each week.

# data[].attributes.headline
In the 1950's When my grandfather began his career as a Chef the kitchens he worked it still utilized coals and wood for fuel. You can also see that his uniform was the same as way back when Chef Careme created the Chef's uniform.

# data[].attributes.subject
In the 1950's When my grandfather began his career as a Chef the kitchens he worked it still utilized coals and wood for fuel. You can also see that his uniform was the same as way back when Chef Careme created the Chef's uniform.

# data[].attributes.body
pay special attention to his uniform but also take note of the refrigeration units in the back ground and the gas powered broiler my grandfather is using. The range and grill cannot be seen in this picture but they were powered by wood fire.Very often my grandfather would work days that ranged anywhere from 10-16 hours per day and he would do that at least 5 days per week.

# data[].attributes.body
. Bellis Mary. History of the oven from cast iron to electric. https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-the-oven-from-cast-iron-to-electric-1992212. Accessed 4/21/2022

. Hewitt, Nicole. Kitchen Appliance History: When was the first Electric Hand Mixer invented?. https://homeandstyle.co.uk/when-was-the-first-electric-hand-mixer-invented/. Accessed 4/20/2022

. Cracknell H.L. Escoffier: Le Guide Culinaire, fifth edition. Wiley. 2011

.Pepin, Jacques. The Apprentice: My life in the kitchen.      Houghton Mifflin Boston. 2003

. Ross. Rachel. Who invented the Refrigerator?. https://www.livescience.com/57797-refrigerator-history.html. Accessed 4/23/2022

. Townsends. Historic Kitchens VS. Modern Kitchens. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=axFFUdQdyJg&t=2s. Accessed 4/22/2022