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The water was muricy. The color of coffee. The sky was overcast, not by rain clouds, but by a thick layer of smog. I was breathing in the acrid smell of smoke, sudt, and whatever fumes the factories nearby were relasting into the skies. This was my favorite part, my regular haunt when I needed a respite from the hustle and bustle of my life.

Who has done such damage to my sanctuary? Is no one even concerned about how man and his greed, ignorance, and flippant disregard are causing his own home to be damaged beyond redemption day by day?

Roger Ebert famously said "You owe it to yourself to see 'An Inconvenient Truth', an Oscar-Winning film which sounded the alarm on climate change. If you do not, and you have grandchildren, you should explain to them why you decided not to."

Yes! Are you aware and actively doing your part to slow the effects of climate change, environmental degradation, and other activities that harm Earth? Well, I am

Therefore, in recent years, issues such as greenhouse effects, climate change, and reducing carbon emissions have become prevalent topics in society. It's an honor for me to engage with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which consist of 17 goals for sustainable development. For example: Life below water. And we have made a plastic recycling activity to achieve this goal. Through this, I aim to deepen my understanding of environmental protection. (Take Action for the Sustainable Development Goals - United Nations Sustainable Development)

Demonstrations and speeches advocating for environmental protection are happening worldwide, such as Greta Thunberg's Speeches, Climate Change Conferences, and so on. For example, Speeches by Greta Thunberg: This Swedish environmental activist is known for her impassioned speeches, many of which focus on the importance of climate change and environmental protection. Al Gore's "An Inconvenient Truth" Speech and Film: This project focuses on the issue of climate change, raising awareness through data and case studies. These events have heightened my awareness of the harm caused by environmental pollution to human life and the urgent need to protect the environment. I advocate for a dual reduction plan and promote the adoption of new energy sources. Relevant advertisements promoting environmental awareness can be seen throughout China, such as the double reduction policy and green living. At the same time, the Chinese government has also actively introduced policies to recommend China's environmental protection(中国应对气候变化的政策与行动_白皮书_中国政府网 (www.gov.cn))

Environmental change affects everyone on Earth and is crucial for our future. I have always enjoyed watching documentaries showcasing the beauty of nature, such as "Blue Planet" by BBC Earth. However, in recent years, I have watched more documentaries focusing on environmental protection due to the increasing severity of human-induced pollution. For instance, "I Am Greta" (2020) directed by Nathan Grossman. My passion for documentaries has fostered a strong connection with the environment, driving me to do my part in addressing environmental issues and raising awareness among others.

Environmental pollution is visible in our daily lives and is often close to home. During holidays, my family enjoys visiting natural areas for relaxation, but we've noticed that many of these places have been damaged. The water is murky, the sky is no longer blue like before, unpleasant odors linger, and litter is scattered everywhere. In many places, environmental problems occur that should not occur so frequently, such as the smog in Beijing, China. We must strive to find a balance between human activities and the preservation of Earth's resources. How can we achieve sustainability while also protecting the environment? Understanding the dynamics between governments, wealthy individuals, and civilians is essential. Whose interests take precedence, and who holds the ultimate power in decision-making? By gaining a deeper understanding of environmental pollution and exploring the relationships between various stakeholders, we can work towards a healthier planet for future generations.

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·Create a Hook (Telling a story-personal)-ATTRACT

Touch

Smell

See

Feel

·Accusations/pertinent rhetorical questions (Asking questions)

Catch other's attention

My own point of view (POV)

Can be exaggerate

·Quote

Documentaries, films, books other soucres, or other subjects

Strong argument

(Jeff-cruise form physices class)

·Re-state your stand & Commitment

Repeat

Examples that I am protecting the environment

e.g. Earth day

·The aim of the project

What kind of thought want to show to the audience

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How to Make a Digital Collage in Procreate

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbLwHLvjrgE

How to make collage | IN THE STUDIO

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUOMhVwnQ98&t=588s

Procreate Digital Collage In 1 Minute [Timelapse]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y08u0soeU88

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How to Make a Digital Collage in Procreate

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Students, in hoping to help you keep track for this semester, you will be required each week to journal weekly on your process and thoughts into this blog by every Thursday Evening.

This will help you keep track for your portfolio and do include photographs and drawings. Chinese and English is ok for the post, but the final outcome is going to be in English.

You will be require to comment on everyone's post each week as well.

Do write well-thought out posts that help you think will explain your ideas, process and concepts 😃

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Beauty:

-first page, the informations are not clear, can not understand what to show

a bit conflexcting

Peotecting earth good or bad?

Find out the point

-Give more informations

e.g. the news

-more details for peoples

we should protect more or rich peoples need to do more to protect

-Artworks.1

·亿点视觉冲击

-need to improve more on the work, too rough now

-A not bad, but can let people feel tired

-Society not only rich peoples, also having others people

-Eyes idea is good

-who is the people in the middle what's the identity of it

-周围的是什么立场

Oli: middle use mirror

-Make your mine o=point more clear

-The ideas is good

Bell:

-Better than before

-Translate is OMG

-Artwork.1

-spaceman holding the earth

-Dieved the eyes

Changing the position people to protect the animanls

-视角改变 第一第二第三 谁和谁相对抗 都是第三人称视角

-Like B

-Clothings

-Using cartoon/sybooms to repersent riching peoples

--------------------------------------

satire wealthy people cartoon

--------------------------------------

-Artwork.2

-Link to biology

-More ambigulaus

-It's looks like the peoples and animals killed the centre animals

-有点太模糊了,can not understand

--------------------------------------

-The eyes and peoples colors are chaning

drawing and recolor

-The mirror the position or others

-Using element of reflatetion

-The background is a huge mirror, showing it's us

Better:

-Ideas more cleary

-Presentation more in English

-Artwork2

Showing Zoom in, but still looks like a science homework

——————————————————

·Magic mirror

·Rich peoples

(the persentages)

·更加精细一个！

--------------------------------------Overall ideas is good

--------------------------------------

Make the information more clear

One people or mutipule peoples are holding

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Submitted on Monday (March 25) 22:00

Mr Bell and Miss Canny were present to give in-person feedback

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·Think about what to do for the background of the artworks

·Think about different ways to show wealth, not only clothing, and how different people under different culturals show wealth

·Natural and Society is a good topic

·What to draw under the right place of artwork 8, an earth or a doll

·Different artworks show different ideas, which idea is the one I want

·How to stand out from the topic of Natural from the other's artworks

·How to show Earth without showing Earth

·Be careful about spelling mistakes

# data[].attributes.body
submitted on 18 Mar

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Earth is the home for every human being. Currently, the water levels are rising, climate change is occurring, and natural hazards are becoming more common. If Earth is destroyed, humans and all life on it will have nowhere to go. Therefore, in recent years, issues such as greenhouse effects, climate change, and reducing carbon emissions have become prevalent topics in society. It's an honor for me to engage with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which consist of 17 goals for sustainable development. For example: Climate Action.Through this, I aim to deepen my understanding of environmental protection.(Take Action for the Sustainable Development Goals - United Nations Sustainable Development)

Demonstrations and speeches advocating for environmental protection are happening worldwide, such as Greta Thunberg's Speeches, Climate Change Conferences and so on. These events have heightened my awareness of the harm caused by environmental pollution to human life and the urgent need to protect the environment. I advocate for a dual reduction plan and promote the adoption of new energy sources. Relevant advertisements promoting environmental awareness can be seen throughout China, such as the double reduction policy and green living. At the same time, the Chinese government has also actively introduced policies to recommend China's environmental protection(中国应对气候变化的政策与行动_白皮书_中国政府网 (www.gov.cn))

Environmental change affects everyone on Earth and is crucial for our future. I have always enjoyed watching documentaries showcasing the beauty of nature, such as "Blue Planet" by BBC Earth. However, in recent years, I have watched more documentaries focusing on environmental protection due to the increasing severity of human-induced pollution. For instance, "I Am Greta" (2020) directed by Nathan Grossman. My passion for documentaries has fostered a strong connection with the environment, driving me to do my part in addressing environmental issues and raising awareness among others.

Environmental pollution is visible in our daily lives and is often close to home. During holidays, my family enjoys visiting natural areas for relaxation, but we've noticed that many of these places have been damaged. The water is murky, the sky is no longer blue like before, unpleasant odors linger, and litter is scattered everywhere. In many places, environmental problems occur that should not occur so frequently, such as the smog in Beijing, China. We must strive to find a balance between human activities and the preservation of Earth's resources. How can we achieve sustainability while also protecting the environment? Understanding the dynamics between governments, wealthy individuals, and civilians is essential. Whose interests take precedence, and who holds the ultimate power in decision-making? By gaining a deeper understanding of environmental pollution and exploring the relationships between various stakeholders, we can work towards a healthier planet for future generations.

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Rene Magritte was a Belgian surrealist artist born on November 21, 1898. His art specialty lay in creating thought-provoking and enigmatic images that challenged the viewer's perception of reality. Common themes in his work include the juxtaposition of ordinary objects in unusual contexts, the use of visual puns, and the exploration of the relationship between words and images. Magritte's signature style often involved precise, realistic depictions of objects combined with dreamlike, illogical elements, creating a sense of dissonance and intrigue.

Magritte's childhood was marked by tragedy when his mother committed suicide when he was just 14 years old, an event that would deeply influence his later work. Despite this, he showed early talent in drawing and attended art classes at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels.

In his career beginnings, Magritte initially worked in advertising, which allowed him to hone his skills as a draftsman. However, he soon became disillusioned with the commercial art world and turned to painting full-time, experimenting with various styles before finding his voice as a surrealist.

One of the pivotal moments in Magritte's life was his encounter with surrealism in Paris in the 1920s, where he met influential figures like André Breton and Salvador Dalí. This encounter deeply influenced his artistic direction, leading him to embrace surrealism as a means of expressing the subconscious mind and the mysteries of human existence.

Magritte's big career moments include his first solo exhibition in Brussels in 1927, which gained him recognition within the surrealist movement, and his subsequent international success with exhibitions in London and New York. His iconic works such as "The Treachery of Images" and "The Son of Man" solidified his reputation as one of the most important surrealist artists of the 20th century.

Magritte was influenced by a variety of sources, including the writings of philosopher Michel Foucault and the theories of psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Additionally, his interest in language and the power of words to shape perception played a significant role in his artistic practice.

Rene Magritte's impact on the art world was profound, as he challenged conventional notions of reality and representation, paving the way for future generations of artists to explore the subconscious and the irrational in their work. His distinctive style and thought-provoking imagery continue to captivate audiences around the world to this day.

I found this information on the Tate Modern website: https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/rene-magritte-1566.

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Jenny Kendler is an American artist born on October 27, 1983. She specializes in ecological art, exploring themes such as human-animal relationships, biodiversity, and environmental sustainability. Kendler's work often incorporates elements of activism, community engagement, and scientific research, aiming to raise awareness about ecological issues and inspire action.

Her signature style involves the use of natural materials and processes, such as plant-based dyes and handmade paper, to create intricate and immersive installations that blur the boundaries between art and nature.

Growing up in the Midwest, Kendler developed a deep connection to nature and a passion for environmental conservation from a young age. These experiences inform much of her artistic practice, which often reflects her concern for the natural world and the impact of human activity on ecosystems.

Kendler's career began to gain momentum after she completed her MFA at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. She became involved in various environmental organizations and initiatives, using her art as a platform for advocacy and education.

One of the pivotal moments in Kendler's life was when she was selected as the first-ever artist-in-residence at the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) in 2013. This opportunity allowed her to collaborate with scientists and activists, further integrating her art practice with environmental advocacy.

Throughout her career, Kendler has participated in numerous exhibitions, residencies, and public art projects, garnering critical acclaim for her innovative approach to ecological art. Her work has been featured in prominent institutions and publications, solidifying her reputation as a leading voice in the intersection of art and environmentalism.

Kendler's influences stem from a diverse range of sources, including ecology, feminism, and social justice movements. She draws inspiration from the natural world, scientific research, and the work of other eco-conscious artists, shaping her practice into a multifaceted exploration of humanity's relationship with the environment.

Jenny Kendler's impact on the art world lies in her ability to use art as a tool for environmental activism and education, sparking conversations about pressing ecological issues and inspiring viewers to take action. Her interdisciplinary approach and collaborative ethos have expanded the possibilities of ecological art, influencing both artists and audiences to engage with environmental concerns in new and meaningful ways.

I gathered this information from Jenny Kendler's official website: https://www.jennykendler.com/about.

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René Magritte

·born November 21, 1898, Lessines, Belgium—died August 15, 1967, Brussels

·Belgian artist

·one of the most prominent Surrealist painters

·whose bizarre flights of fancy blended horror, peril, comedy, and mystery. His works were characterized by particular symbols—the female torso, the bourgeois “little man,” the bowler hat, the apple, the castle, the rock, the window, and other ordinary objects, which were often set in unusual or unsettling situations.(https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rene-Magritte

)

Born in 1898 in Brussels, Magritte found an art world consumed largely by Impressionism, a style that he used in his earliest paintings. Unlike many prominent artists, he began studying art in his youth at the age of 11. His childhood was impacted by the suicide of his mother when Magritte was only 13.(www.thecollector.com/rene-magritte-a-biographical-overview/)

He had his first solo show in the United States at the Julien Levy Gallery in New York in 1936 and in England at the London Gallery in 1938, gaining international popularity. He also received a fair amount of large commissions beginning in the late 1930s.

(www.britannica.com/biography/Rene-Magritte)

Magritte’s accessible painting style and clear, allegorical—sometimes borrowed—imagery has been credited with influencing the Pop Art movement. Artists who cite him as an important influence include Andy Warhol, John Baldessari, Jasper Johns, and Ed Ruscha, among others.

(news.artnet.com/art-world/rene-magritte-373310)

Magritte reimagined painting as a critical tool that could challenge perception and engage the viewer’s mind. His was a method of severing objects from their names, revealing language to be an artifice—full of traps and uncertainties.

(www.moma.org/artists/3692)

Jenny Kendler

Jenny Kendler (b. 1980, New York City) is an interdisciplinary artist, environmental activist, naturalist & wild forager who lives in Chicago and various forests.

She works from the perspective of her identity as a queer Jewish feminist and solo-parent.

Kendler holds a MFA from The School of the Art Institute of Chicago (2006) and a BFA from The Maryland Institute College of Art (2002, summa cum laude).(JENNY KENDLER)

Jenny Kendler (she/her) is an interdisciplinary artist, naturalist, wild forager, and environmental activist based in Chicago and various forests. Her work aims to reconnect us to the natural world—and asks us to de-center the human, making space for the radical, transformative ‘otherness’ of our biodiverse Earth. Her practice is also informed by her identities as a queer woman, a Jew, a feminist, and a single parent.

Over the last two decades, her multi-faceted projects centered on climate change and biodiversity loss have been shown at the Hayward Gallery (London), Storm King Art Center (New York), Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (Washington, DC), MSU Broad Museum (Michigan), Pulitzer Arts Foundation (St. Louis), AKG Museum (Buffalo), Eden Project (Cornwall, UK), Neubauer Collegium (Chicago), Kochi-Muziris Biennial (India), Futurium (Berlin), La Box (France) and Museum of Contemporary Art (Chicago). Kendler's work is included in the collections of The Nevada Museum of Art's Center for Art + Environment, the Dom Museum Vienna, the Victoria & Albert Museum, Yale University, Brown University, and the Joyce Foundation, among others.

Since 2014 she has been the first Artist-in-Residence with Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). Kendler sits on the Board of ACRE Residency and the Board Fundraising Committee of the international climate change organization, 350.org. She is also a founding member of Artists Commit, an artist-led initiative to cultivate climate-consciousness and accountability in the art world.

She has been invited to speak about her environmentally-engaged practice at venues including the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, University of Chicago, Wexner Center for the Arts (Columbus, OH), South by Southwest, SxSW Eco (Austin, TX), and the Botanical Speculations Symposium (Chicago).(3Arts | Jenny Kendler)

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Try to find out the balance between the earth and humans, how can peooples have sustainability on Earth.How can human beings protect the earth while developing.

Find out the relationship between government, rich peoples and civilians. Whose interests are most important, and in whose hands is the ultimate power of the speaker and decision?

To getting more understanding about envirommental pollution, and having some thoughts about the relationship between government, rich peoples and civilians

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Why the issues are important to personal (me)

Environmental change is important to everyone who lives on the earth. This is about our future

I grew up watching documentaries, I enjoy looking at the beautiful nature in the world. When I was young, the documentaries I watched were all about beautiful nature

(e.g.Blue Planet | BBC Earth)

, but these years, I watched more documentaries about protecting the environment and it's because human pollution of the environment is becoming more and more serious.

(e.g. ‎I Am Greta (2020) directed by Nathan Grossman • Reviews, film + cast • Letterboxd)

So, because of the hobby of watching documentaries, I have a strong link with the environment and want to try my best to help the environment and let others find out about this problem.

The environmental pollution can be seen in the real life and very close to us. During the holiday, my family likes to go to nature and see the beautiful view for rest, but the scenic spot we go to these years has been damaged, the water is no longer limpid, the sky is no longer blue, the smalls are smelly, and you can see rubbish anywhere.

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Embark on an immersive journey into the ocean depths with Blue Planet - the ultimate and most comprehensive exploration of the vibrant marine world.

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1️⃣Why is my focus a real-life issue (personal opnion, no need facts)-

Earth is a place where every human being lives. Now, the water level of the earth is increasing, the earth is having climate changes, and it's very common to see the natural hazard. When the earth is destroyed, humans and everything on the earth will have no place to stay.

2️⃣Context and background of your real-life issue (provide evidence)

Earth is a place where every humanbeings live in. When the earth is destor, human and everythings in the earth will have no place to stay. So in this perious years, green house effects, climate changes and reduce carbon emissions are every famous topic in the society, and it's one of my honer for me to get in touch with SDGs from the United Nations, it's 17 stainable develpoment goals. So I can have more understanding about the environmental protection.

Demonstrations and speeches calling for environmental protection are taking place all over the world.These marches and speeches made me more deeply aware of the harm of environmental pollution to human life and the imminent need to protect the environment

3️⃣What is China's perspective on climate change (provide evidence)

Put forward a double reduction plan and call for increasing the application of new energy. The relevent advertising can be seen anywhere in China.

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My second project will center on the interaction between the environment and society, which derives from the personal values that define my identity. Greenhouse effects will be understood as my main issue because it combines my environmental concerns with societal constraints. Our modern civilization has put pressure on many people's daily lives through propaganda that blames them for carbon emissions and environmental damage. Billionaires and prominent people, on the other hand, are the worst offenders, emitting massive amounts of carbon dioxide from their private planes. Everyone is trying their best to protect the environment, but guilt-tripping the wrong population is immoral.

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The climate changes and society in china

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The climate changes and society in china

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中国应对气候变化的政策与行动_白皮书_中国政府网 (www.gov.cn)

1. China's New Ideas on Addressing climate change

(1) Firmly building a sense of Community

(2) Implementing the new Development Concept

(3) People-centered

(4) Vigorously promoting carbon peaking Carbon neutrality

(5) Synergistic effect reduction of carbon pollution and Reduction

2. Implementing the National Strategy for actively Responding to climate Change

(1) Continuously Improving efforts to address climate change

(2) Firmly following the path of green and low-carbon Development

(3) Intensify efforts to control greenhouse gas emissions

(4) Give full play to the role of market mechanisms

(5) Enhance the capacity to adapt to climate change

(6) Continue to raise the level of support for addressing climate change

3. China has made historic changes in its response to climate change

(1) The synergy between economic development and carbon reduction has become evident

(2) Remarkable progress was made in the revolution in energy production and consumption

(3) Low-carbon industries provide new driving forces for green development

(4) The carbon sink capacity of ecosystems has been significantly improved

(5) Green and low-carbon life has become a new trend

4. Jointly build a global climate governance system that is fair, equitable and win-win through cooperation

(1)The global response to climate change faces severe challenges

(2)China has injected strong impetus into global climate governance

(3)China's Initiative on Climate Change

.

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中国应对气候变化的政策与行动_白皮书_中国政府网

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国务院新闻办公室27日发表《中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》白皮书。

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Climate Change History - Greenhouse Effect, Treaties | HISTORY

Global warming | Definition, Causes, Effects, Solutions, & Facts | Britannica

Climate change is the long-term alteration in Earth’s climate and weather patterns. It took nearly a century of research and data to convince the vast majority of the scientific community that human activity could alter the climate of our entire planet. In the 1800s, experiments suggesting that human-produced carbon dioxide (CO2) and other gases could collect in the atmosphere and insulate Earth were met with more curiosity than concern. By the late 1950s, CO2 readings would offer some of the first data to corroborate the global warming theory. Eventually an abundance of data, along with climate modeling and real-world weather events would show not only that global warming was real, but that it also presented a host of catastrophic consequences.

Keeling Curve

Most famous among those research projects was a monitoring station established in 1958 by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography on top of Hawaii’s Mauna Loa Observatory.

Scripps geochemist Charles Keeling was instrumental in outlining a way to record CO2 levels and in securing funding for the observatory, which was positioned in the center of the Pacific Ocean.

Data from the observatory revealed what would become known as the “Keeling Curve.” The upward, saw tooth-shaped curve showed a steady rise in CO2 levels, along with short, jagged up-and-down levels of the gas produced by repeated wintering and greening of the Northern Hemisphere.

The dawn of advanced computer modeling in the 1960s began to predict possible outcomes of the rise in CO2 levels made evident by the Keeling Curve. Computer models consistently showed that a doubling of CO2 could produce a warming of 2 degrees C or 3.6 degrees F within the next century.

Still, the models were preliminary and a century seemed a very long time away.

Global warming, the phenomenon of increasing average air temperatures near the surface of Earth over the past one to two centuries.

History of Climate Change

Climate scientists have since the mid-20th century gathered detailed observations of various weather phenomena (such as temperatures, precipitation, and storms) and of related influences on climate (such as ocean currents and the atmosphere’s chemical composition). These data indicate that Earth’s climate has changed over almost every conceivable timescale since the beginning of geologic time and that human activities since at least the beginning of the Industrial Revolution have a growing influence over the pace and extent of present-day climate change.

The climate change impacts on society

Climate Impacts on Society | Climate Change Impacts | US EPA (chicago.gov)

The top 10 global weather and climate change events of 2021 » Yale Climate Connections

8 Historic Climate Change Protests and Their Impact (treehugger.com)

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Early Inklings That Humans Can Alter Global Climate

Dating back to the ancient Greeks, many people had proposed that humans could change temperatures and influence rainfall by chopping down trees, plowing fields or irrigating a desert.

One theory of climate effects, widely believed until the Dust Bowl of the 1930s, held that "rain follows the plow," the now-discredited idea that tilling soil and other agricultural practices would result in increased rainfall.

Accurate or not, those perceived climate effects were merely local. The idea that humans could somehow alter climate on a global scale would seem far-fetched for centuries.

The Greenhouse Effect

In the 1820s, French mathematician and physicist Joseph Fourier proposed that energy reaching the planet as sunlight must be balanced by energy returning to space since heated surfaces emit radiation. But some of that energy, he reasoned, must be held within the atmosphere and not return to space, keeping Earth warm.

He proposed that Earth's thin covering of air-its atmosphere-acts the way a glass greenhouse would. Energy enters through the glass walls, but is then trapped inside, much like a warm greenhouse.

This theory was further explored by the work of Eunice Newton Foote in the 1850s. Foote's experiments using glass cylinders demonstrated that the heating effect of the sun was greater in moist air than dry air. She detected the highest degree of heating occurred in a cylinder containing carbon dioxide. Her work would foreshadow the work of Irish scientist John Tyndall who also zeroed-in on what kinds of gases played the biggest role in absorbing heat.

Experts have since understood that the greenhouse analogy was an oversimplification, since outgoing infrared radiation isn't exactly trapped by Earth's atmosphere but absorbed. The more greenhouse gases there are, the more energy is kept within Earth's atmosphere.

Greenhouse Gases

But the so-called greenhouse effect analogy stuck and some 50 years later, the work of Eunice Newton Foote offered further insight into how heat could be absorbed in Earth's atmosphere. In the 1850s. Foote's experiments using glass cylinders demonstrated that the heating effect of the sun was greater in moist air than dry air. And she detected the highest degree of heating occurred in a cylinder containing carbon dioxide. Although Foote, an amateur scientist, was never recognized in her lifetime, her work foreshadowed the findings of Irish scientist John Tyndall.

Tyndall also explored exactly what kinds of gases were most likely to play a role in absorbing sunlight. Tyndall's laboratory tests in the 1860s showed that coal gas (containing CO2, methane and volatile hydrocarbons) was especially effective at absorbing energy. He eventually demonstrated that CO2 alone acted like sponge in the way it could absorb multiple wavelengths of sunlight.

By 1895, Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius became curious about how decreasing levels of CO2 in the atmosphere might cool Earth. In order to explain past ice ages, he wondered if a decrease in volcanic activity might lower global CO2 levels. His calculations showed that if CO2 levels were halved, global temperatures could decrease by about 5 degrees Celsius (9 degrees Fahrenheit).

Next, Arrhenius wondered if the reverse were true. Arrhenius returned to his calculations, this time investigating what would happen if CO2 levels were doubled. The possibility seemed remote at the time, but his results suggested that global temperatures would increase by the same amount-5 degrees C or 9 degrees F.

Decades later, modern climate modeling have confirmed that Arrhenius' numbers weren't far off the mark.

Welcoming a Warmer Earth

Back in the 1890s, however, the concept of warming the planet was remote and even welcomed.

As Arrehenius wrote, "By the influence of the increasing percentage of carbonic acid [CO2] in the atmosphere, we may hope to enjoy ages with more equable and better climates, especially as regards the colder regions of the earth."

By the 1930s, at least one scientist would start to claim that carbon emissions might already be having a warming effect. British engineer Guy Stewart Callendar noted that the United States and North Atlantic region had warmed significantly on the heels of the Industrial Revolution.

Callendar's calculations suggested that a doubling of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere could warm Earth by 2 degrees C (3.6 degrees F). He would continue to argue into the 1960s that a greenhouse-effect warming of the planet was underway.

While Callendar's claims were largely met with skepticism, he managed to draw attention to the possibility of global warming. That attention played a part in garnering some of the first government-funded projects to more closely monitor climate and CO2 levels.

Keeling Curve

Most famous among those research projects was a monitoring station established in 1958 by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography on top of Hawaii's Mauna Loa Observatory.

Scripps geochemist Charles Keeling was instrumental in outlining a way to record CO2 levels and in securing funding for the observatory, which was positioned in the center of the Pacific Ocean.

Data from the observatory revealed what would become known as the "Keeling Curve." The upward, saw tooth-shaped curve showed a steady rise in CO2 levels, along with short, jagged up-and-down levels of the gas produced by repeated wintering and greening of the Northern Hemisphere.

The dawn of advanced computer modeling in the 1960s began to predict possible outcomes of the rise in CO2 levels made evident by the Keeling Curve. Computer models consistently showed that a doubling of CO2 could produce a warming of 2 degrees C or 3.6 degrees F within the next century.

Still, the models were preliminary and a century seemed a very long time away.

1970s Scare: A Cooling Earth

In the early 1970s, a different kind of climate worry took hold: global cooling. As more people became concerned about pollutants people were emitting into the atmosphere, some scientists theorized the pollution could block sunlight and cool Earth.

In fact, Earth did cool somewhat between 1940-1970 due to a postwar boom in aerosol pollutants which reflected sunlight away from the planet. The idea that sunlight-blocking pollutants could chill Earth caught on in the media, as in a 1974 Time magazine article titled "Another Ice Age?"

But as the brief cooling period ended and temperatures resumed their upward climb, warnings by a minority of scientists that Earth was cooling were dropped. Part of the reasoning was that while smog could remain suspended in the air for weeks, CO2 could persist in the atmosphere for centuries.

1988: Global Warming Gets Real

The early 1980s would mark a sharp increase in global temperatures. Many experts point to 1988 as a critical turning point when watershed events placed global warming in the spotlight.

The summer of 1988 was the hottest on record (although many since then have been hotter). 1988 also saw widespread drought and wildfires within the United States.

Scientists sounding the alarm about climate change began to see media and the public paying closer attention. NASA scientist James Hansen delivered testimony and presented models to congress in June of 1988, saying he was "99 percent sure" that global warming was upon us.

IPCC

One year later, in 1989, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established under the United Nations to provide a scientific view of climate change and its political and economic impacts.

As global warming gained currency as a real phenomenon, researchers dug into possible ramifications of a warming climate. Among the predictions were warnings of severe heat waves, droughts and more powerful hurricanes fueled by rising sea surface temperatures.

Other studies predicted that as massive glaciers at the poles melt, sea levels could rise between 11 and 38 inches (28 to 98 centimeters) by 2100, enough to swamp many of the cities along the east coast of the United States.

Kyoto Protocol: United States In, Then Out

Government leaders began discussions to try and stem the outflow of greenhouse gas emissions to prevent the most dire predicted outcomes. The first global agreement to reduce greenhouse gases, the Kyoto Protocol, was adopted in 1997.

The protocol, which was signed by President Bill Clinton, called for reducing the emission of six greenhouse gases in 41 countries plus the European Union to 5.2 percent below 1990 levels during the target period of 2008 to 2012.

In March 2001, shortly after taking office, President George W. Bush announced the United States would not implement the Kyoto Protocol, saying the protocol was "fatally flawed in fundamental ways" and citing concerns that the deal would hurt the U.S. economy.

'An Inconvenient Truth'

That same year, the IPCC issued its third report on climate change, saying that global warming, unprecedented since the end of the last ice age, is "very likely," with highly damaging future impacts. Five years later, in 2006, former Vice President and presidential candidate Al Gore weighed in on the dangers of global warming with the debut of his film An Inconvenient Truth. Gore won the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize for his work on behalf of climate change.

Politicization over climate change, however, would continue, with some skeptics arguing that predictions presented by the IPCC and publicized in media like Gore's film were overblown.

Among those expressing skepticism over global warming was future U.S. president Donald Trump. On November 6, 2012, Trump tweeted "The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive."

Paris Climate Agreement: United States In, Then Out

The United States, under President Barack Obama, would sign onto another milestone treaty on climate change, the Paris Climate Agreement, in 2015. In that agreement, 197 countries pledged to set targets for their own greenhouse gas cuts and to report their progress.

The backbone of the Paris Climate Agreement was a declaration to prevent a global temperature rise of 2 degrees C (3.6 degrees F). Many experts considered 2 degrees C of warming to be a critical limit, which, if surpassed will lead to increasing risk of more deadly heat waves, droughts, storms and rising global sea levels.

The election of Donald Trump in 2016 led to the United States declaring it would withdraw from the Paris treaty. President Trump, citing the "onerous restrictions" imposed by the accord, stated that he could not "in good conscience support a deal that punishes the United States."

That same year, independent analyses by NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) found Earth's 2016 surface temperatures to be the warmest since modern record keeping began in 1880. And in October 2018, the U.N.'s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change issued a report that concluded "rapid, far-reaching" actions are needed to cap global warming at 1.5 Celsius (2.7 Fahrenheit) and avert the most dire, irreversible consequences for the planet.

President Joe Biden signed an executive order on his first day in office on January 20, 2021 to rejoin the agreement. The United States formally rejoined the Paris treaty on February 19, 2021.

Greta Thunberg and Climate Strikes

In August 2018, Swedish teenager and climate activist Greta Thunberg began protesting in front of Swedish Parliament with a sign: "School Strike for Climate." Her protest to raise awareness for global warming caught the world by storm and by November 2018, over 17,000 students in 24 countries were participating in climate strikes. By March 2019, Thunberg was nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize.

She participated in the United Nations Climate Summit in New York City in August of 2019, famously taking a boat across the Atlantic instead of flying to reduce her carbon footprint. In her September 2019 appearance at the UN she told world leaders, "You have stolen my dreams and my childhood with your empty words...We are in the beginning of a mass extinction, and all you can talk about is money, and fairy tales of eternal economic growth. How dare you!"

The UN Climate Action Summit reinforced that "1.5℃ is the socially, economically, politically and scientifically safe limit to global warming by the end of this century," and set a deadline for achieving net zero emissions to 2050.

Sources

The Discovery of Global Warming, by Spencer R. Weart. ( Harvard University Press, 2008).
The Thinking Person's Guide to Climate Change, by Robert Henson. ( AMS Books, 2014).
"Another Ice Age?" Time.
"Why we know about the greenhouse gas effect" Scientific American.
The History of the Keeling Curve, Scripps Institute of Oceanography.
Remembering the Drought of 1988, NASA Earth Observatory.
Sea Level Rise, National Geographic/reference.
"Guy Stewart Callendar: Global warming discovery marked," BBC News.
President Bush Discusses Global Climate Change, The White House, President George W. Bush.
"Why the Paris talks won't prevent 2 degrees of global warming," PBS News Hour.
Statement by President Trump on the Paris Climate Accord, The White House.
"Trump Will Withdraw U.S. From Paris Climate Agreement," The New York Times.
"NASA, NOAA Data Show 2016 Warmest Year on Record Globally," NASA.

Fact Check

We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Climate change is the long-term alteration in Earth's climate and weather patterns caused by human activity. It took nearly a century of research and data to convince the vast majority of the scientific community that human activity could alter the climate of our entire planet.

# data[].attributes.body
I chose the theme of the environment and society because I am concerned about the environment and the relationship between it and society. I am concerned about Environmental pollution, as well as the social issue of persuading regular people to cut their pollution emissions and holding them morally hostage.

In daily life, it's common for us to see some slogans, signs, and other types of propaganda encouraging us to conserve the environment. Propaganda frequently states that, while we only know a small portion of people, we can begin to safeguard the environment by protecting ourselves first. However, as regular people, we generate limited pollutants, but as celebrities, a person may release as many pollutants as normal people in a year. And to the ordinary people in an invisible increase in moral kidnapping

·Environmental pollution

Leads by Waste of resources (from some Rich, powerful, wasteful people）

-Carbon emissions

-Carbon pollution

-Waste Water

-Waste electricity

America’s richest 10% are responsible for 40% of its planet-heating pollution, new report finds | CNN Business

Carbon emissions of richest 1 percent more than double the emissions of the poorest half of humanity | Oxfam International

Billionaires emit a million times more greenhouse gases than the average person: Oxfam (cnbc.com)

Opposite

5 ways our governments can confront climate change | Interamerican Association for Environmental Defense (AIDA) (aida-americas.org)

·Society problems

-Shift the blame to ordinary people and morally kidnap them

5 ways our governments can confront climate change | Interamerican Association for Environmental Defense (AIDA) (aida-americas.org)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
America's richest 10% are responsible for 40% of its planet-heating pollution, new report finds | CNN Business

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
America's wealthiest people are also some of the world's biggest polluters - not only because of their massive homes and private jets, but because of the fossil fuels generated by the companies they invest their money in.

# data[].attributes.body
I created this artwork to express my views on the environment and society in the twenty-first century. I utilize the examples of Western and Asian countries to demonstrate the worldwide issue of environment and society. I plan to create this artwork using digital art, collage, and other techniques. I will use the examples of Western and East Asian countries, as well as the theme of Environmental and Society, to connect to real-world global issues and demonstrate my identity and thought, and then link this to the general theme of my art collection. I made this artwork to try to use instances of environmental and societal challenges in Western countries and East Asian countries to identify the same and different.

# data[].attributes.body
Project Overview

-What is the focus of my current artwork?

·To show my opion about Enviromental and Society in 21st centry, and show my own opinion about it.

·Use the example of western country and Asain country, to show the global issue about environmental and society.

-What Art am I making?

·Digital Art

·Collage

·?

-How does this link to my overall theme for my art collection?

·By using the example of Western country and East Asisan country, and the theme of Enviromental and Society, to link to the global issue in the real world and show my identity and my thought.

-Why am I making this?

·Try to use the examples of the issue about Enviromental and Society in Western country and Ease Asian Counrty to fine out the same and the different between them to show the real world issue. By doing this Artwrok, to show my thoght of the Enviromental and Society issue in 21st centry.

Real Issiue

-What does this real world issue mean

·Enviromental

environmental (adjective)

1. relating to the natural world and the impact of human activity on its condition:

"acid rain may have caused major environmental damage"

Similar:

natural

atmospheric

meteorological

aiming or designed to promote the protection of the natural world:

"environmental tourism"

2. relating to or arising from a person's surroundings:

"environmental noise"

define environmental - Search (bing.com)

·Society

so·ci·e·ty

[səˈsīədē]

noun

1. the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community:

"drugs, crime, and other dangers to society"

Similar:

the community

the public

the people

civilization

humankind

the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations:

"modern industrial societies" · "the high incidence of violence in American society"

Similar:

culture

group

community

civilization

nation

population

a specified section of a community:

"no one in polite society uttered the word"

Similar:

sphere

world

milieu

arena

domain

2. an organization or club formed for a particular purpose or activity:

"the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals"

Similar:

association

club

group

band

circle

fellowship

body

3. the situation of being in the company of other people:

"she shunned the society of others"

Similar:

company

companionship

fellowship

friendship

comradeship

define society - Search (bing.com₎

-What is the contracte

-How it's different from different country

·In most East Asian country,

·In most Western country,

-Why this real world issue is important for me (provide a story)

·I live in Guagzhou China, which is city, but my family love to go outside during weekend.

-What do you want to find in this

·Try to find out the balance between

# data[].attributes.body
What Are the Most Important Environmentalist Artworks? (artnews.com)

Exploring the Self: 15 Identity Artworks to Show Students (artclasscurator.com)

Famous Works of Art From 30 Countries Around the World | Stacker

8 pieces of art created in response to the challenges of social injustice - Mint Museum

# data[].attributes.body
A:9 B:4 C:3 D:4 E:3

What you did well?

·Enough experiences

What you could improve?

·Art making skills

What were the missing things you can add?

·More explanation

# data[].attributes.body
· What to do this semester

· What kind of process journal needs to be finished this semester

· What kind of artwork needs to be finished this semester

· What is the sense to the questions you gave

· What kind of things do I need to submit for my IBDP Visual Art exam

· Can I do the Process Journal in digital way

# data[].attributes.body
-Why are you doing this work?

·To show my own cultural

·Share my own opinions

-What do you want to share with your audience?

·To show my own culture, and let them have more understanding of me and My hometown

-Why is this important?

·To show my own cultural

·Share my own opinions

-What lasting impact do you want the work to have?

·As long as it can

-What Visual and formal qualities will you use to communicate effectively? (elements of art)

Good question

·Maybe: Collage

# data[].attributes.headline
My drawing-What was easy, interesting and difficult

# data[].attributes.subject
My drawing-What was easy, interesting and difficult

# data[].attributes.body
Because of my previous learning experience, I can easily find out the perspective point, and show it in my drawing.-Easy

At first, When I was asked to do a sketch of the school building by pen, it really let me feel on my guard for all possible dangers. I have been sketching before, but it’s all using a pencil, and if there is anything wrong with my drawing, I can use an eraser to remove it, but now I just can use a pen, it’s means that it might have so many mistakes and I can not remove it, it will keep in my artwork. -Difficult

Because of fear, my first sketch was drawn with a pencil, and I really spent a lot of time on it, because in order to get it perfect, I needed to draw it again and again. In the end, it really looked well, but it took me almost 1 hour to finish it. So, for the rest two artworks, I try to draw with a pen. Actually, it took less time compared with drawing with a pencil, cause I had no chance to change it. But the final of the artwork show is as good as the pencil one.-Interesting

# data[].attributes.body
百度百科——全球领先的中文百科全书. (n.d.). Baike.baidu.com. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E5%A1%94/1951402

‌

百度百科——全球领先的中文百科全书. (n.d.). Baike.baidu.com. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%8B/1776276?fromtitle=%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%8B&fromid=7805781&fromModule=lemma_search-box

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百度百科——全球领先的中文百科全书. (n.d.). Baike.baidu.com. Retrieved February 26, 2024, from https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%87%89%E8%8C%B6/701749

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百度百科——全球领先的中文百科全书. (n.d.). Baike.baidu.com. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E6%97%A9%E8%8C%B6?fromModule=lemma_search-box

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百度百科——全球领先的中文百科全书. (n.d.). Baike.baidu.com. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%B2%A4%E7%BB%A3%EF%BC%88%E5%B9%BF%E7%BB%A3%EF%BC%89?fromtitle=%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E7%B2%A4%E7%BB%A3&fromid=3432472&fromModule=lemma_search-box

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百度百科——全球领先的中文百科全书. (n.d.). Baike.baidu.com. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%BF%8E%E6%98%A5%E8%8A%B1%E5%B8%82/1571578?fromModule=search-result_lemma-recommend

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百度百科——全球领先的中文百科全书. (n.d.). Baike.baidu.com. Retrieved February 26, 2024, from https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%B9%BF%E5%BC%8F%E7%94%9C%E5%93%81?fromModule=lemma_search-box

‌

百度百科——全球领先的中文百科全书. (n.d.). Baike.baidu.com. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%B6%8A%E7%A7%80%E4%BA%94%E7%BE%8A%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F/12617790?fromModule=search-result_lemma-recommend

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百度百科——全球领先的中文百科全书. (n.d.). Baike.baidu.com. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%89%A7%E9%99%A2?fromModule=lemma_search-box

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百度百科——全球领先的中文百科全书. (n.d.). Baike.baidu.com. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82%E5%B8%82%E8%8A%B1/12011867?fromModule=search-result_lemma-recommend

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The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. (2019). Rene Magritte | Biography, Art, & Facts. In Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rene-Magritte

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Magritte, R. (2019). Rene Magritte - 370 artworks - WikiArt.org. Www.wikiart.org. https://www.wikiart.org/en/rene-magritte

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Rene Magritte. (2009). Rene Magritte. https://www.renemagritte.org/

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Jerry Uelsmann | MoMA. (n.d.). The Museum of Modern Art. https://www.moma.org/artists/6001

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artnet. (2023). Jerry Uelsmann. Artnet.com. https://www.artnet.com/artists/jerry-uelsmann/

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Jerry Uelsmann. (n.d.). Uelsmann.net. https://uelsmann.net/

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