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Diabetes can be caused by a variety of different factors, whether you have type 1 or type 2. Type 1 tends to usually be genetic, and can be diagnosed at an early age, or even later in life. if not diagnosed prior. Type 2 diabetes is usually linked with an individual's lifestyle. This can be because of their diet, if they have high blood pressure, if they end up having gestational diabetes during pregnancy (elevated amount of glucose in the blood during pregnancy), or even taking medications such as steroids for such a long time can have an impact on developing diabetes. Obesity plays a massive role in someones life to develop diabetes. This is because of excessive body fat in the body's system. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes both have similar signs and symptoms. This includes: urinating a lot in the night, feeling thirstier than usual, losing weight without actively trying, blurred vision, having numb or tingling hands and feet. These are all signs and symptoms of diabetes, but can also be linked to other health problems.

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Bowel cancer is a type of cancer that affects the colon or rectum. It can start as a growth, then develop into a tumour overtime. Bowel cancer can be caused by genetic or environmental factors. Bowel cancer can be genetic as a family member may have a cancer gene, and can be passed down. Environmental causes of bowel cancer can include smoking tobacco and excessive amounts of alcohol consumption. Bowel cancer can cause signs and symptoms such as changes in bowel habits, abdominal pain, blood in your stool, and unintended weight loss.

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Compare investigative and diagnostic procedures for different physiological disorders.

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Compare investigative and diagnostic procedures for different physiological disorders.

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To see if an individual has diabetes, doctors can use a variety of examinations to detect diabetes. One investigative procedure that a doctor uses is the HBA1c test. This is the main procedure to diagnose diabetes. This procedure tests the blood sugar of the individual from the past 2-3 months. This test is done by drawing blood out of a vein in the arm, as a vein in the arm is easier to draw blood from. This test is commonly used to diagnose diabetes, and can detect easier how the patient can manage and monitor their diabetes. This test also provides valuable information regarding the patients long term blood sugar control. The HBA1c test can also be used to assess the effectiveness of treatment plans on individuals for their potential treatments in the future, and how they can manage their diabetes treatment. Regular monitoring of HBA1c levels is crucial for monitoring diabetes and reducing the risk of complications for the patient when managing their diabetes and treatment.

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Another test that doctors use for testing diabetes is the glucose tolerance test. This test calculates how your body reacts and handles sugar when in the system. They do this by giving the patient a sugary liquid and see how the body reacts to the glucose. This determines if the body acts rapidly to the sugar- or not at all, and helps identify potential health risks. If the glucose has an abnormal reaction in the body, this could mean that the patient has diabetes. The glucose tolerance test can also be used to assess insulin resistance and diagnose conditions such as prediabetes and metabolic syndrome. Prediabetes is a condition where blood sugar levels are higher than what they should be, but not high enough to be diagnosed with diabetes. However, this condition can

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determine whether or not an individual can potentially develop type 2 diabetes in the future. To prevent prediabetes from occurring, it is important to follow a healthy diet and healthy lifestyle.

Another investigative procedure that doctors use to diagnose diabetes is the glucose screening test. This test is a quick way to check for diabetes in pregnant women. This test is similar to the glucose tolerance test, as the patient will also have to drink a sugary drink to test blood sugar levels. The glucose screening test is usually done during 24-28 weeks of the pregnancy. This is important as gestational diabetes can sometimes develop during pregnancy, and can affect both mum and baby. Gestational diabetes is when the body is not able to produce the correct amount of insulin during the pregnancy. This can cause complications to the baby, however, with regular blood sugar monitoring, sticking to a healthy diet, and staying active.

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To test if an individual has bowel cancer, doctors use different procedures to diagnose quickly. One investigative procedure is a colonoscopy. A colonoscopy is where a doctor examines the patient's colon for any abnormalities, such as tumours, lumps, cysts. This helps figure out what exactly is wrong with the bowel, and then how the doctor can help the patient with treatment. A doctor may need to perform a colonoscopy on a patient because of their signs and symptoms of bowel cancer- blood in stool, bleeding from the rectum, mucus in stool, on and off diarrhoea, abdominal pains. A colonoscopy usually takes between 30-60 minutes to perform. This does not include recovery time for the patient, or preparation before the examination. The recovery for the patient usually takes 24 hours after the colonoscopy as it may be painful for the patient.

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Another investigative procedure that doctors may use is a sigmoidoscopy. A sigmoidoscopy is a medical procedure that allows doctors to examine the lower part of the rectum. This involves inserting a thin, flexible tube with a camera - also known as a sigmoidoscope- into the rectum to check for any abnormalities the patient may have, or if there are any potential signs of disease. This is often used to screen for colorectal cancer as well as bowel cancer. This can also help detect inflammation, or polyps.

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Even though both of these physiological disorders use and require medical attention, the procedures for diabetes and bowel cancer serve different purposes. This is because the procedures for diabetes focus on the blood, and finding reasoning for diabetes in the blood, while for bowel cancer, doctors find out through the rectum and the colon. Even though there isn’t any procedural comparisons between diabetes and bowel cancer, research shows that people who have type 2 diabetes have a 27% higher chance of developing bowel and colon cancer, compared to non-diabetic individuals. People who have type 2 diabetes and some cancers, such as bowel cancer, both have shared risk factors such as obesity and diet.

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Explain treatment and support available for service users with different physiological disorders

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Explain treatment and support available for service users with different physiological disorders

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People with diabetes have many types of treatment plans to choose from. This is mainly because different types of treatments may not work or may not work as well for other people. The end goal for the treatments are to manage blood sugar levels and prevent any complications to the patient. One treatment for someone with diabetes may just be changing their lifestyle. This involves adjusting their diet by eating healthier and maintaining a balanced diet. This is important as too much sugar in the diet can lead to potential complications, such as high blood sugar levels. Adapting their lifestyle will also include increasing physical activity.

Another treatment for someone with diabetes is medications. These can be taken orally, or insulin therapy. Oral medications include metformin. Metformin is a type of medication that slows down blood sugar levels. This medication isn't used for people with type 1 as their blood sugar levels are already low, as the liver isn't producing enough insulin anyway. Another type of medication that is used to treat type 2 diabetes is Thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones - also known as TZD's is a medication that makes the body's cells more sesnitive to insulin. Although TZD's are used a lot to help treat diabetes, it does have a lot of side effects. These include; weight gain, fluid retention, and a higher increase of heart failure. There is a risk of liver failure, however that is very rare. Another type of treatment that is used is GLP-1 receptor agonists. This medication acts and mimicks as the hormone GLP-1 (also known as glucagon-like peptide-1). This helps regulate blood sugar levels, while reducing glucagon production. This medication does have side effects that come with it. These include; nausea, vomiting, diaorhea. Another treatment used to treat and help diabetes is SGLT2 inhibitors. This medication helps the liver to not absorb glucose. When on a treatment plan, regular checkups with healthcare professionals are important for monitoring and adjusting the treatment plan if needed.

In regards to supporting the patient, there are several resources available. There are diabetes education programs that are available and can produce valuable information on managing diabetes. Healthcare professionals such as doctors, nurses and dietitians can provide the guidance and support that the individual needs regarding their struggles with diabetes. Another support system that people with diabetes have are support groups. Support groups and online communities can offer a sense of relief that other individuals are going through the same thing. They can also share tips with each other on how to manage diabetes and share experiences that they have had.

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People with bowel cancer also have several different treatment plans in place. The specific treatment plans will depend on the stage of cancer, and how severe the cancer is. One type of treatment is surgery. This can be very effective if the colon has a tumour or cancerous lump. Another type of treatment, and the most common type of treatment is chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is used to kill cancer cells or slow down the growth of the cancer. Chemotherapy is mainly used after surgery to destroy any remaining cancer cells that couldn't be removed during the operation. Chemotherapy can also be used before surgery to help shrink the tumour or cancerous lump to make them easier to remove. Chemotherapy can also be used to relieve symptoms. This can be used to calm down symptoms and improve quality of life, even if the cancer cannot be cured.

Another type of treatment is radiation therapy. Radiation therapy basically does the same things as chemotherapy, however it can also be used as palliative treatment. This is when cancer has spread and is causing symptoms and pain or bleeding, radiation therapy can help relieve these symptoms and improve the quality of life for the patient.

In terms of support for the patient, there are various resources to help. Support groups and counselling are always available to provide emotional support, and a way for people who are experiencing the same thing to connect with each other. Healthcare professionals, such as oncologists and nurses, can offer the patient guidance and offer other treatment plans if their current one isn’t working for them. Another type of support is basic support from family and friends. During this time, it is important to have people close to you , to talk to and vent to, so they can give you support. Whether that is just to talk about the cancer, or to have someone going to appointments with.

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Compare the types of carers and care settings for service users with different physiological disorders

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Compare the types of carers and care settings for service users with different physiological disorders

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When it comes to caring for people with diabetes, there are different types of carers who can provide support. One type of carer can simply be family members, neighbours or friends. This is known as informal carers. Loved ones to the individual can play a very crucial role in providing care to someone with diabetes. They can help with medication management, help support the individual with meal planning as they should be following a healthy, well-balanced diet, and offer emotional support if needed. Family is very important when individuals are struggling with a disease, or illness, in this case diabetes. Another type of carer could be different types of healthcare professionals. These include: doctors, nurses, diabetologists, DSN (diabetes specialist nurse), endocrinologist (specialises in the bodies hormones), dietitians. These healthcare professionals can provide medical advice, monitor blood sugar levels, and healthy eating plans.

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When it comes to people with diabetes and different care settings, there are several different options for them. One type of care setting for someone with diabetes are primary care clinics. A primary care clinic is a specialised medical facility where patients can receive care for their diabetes. Within a primary care clinic, patients with diabetes can receive regular care from a primary care physician.  These physicians can perform regular check-ups by monitoring their blood sugar levels regularly so the patient can keep track of their diabetes. While physicians here can monitor the patient, they can also adjust the patient's medication, or prescribe medication if needed. This is important so the patient can receive the correct medication, as many people suffer with diabetes differently. In the primary care facilities, they can also offer counselling to anyone who needs it. This could be useful for people who recently has got diagnosed with diabetes, and need some advice on how they can manage it. Another type of care setting is a diabetes clinic. These are specialised clinics that focus on people with diabetes.

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In these centres, they have a different range of healthcare professionals that provide help and support. These healthcare professionals usually are; endocrinologists, educators, dietitians, etc, who all work together to provide care to those who need it. Another care setting is the individuals own home. Some individuals may not want to attend a specialised centre , and may just find comfort in receiving care in their own home. Healthcare professionals can provide help by going to the individuals house, and caring for them that way. The help that the patient may receive from their home may be regular check-ups, giving advice and educate the patient and their family on how they can assist them with their diabetes.

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In regards to individuals with bowel cancer, there are many different care assistants that can provide support. One type of carer is an oncologist. Oncologists are doctors that specialise in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. These doctors help and work closely with the patient to make personalised treatment plans to fit the patients stage of cancer, and the severity of the cancer. Another type of carer for someone with bowel cancer is palliative care specialists. Palliative care specialists mainly focus on those who have terminal cancer or advanced cancer. Most palliative care specialists focus on managing the patients symptoms, providing pain relief medication, and improving the patients quality of life. This is important so towards the end of the patient's life, they aren’t in so much pain and are managing their cancer. Another type of carer for someone with bowel cancer is rehabilitation specialists. Rehabilitation specialists usually support the patient after they have had surgery. These specialists usually consist of physiotherapists, and occupational therapists. These specialists can help the patient regain strength, mobility, and their independence. Another type of carers for people with bowel cancer are councillors.

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councillors provide emotional support to the patient, as dealing with cancer can be very emotionally draining. A councillor can help the patient express their feelings, offer advice to them, and assess their mental well-being.

There are several care settings for people with bowel cancer, to make their treatment a lot easier. One type of care setting for people with bowel cancer are hospitals. Hospitals are one of the main types of care settings for someone with bowel cancer a patients receive all kinds of support, treatments and advice from there. Hospitals allow patients to receive their diagnosis, treatments, and a wide range of services which include; surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and specialised care from other types of healthcare professionals. Hospitals are a care setting for those who are struggling with cancer and those who are extremely ill from it. Another care setting for someone with bowel cancer is palliative care centres. For individuals with terminal bowel cancer, they receive support and a safe living environment for the patient. This care setting is important to make the patient feel comfortable and receive the correct support that they need. Everyone in a palliative care setting needs to receive support that is suitable for them. This is based on their palliative care plan. Another care setting is hospices. Hospices are very similar to palliative care centres. They follow the same type of service options that a palliative care centre does. They follow the patients care plan and decide on what to do next. They have a right to make the patient feel comfortable while on end of life treatment.

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Analyse the changes in body systems and functions resulting from different types of physiological disorder on service users

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Analyse the changes in body systems and functions resulting from different types of physiological disorder on service users

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When someone has diabetes, it can affect the body's systems and functionings to an extent. The cardiovascular system is one of the systems that can be damaged. Because diabetes increases different types of diseases- such as heart conditions, high blood pressure, and strokes- it can put a lot of strain on the cardiovascular system. Diabetes can lead too damage to the blood vessels and veins near the heart, which then causes the reduce of oxygen flow to pump blood around the body. Having high blood sugar levels (caused by diabetes), can cause damage to the blood vessels by causing a condition called atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is when the blood vessels become narrow restricting blood from flowing to the heart, and other organs. Another way that diabetes can affect the body’s functions and organs is damaging the kidneys. The kidneys can also be affected by high blood sugar. This happens when the small blood vessels in the kidneys are damaged. This then causes a condition called diabetic nephropathy. This happens when kidneys are damaged in any type of way. This can lead to protein leaking into the urine, and leaving the body's system. If diabetic nephropathy is not treated, it can slowly lead to kidney failure. Another way that diabetes can affect body functions is affecting the immune system. This is because diabetes can weaken the immune system, making the individual prone to more infections and illnesses. Damaging the immune system can also make wounds harder to heal and cause infections such as sepsis, if not treated.

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When an individual has bowel cancer, it can also affect different parts of the body in different ways. One way it can affect the body functions is problems with bowel habits. A change in bowel habits can mean a range of different things; diarrhoea, constipation, blood in the stool, abdominal pain. Even though all of these are symptoms of bowel cancer, these can happen during bowel cancer. Bowel cancer can also lead to extreme weight loss. Another way it can affect the body's functions is affecting the circulatory system. Bowel cancer can affect the circulatory system by the cancer spreading to other organs, and destroying other cells. The cancer can also invade blood vessels, which then leads to blockages and blood clots. This can happen due to the reduction of blood flow, which can then cause symptoms of fatigue and weakness. In some cases of bowel cancer, it can lead to anaemia. This is when there is a decrease in red blood cells in the body.

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Assess the importance of specific procedures in confirming the diagnosis of physiological disorders

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Assess the importance of specific procedures in confirming the diagnosis of physiological disorders

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Confirming a diagnosis of diabetes can be tricky, however there are many different procedures in confirming the diagnosis. One procedure in confirming the diagnosis is by the fasting plasma glucose test. The fasting plasma glucose test is a procedure used to diagnose diabetes. This procedure involves fasting for at least 8 hours and having your blood sugar levels measured. This test helps doctors determine if you have diabetes by calculating the range of your blood sugar levels- whether they’re higher than average, or normal. This specific procedure is important as it is very accurate. This test specifies the type of diabetes, whether it is type 1 or type 2. There are no major risks to this test, but like any medical procedure, there are minor risks. Minor risks include; temporary discomfort after the test, or bruising.

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Confirming a diagnosis of bowel cancer can be done in many different ways. There are tests such as a colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, etc- but another simple way of making sure the diagnosis is correct are MRI and CT scans. These types of scans can help provide more evidence on the cancer, and can make a clearer picture on how severe the cancer is. This procedure plays a very crucial role as the diagnosis needs to be correct.

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Well done! Good examples provided! P1 Achieved.

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Please compare investigative and diagnostic procedures for your physiological disorders.

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Good explanations here! This could have been linked to Sheffield, but a good range of treatments provided! P3 Achieved.

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Please compare the types of carers and care settings for service users with your physiological disorders.

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What other body functions may bowel cancer affect?

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You need to make assessments.

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With both individuals with bowel cancer and diabetes, different specialists help with different disorders.

Individuals with bowel cancer need specialists who have practiced in that area of medicine and research, for example an oncologist. Individuals with diabetes need support from people who have

practiced in research of diabetes and specialists who can help them manage their disorder, for example diabetes educators who specialise in diabetes care. This is because both physiological disorders need the different treatment and different help from different specialists. This is important as they receive the right care for their disorder so it can be managed and treated correctly.

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Bowel cancer can also affect nutrients being absorbed. As the cancer becomes more aggressive, it can interfere with the body and can reject nutrients from food. One way that this can happen is by blockages in the intestines. This then limits the passing of food that need to go through the digestive system, which then prevents nutrients reaching the bloodstream. This can affect the individual as it can cause malnutritio, weight loss, and other diseases.