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Phonemic awareness is the ability to notice, think about, and work with the individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words. This includes blending sounds into words, segmenting words into sounds, and deleting and playing with the sounds in spoken words. (Reading 101: A Guide to Teaching Reading and Writing, 2022)

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Phonics is a method of instruction that helps children learn and be able to use the alphabetic principle which is the concept that words are made up of letters, and letters represent sounds. (Reading Eggs 2022.)

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Fluency is the ability to read "like you speak. It is made up of three key elements: accurate reading of connected text at a conversational rate with appropriate prosody or expression (What Is Fluency?, 2022)

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Vocabulary is a deep-seated and expansive grasp of the English language and the words that exist within it. The more expansive a child’s listening and speaking vocabulary, the greater amount of words they will be able to add to their writing and reading vocabularies with comparative ease. (“Teaching Kids How to Read the Five Pillars,” 2020)

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Comprehension is much more than simply understanding text. If a child is truly comprehending what they are reading, they are able to interact with the text while they are reading (Harvey & Goudvis, 2007). Comprehension involves taking prior learning experiences and applying those experiences to what they are currently reading and learning about. Successful comprehension involves questioning, connecting, and responding to a reading. We know that a student is comprehending when they are going beyond the literal meaning of a text and are connecting to the text on a deeper level. (What Is Comprehension?, 2022)

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Harvey, S., & Goudvis, A. (2007). Strategies That Work: Teaching Comprehension for Understanding and Engagement (2nd ed.). Portland, ME: Stenhouse Publishers.
Reading 101: A Guide to Teaching Reading and Writing. (2022).

Phonics and Reading: Nurturing Confidence from the Beginning. (n.d.). Reading Eggs. Retrieved May 22, 2022, from http://www.readingeggs.com/aboout/phonics/

Reading Rockets. Retrieved May 23, 2022, from http://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading101-course/modules/phonological-and-phonemic-awareness-introduction

Teaching Kids How to Read the Five Pillars. (2020). Reading Education. https://readingeducation.org/teaching-kids-how-to-read-the-five-pillars/

What is Comprehension? (2022). Weebly.Com. Retrieved May 23, 2022, from http://ashlynhood.weebly.com/comprehension.html

What is Fluency? (2022). Read Naturally. Retrieved May 22, 2022, from http://www.readnaturally.com/research/5-components-of-reading/fluency

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Kinesthetic learning students can use the reinforcement strategy of clapping while they are segmenting the word. For example, in the word bat. They will clap on the b, again when they hear a sound, and then finally the t sound.  They can also do another move for the blending to help check for understanding and to help them hear the sounds.

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A way to reinforce phonics instruction is to do a chant every day. This will give the kids a chance to dance and recite the chant in a rhythm. The students will be learning without even thinking about it. It will help them grasp and remember the phonics sounds.

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The best way to reinforce fluency is to model during read alouds using prosody, accuracy, and a good rate. By reading along gives them the opportunity to say the words in their head with you which allows fluency development.

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Word walls and vocabulary notebooks will help students learn and recall specific vocabulary terms. You can add pictures to help them recall specific terms as well. You can use synonyms and antonyms in both to help aid in remembering their meanings.

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Graphic organizers and graphic novels will help children with comprehension skills. It will help them write organized summaries of events from a story if they put it into a graphic organizer. Some children need to be able to see a visual tool to help them with understanding complex ideas. Graphic organizers will help them to also organize their thoughts and help them from missing out on key information.

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Without phonemic awareness students may not understand the print system and how it represents the spoken word. This means they would not understand what the letters meant. This would mean a huge struggle in the reading process. The ability to manipulate phoneme is a major building block for reading (hearing those sounds and forming them into words), as well as spelling them out onto a writing paper.

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Both reading (decoding) and writing (encoding) require students to take the sounds of words apart and then put them back together. This will help them understand the sounds and put them together verbally and in writing. By giving them chants they will be able to retain a little more by practicing every day.

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Reading fluency is important for students. They will be able to read enjoyably because they will understand what they read, improve vocabulary skills, and it will help develop the child's writing skills with correct spelling and comprehension. They will also be able to read with expression and accuracy.

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Vocabulary is what allows us to express our ideas and help us to communicate effectively orally or written. If vocabulary does not continue to grow eventually comprehension will be affected.  Word walls and notebooks will help them to expand that knowledge.

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Comprehension gives us understanding of what is read and makes reading enjoyable and fun.  Reading and writing is dependent upon comprehension. Students can not respond to something they do not understand, either orally or in writing. The child trying to visualize pictures while their reading also aids in comprehension.