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The National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage (NAOWS) is organized. (1911)

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The National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage (NAOWS) is organized. (1911)

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In 1911, Josephine Dodge, who also led a movement to establish day care centers to help working mothers, founded the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage (NAOWS). The NAOWS was most popular in northeastern cities.

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Theodore Roosevelt's Bull Moose Party supports women’s suffrage (1912)

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Theodore Roosevelt's Bull Moose Party supports women’s suffrage (1912)

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Theodore Roosevelt's Bull Moose Party becomes the first national major political party to support women’s suffrage. The Progressive Party ensured that women would be represented on the national committee. It's the first time women ever literally vote for a President because states which had the right to vote had women electors for the first time and they voted for Theodore Roosevelt in that election. In 1913, Illinois gives women suffrage, because the Bull Moose Party has the balance of power in the legislature, and that's the first time a state east of the Mississippi grants women's suffrage. Going into 1912, only nine states had women's suffrage and you need three-quarters of the states to amend the Constitution.

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Formation of the Congressional Union for Women Suffrage (1913)

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Formation of the Congressional Union for Women Suffrage (1913)

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Alice Paul and Lucy Burns form the Congressional Union for Women Suffrage. Their focus is lobbying for a federal constitutional amendment to secure the national right to vote for women.

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Mabel Vernon and Sara Bard Field lead a transcontinental tour which gathers over 500,000 signatures on petitions to Congress in favor of women’s suffrage.

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The renaming of the Congressional Union to the National Woman's Party (NWP) (1916)

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The renaming of the Congressional Union to the National Woman's Party (NWP) (1916)

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Alice Paul and her colleagues rename the Congressional Union the National Woman's Party (NWP) and began introducing some of the methods used by the suffrage movement in Britain. Tactics include demonstrations, parades, mass meetings, and picketing the White House over the refusal of President Woodrow Wilson and other incumbent Democrats to actively support the Suffrage Amendment.

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First woman elected to the House of Representatives (1917)

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First woman elected to the House of Representatives (1917)

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Jeannette Pickering Rankin (June 11, 1880 – May 18, 1973) was an American politician and women's rights advocate who became the first woman to hold federal office in the United States. She was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as a Republican from Montana in 1916 for one term, then was elected again in 1940.

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The Nineteenth Amendment did not fulfill all its supporters' hopes, but it was no failure. It brought the nation closer to universal suffrage and made the injustice of ongoing disfranchisement even less defensible. It expanded opportunities for women to govern and it changed the direction of public policy. Despite its limitations, the Nineteenth Amendment over the next century helped women assume a role in public affairs that would be hard to imagine without it. Women gradually closed the turnout gap between the sexes, and in every presidential year since 1984, they have exceeded men in voter turnout.