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Go to war over the island of Sicily.After 23 years, Rome wins
(264 BCE-241 BCE ). Sicily is part of Rome

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Hannibal terrorized the Roman countryside for 10 years. Roman attacks Cartage forcing Hannibal. back to Africa.Rome wins again.

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Romans attack and burn Carthage. they enslave the people of Carthage. Rome now has total control of the entire Mediterranean.

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Caesar returns to Rome & declared himself dictator for life. Marks the end of the Roman Republic. The Senate was upset about how much power he has so they decided to assassinate him.

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Great-nephew of Julius.Octavian becomes the first Roman Emperor of Rome and changes his name to Caesar Augustus.During his rule Rome enters 200 years of peace and prosperity.

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Began after the fall of the Roman Republic and was established under Augustus. Over two centuries there was minimal war and little expansion of the empire. it was considers the golden age of Rome.

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Attila negotiated a peace with Rome.Germanic tribes invaded Rome to get away from the fierce Huns. the Roman callopse.

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he was the most influential Byzantine Emperor. Justinian expanded the trade. Justinian made the Justinian’s Code.

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The Great Schism - Divide of Christianity 

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The Great Schism - Divide of Christianity 

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The weakened unity of the Christian Church led to its division. The Pope in Rome excommunicated kicked out the Byzantine emperor.The Patriarch of Constantinople refuses to recognize Pope because he believed that the Emperor was Christ’s representative on Earth and the  Catholics believe that the Pope is God’s representative on Earth.

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They had too much territory to protect. Official split of the Eastern & Western Churches. The plague killed most of the population. had a lot of attacks.

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The Muslims divided into 2 groups after Muhammad past away. The Sunni Believe that they should be able to vote a caliph into office and it can be anyone. Shia Believe that the caliph must be a descendant of Muhammad.

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Three expansions of the Islamic Empires 

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Three expansions of the Islamic Empires 

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Expansion under Muhammad's ruling.Expansion under the Rashidun Caliphate.Expansion under the Umayyad Caliphate.

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Muslim armies defeated at the Battle of Tours

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Muslim armies defeated at the Battle of Tours

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the Muslim armies tried to expand to Europe but they where stopped by the Franks. In 732 BCE. The Franks defeated the Muslims.

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the Mongol invasion destroyed most of the irrigation infrastructure. The canals were cut as a military tactic and were never repaired. a lot of people died or fled.

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Ghana has two most important trading goods Gold and Salt. Gold came from Savanna. Salt were found in the Sahara Desert.

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Mali became wealthy because of gold.A man name Mansa Musa, ruled over the Mali empire. He had grown Mali to twice the size of Ghana.

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Mansa Musa ruled over Mali from 1312 C.E. to 1337 C.E. He grew the Mall to be big. then made Timbuktu became a center of trade.

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After the Mali empire people broke away and formed a new civilization around the Niger river. Sunni Ali took over the city of Timbuktu. Then they were taken over by the Moroccans.