# data[].attributes.body
fire hazard,

it can be triggered by a variety of reasons. When it occurs, it usually causes lost of lives or even very severe injuries. The fire is often difficult to put out especially if the fire spreads really fast. The fire also causes property damage and the money used to repair those damages are very costly

# data[].attributes.body
We believe that fire hazard is the worst and most dangerous hazard in the neighbourhood as it can also air and traffic hazard as it releases greenhouses gases and also can stop traffic due to safety precautions made by policemen and firemen controlling the fire and can affect mentally as their homes,their sense of place and belonging are destroyed or their loves ones have passed on

# data[].attributes.body
Air hazards is the worst for urban neighbourhoods. Air hazards are caused by many things, such as cars, industrial buildings and fires. If there are many air hazards in an urban neighbourhood, it will cause widespread illness and medical conditions, which subsequently significantly affects the entire population's health in the long-term.

# data[].attributes.body
traffic hazards. During a traffic accident, i.e a car crash, (BOOOOM) there is a very high chance that the car will explode in flames, making it a fire hazard as other flammable objects within close proximity can spread the fire even more :0 ALSO, when a fire breaks out, smoke is produced which pollutes the air and can pose as health threats to residents in the same neighbourhood and those nearby to the kaboom accident site. Additionally, it could cause traffic congestion if lanes are closed which further worsens the air pollution. honking of cars also make the decibels go ^^^ which can also cause health problems :(

even though the scale may not be as deadly as the grenfall tower at first, if a car were to crash into a building as tall or flammable as the grenfall tower, the damage would be twice as bad as the actual accident as flames from the car crash or explosion could spread

# data[].attributes.headline
which hazard is the worst for urban neighbourhood

# data[].attributes.subject
which hazard is the worst for urban neighbourhood

# data[].attributes.body
the worst is fire

1. Rapid Spread: Fires can spread quickly in densely populated urban areas where buildings are close together. Once a fire starts, it can escalate rapidly, endangering lives and property.

2. Structural Damage: Fires can cause significant structural damage to buildings, leading to displacement of residents, loss of businesses, and economic disruption in the neighborhood.

3. Loss of Life: Fire poses a direct threat to human life. In the event of a large-scale fire in an urban area, evacuating residents and ensuring their safety can be challenging due to congestion and limited escape routes.

4. Environmental Impact: Fires release harmful pollutants into the air, posing health risks to residents and contributing to air pollution. The smoke and chemicals from burning buildings can also contaminate soil and water sources, affecting the environment long after the fire is extinguished.

# data[].attributes.body
Air Pollution is definitely the worst in our groups opinion while Fire and traffic hazards may only affect a small group of people at a time , air pollution affects an entire city at once. Additionally, air pollution is harder to solve compared to its fire and traffic counterparts.

# data[].attributes.headline
which hazard is worst for urban neighbourhood?

# data[].attributes.subject
which hazard is worst for urban neighbourhood?

# data[].attributes.body
in the short term, fire & traffic hazards are the worst for urban neighbourhoods

fire:

when fire spreads up through buildings, people are unable to run to safety, causing many fatalities

traffic:

reckless, negligent drivers cause harm to innocent people on the road

however these are only short term as they can somewhat easily be resolved e.g. a fire can be put out & for traffic accidents, help can easily be rendered by people calling for police, ambulance etc.

in the long term, air hazards are the worst for urban neighbourhoods

air pollution can negatively impact human's health causing long term health issues e.g. respiratory such as asthma etc.

cannot be resolved in a short amount of time, government will have to implement policies & laws/regulations in order

for the issue of air pollution to be resolved

therefore it is a long term process to eradicate air pollution in urban neighbourhoofd

# data[].attributes.body
Fire is the worst it is the most common hazard the number of deaths caused by fire hazard is more than the other hazards. It also causes the damage. It traumatises people and it also causes buildings to burn.

# data[].attributes.body
Traffic hazards are the worst kind of hazard as it can cause a fire hazard which can lead to air pollution

# data[].attributes.body
We think that traffic hazards are the worst. When cars are stationary but still turned on, they release unnecessary greenhouse gases into the air, causing air pollution. In the long run, the air will accumulate even more pollutants and will cause people to develop respiratory issues such as choking and prolonged exposure to it will lead to serious diseases such as lung cancer and heart disease. This contributes to air hazards. Moreover, when cars are moving so slowly due to traffic, drivers will start to get impatient. They may get reckless and accidentally press the accelerator, for example. This can lead to accidents happening and when these engines collide, a fire can start, which will contribute to fire hazards. This will be dangerous for the people in the car and the bystanders outside. Hence, we believe that traffic hazards can be the root cause to air and fire hazards.

# data[].attributes.body
We can conclude that the fire hazard is the worst as it affects a lot of people and it has quite a high death rates according to statistics. It causes health problems and other health issues if we are exposed to the smoke for a long period of time.

# data[].attributes.body
In groups of 3, each member will only need to research on ONE aspect

(eg. causes of fire hazard + 1 eg + environmental impact)

Research on

1. Causes of hazard (air, traffic, fire)

2. Impacts of the hazard (social, environmental, economic)

3. Provide 1 example (place, country, year) include ONE photo

4. Provide ONE group data only.

Conclude: In your group, decide which hazard is the worst and justify your choice.

Be ready to share!

# data[].attributes.body
Causes

Impacts

Example (place, country, year and 1 photo) What happened?

# data[].attributes.headline
Which hazard is the worst for urban neighbourhoods? Justify.

# data[].attributes.subject
Which hazard is the worst for urban neighbourhoods? Justify.

# data[].attributes.body
Causes:

- Drunk Driving

- Drowsy Driving

- Not keeping a lookout in front of the vehicle

- Speeding

Impacts(Social):

- Long-Term injuries from crash(Paralysis, amputations)

- PTSD, Mental well-being affected.

Example:

- Date: 6th March 2024

- Where: Bukit Timah

- What?: A school bus filled with ACS Primary school children collided with a car, setting the car on fire, leaving both vehicles heavily damaged. The drivers were arrested and 2 children were sent to the hospital.

https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/bukit-timah-accident-school-bus-car-fire-driver-passengers-arrested-4174361?cid=internal_sharetool_androidphone_20032024_cna

# data[].attributes.body
1. Traffic Hazards

Causes:

Reckless driving (e.g. speeding, drunk driving)

Traffic congestion (e.g. Traffic jam during peak hours, high density of traffic)

Bad road infrastructure (e.g. Potholes)

Poor weather conditions (e.g. Heavy rain)

Vehicle defects

Impacts:

Leads to traffic accidents and subsequently injuries and deaths

Causes air and noise pollution, detriments health

Example:

2004, Singapore, Nicoll Highway collapsed due to poorly designed infrastructure and construction of tunnels, which disrupted traffic flow

# data[].attributes.body
causes

speeding

red-light running

drunk-driving

impacts

deaths, serious injuries such as third- degree burns, long-term health impacts such as the inability to breathe properly after a long period of time exposed to smoke, disabilities such as inability to move due to loss of limbs.

Example

In 2021, a total of 100 traffic accidents happened in Singapore that resulted in fatalities

# data[].attributes.body
Causes: vehicle emissions, fuel oils and natural gas to heat homes, even deforestation: burning vegetation

Impacts:

Carbon dioxide and other pollutants are released into atmosphere when vegetation burns, this can affect lung development,increased risk of skin diseases.

May increase the risk of cancer.

Global warming.

Example:Small particle pollution gas-powered cars or coal-operated power plants. In 2021,fine particulate matter claimed the most lives in Poland (47,300),  Italy (46,800), and Germany (32,300).https://www.dw.com/en/eu-air-pollution-killed-hundreds-of-thousands-in-2021/a-67549612

# data[].attributes.body
Causes of traffic hazards:

Poor visibility on roads (due to darkness, fog, or glare)

Wildlife crossing roads

Pedestrians jaywalking or crossing roads improperly

Impact of traffic hazards:

Increased risk of accidents, injuries, and fatalities for drivers, passengers, pedestrians, and cyclists.

Property damage to vehicles, infrastructure, and surrounding property.

Wasted time and fuel for commuters stuck in traffic jams.

Example of a traffic hazard:

Date: November 3, 2023

Location: Interstate 405 (I-405) in Los Angeles, California, USA

What?: The incident involved a multi-vehicle collision near the interchange with Interstate 10 (I-10), a critical junction connecting west Los Angeles with downtown and eastern suburbs. The collision occurred during the peak morning rush hour, causing a significant disruption to traffic flow in both directions on I-405.

# data[].attributes.body
fire hazard

causes: A fire hazard is situation where there is greater than normal risk of harm to property or people due to fire. It can be defined as a hazardous area where fire will start or where smokes or gasses can be generated, or where an explosion can occur endangering the lives of people.

Impact: In addition to producing smoke, fire can incapacitate or kill by reducing oxygen levels, either by consuming the oxygen, or by displacing it with other gases. Heat is also a respiratory hazard, as superheated gases burn the respiratory tract. When the air is hot enough, one breath can kill

example: naphtha tank fire (27 october 2023)

# data[].attributes.body
Causes of traffic hazards

Drunk driving  Drunk driving causes accidents because of alcohol's effect on the function of the brain. Alcohol can impair thinking, reasoning, and muscle coordination, which are necessary to safely operate a motor vehicle.

Drowsy driving Sleepiness causes motor vehicle accidents because it impairs concentration and can lead to the driver falling asleep at the wheel. Important aspects of driving impairment associated with sleepiness are reaction time, vigilance, attention, and information processing.

Speeding Excessive speeding reduces the amount of time the driver has to react in a dangerous situation to avoid a crash, increases vehicle stopping distance, and reduces the ability of road safety structures

Impacts of traffic hazards

Not only does traffic congestion have a harmful effect on ecology, cause air and noise pollution and impact the quality of life, it also results in more travel time and fuel consumption.

Causes time consumption that will disrupt their work life schedule,

# data[].attributes.body
FIRE HAZARD

Causes of fire hazard include electrical faults, flammable materials, heating equipment, cooking appliances, smoking, and even natural phenomena like lightning strikes. Fire hazard may result in property damage, injuries, loss of livelihoods, displacement of people, psychological trauma, and ecological damage. Additionally, fires can disrupt essential services, strain emergency response resources, and have long-lasting economic repercussions on communities and regions affected

A fire hazard happened in china city, Nanjing, the capital of Jiangsu province. In the early morning of Feb 23 2024, a fire in a high-rise residential building killed 15 people and injured 44 others. The fire was put out at 6am the same day, about 1½ hours after it broke out. The fire is believed to have been caused by e-bikes parked on the ground floor.

# data[].attributes.body
causes:

poor road conditions, weather conditions like rain or snow,

vehicle malfunctions,

reckless driving,

human error.

impacts:

car accidents,

injuries,

loss of life,

property damage,

traffic congestion,

economic losses due to delays

increased insurance costs.

Traffic hazards can have broader societal impacts, including increased healthcare costs and decreased productivity.

example:

• in 2004, Singapore, Nicoll Highway collapsed due to poorly designed infrastructure and construction of tunnels, which disrupted traffic flow

# data[].attributes.body
Causes: drought, heat waves and during high wind, these factors of the environment exacerbated the risk of nature areas catching fire.In urban environment, Fires of electrical origin, Unattended cooking, lit cigarette butts, joss sticks and embers

Impacts: die in fires die from the toxic gases, thick smoke and lack of oxygen. In a fire, breathing even tiny amounts of these toxic elements can be disorienting, causing some people to pass out

Example: MY CK building, in 2016

# data[].attributes.body
some causes of fire hazards are faulty wiring,cooking,christmas trees, children etc

impacts of fire hazards are in addition to producing smoke, fire can incapacitate or kill by reducing oxygen levels, either by consuming the oxygen, or by displacing it with other gases. Heat is also a respiratory hazard, as superheated gases burn the respiratory tract. When the air is hot enough, one breath can kill.

an example is what happened to arjuns grc

# data[].attributes.body
Causes

speeding

red-light running

drunk driving

distracted driving (e.g. on the phone while driving)

Impacts

loss of lives

people may suffer from either minor or severe injuries (eg.brain, spinal injuries)

emotional trauma

financial burden

impact on families & relationships

Examples

Two personal mobility aid (PMA) riders were hit by a car while crossing the road in Bukit Panjang, with one of them, a 68-year-old woman, being sent to the hospital in an unconscious state.

A 32-year-old driver was arrested for negligent driving, and the case is under investigation, reported Shin Min Daily News (Shin Min).

# data[].attributes.body
causes:

faulty equipment, malfunctioning appliances, overloaded electrical outlets,chemicals,spray painting,welding, combustible dusts and flammable liquids

impacts:

difficulties breathing and may lead to death, can cause serious burns and lead to skin illnesses,it may also lead to damage of the house and can result in homelessness

example:

The bukit ho swee fire was a conflagration that broke out in the squatter settlement of Bukit Ho Swee, Singapore on 25 May 1961. This fire resulted in 4 deaths and injured another 54. It also destroyed more than 2,800 houses around the Bukit Ho Swee area, leaving around 16,000 people homeless.

link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukit_Ho_Swee_fire#Investigations

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Straits Times front page two days after the fire

# data[].attributes.body
Causes

Primary sources of human-made air pollution. Vehicle emissions, fuel oils and natural gas to heat homes, by-products of manufacturing and power generation, particularly coal-fueled power plants, and fumes from chemical production. Nature, on the other hand, releases hazardous substances into the air, such as smoke from wildfires, ash and gases from volcanic eruptions; and gases, like methane, which are emitted from decomposing organic matter in soils.

Impacts

Air pollution can affect lung development and is implicated in the development of emphysema, asthma, and other respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Air pollution can damage crops and trees in a variety of ways. Ground-level ozone can lead to reductions in agricultural crop and commercial forest yields, reduced growth and survivability of tree seedlings, and increased plant susceptibility to disease, pests and other environmental stresses (such as harsh weather).

Example

Great Smog of London

In December 1952, London was gripped by a bitter cold, which resulted in people using coal in large quantities to heat their homes. The resulting smoke, combined with an anticyclone and windless conditions, resulted in extremely harmful and toxic air filled with pollutants and reduced visibility to zero. This event is thought to be the worst air pollution condition to have ever happened in the United Kingdom.

# data[].attributes.body
Causes of traffic hazards:

1) Speeding

2) Driving while there is a red light

3) Drink-driving

4) Irresponsible drivers

Impacts of traffic hazards:

1) Health impacts

People may suffer from serious injuries caused by accidents caused by the traffic hazards, which may lead to loss of life or disabilities further on in life. (e.g. amputated limb)

People may retain memories from past traffic accidents and find it traumatic/hard to integrate themselves back to functioning normally.

2) External impacts

Property damage for those who own buildings/shops near or on the site may not receive reimbursement for the damage of their property and are made to pay for it themselves, thus bringing unnecessary trouble to others.

Example of traffic hazards:

BMW car crash at Tanjong Pagar on Feb 13, 2021. (The Straits Times)

# data[].attributes.body
AIR HAZARD

Air hazard is caused by pollution, industrial accidents, and natural disasters, pose significant health and environmental risks. They lead to respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, and environmental damage. Vulnerable populations suffer disproportionately, exacerbating social inequalities. Economic costs mount due to healthcare expenses and lost productivity

# data[].attributes.body
Causes:

Greenhouse gases like carbon monoxide produced into air

Impacts:

Will cause air pollution, leading to respiratory issues like choking and prolonged exposure to it will result in specific diseases like lung cancer and heart disease.

Example:

Air pollution is the largest global environmental risk, leading to 6-7 million premature deaths every year. (straits times)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Air pollution causes as many as 7 million premature deaths each year: UN report

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
SINGAPORE - Air pollution is the largest environmental health risk, causing between six million and seven million premature deaths and an estimated US$5 trillion (S$6.78 trillion) in welfare losses each year, the United Nations said on Wednesday (March 13) in a landmark 700-page report on the state of the planet.

# data[].attributes.body
AIR:

Causes of air pollution hazards:

Black mould(spores are spread thru air): Black mould, or Stachybotrys chartarum, surfaces as blackish-green spots or blemishes. It lives on moist, cellulose-rich surfaces like fiberboard, drywall, and gypsum board. Black mold is most attracted to moisture, which is why it lives in previously-flooded homes, leaky pipe areas, or anywhere with water damage.

Formaldehyde is a colorless, strong-smelling, flammable chemical that is produced industrially and used in building materials such as particleboard, plywood, and other pressed-wood products.

Greenhouse gases(produced by cars, by burning fossil fuels)

Impacts:

Black mould: Common symptoms include sneezing, coughing, congestion and eye irritation. It rarely causes serious illness or death but may worsen asthma symptoms.

Formaldehyde: Formaldehyde can cause irritation of the skin, eyes, nose and throat. High levels of exposure may cause some types of cancers.

Greenhouse gases: alters our planet's climate, leading to shifts in snow and rainfall patterns, a rise in average temperatures and more extreme climate events such as heatwaves and floods(increase rates of heat injuries, like heat stroke and exhaustion)

Example:

Cases of mould in sg is on the rise due to frequent heavy rain

Mr Andrew Mantle, 56, sales manager and leading inspector of Mouldgone, said inquiries have risen about 47 per cent compared with the start of December.

Mould cases on the rise during rainy season | The Straits Times

Temperatures in Singapore have risen by 0.25oC per decade from 1948 to 2015, while 2016 and 2019 were the hottest years recorded thus far.

Climate Change.

# data[].attributes.body
Causes

Building Construction: Poorly constructed or maintained buildings, lacking fire-resistant materials, proper fire exits, or adequate fire suppression systems, increase the risk of fire spread and casualties.

Combustible Materials: Storage of flammable substances in residential or commercial properties, such as paints, fuels, cleaning agents, and chemicals, poses a significant fire risk if not stored properly.

Vehicle Fires: Urban areas with high traffic volumes are susceptible to vehicle fires caused by mechanical failures, fuel leaks, electrical faults, or accidents involving flammable materials

Impacts

Loss of Life and Injury: Fires can cause fatalities and injuries to individuals caught in the blaze or affected by smoke inhalation, burns, or other fire-related injuries.

Property Damage: Fires can result in extensive damage to residential, commercial, and industrial properties, including homes, businesses, infrastructure, and vehicles. The loss of property can have long-lasting economic and emotional repercussions for individuals and communities.

Health Impacts: Smoke inhalation from fires can exacerbate respiratory conditions, cause lung damage, and increase the risk of cardiovascular problems. Additionally, exposure to hazardous materials released during fires can pose long-term health risks to both responders and residents.

Example (place, country, year and 1 photo) What happened?

Wildfires rage as China's Chongqing suffers an unrelenting record heat wave. Smoke and flames rose into the sky from a mountain forest fire triggered by persistent drought and heat waves in Chongqing, China on August 21 2022.

# data[].attributes.body
causes: electrical malfunctions, cooking accidents, heating equipment, smoking, flammable liquids and gases, electrical appliances, candles and open flames, combustible materials, natural causes

impacts: Fires can result in loss of life and injuries to individuals, including burns, smoke inhalation, and other fire-related injuries. Fires can also cause extensive damage to homes, businesses, infrastructure, and personal belongings. Fires can disrupt daily activities and routines, including work, school, transportation, and access to essential services. Fires can have adverse effects on the environment, including air and water pollution, soil degradation, loss of vegetation, and habitat destruction.

examples: Fire at Yishun block result in power outage since midnight: The fire involved electrical meter boxes in electrical risers on the seventh, eighth and ninth floor burned out before scdf officers arrived, and the remaining fire was extinguished with a dry power extinguisher https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/electrical-fires-at-block-in-yishun-result-in-power-outage

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Fires at Yishun block result in power outage since midnight

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Power supply was cut off for more than 10 hours. Read more at straitstimes.com.

# data[].attributes.body
Causes: Motor vehicles, Burning of fossil fuels, Cement dust, Forest Fires

Impacts: Can affect lung development and is implicated in the development of emphysema, asthma, and other respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Example: Singapore, 2015, The burning of large tracts of forested land in Indonesia causes haze.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Please click here if you are not redirected within a few seconds.

Images
One important fact about the Singapore Haze 2015 | Bits and Bites ...

dransgarcheng.com

Images may be subject to copyright.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Please click here if you are not redirected within a few seconds. Images One important fact about the Singapore Haze 2015 | Bits and Bites ... dransgarcheng.com Images may be subject to copyright.

# data[].attributes.body
Causes of fire hazards:

-burning cigarettes unattended

-faulty equipment, faulty wiring or broken insulation

-cooking accidents

Impacts of fire hazards

Fire hazards can cause environmental damage.

Fire hazards causes injuries and fatalities

Workplace fires can also result in injuries and fatalities, with devastating consequences. Burns and smoke inhalation are two of the most common causes of injuries in workplace fires. Victims may require extensive medical treatment, including surgery, skin grafts, and long-term rehabilitation, depending on the severity of the burns.

Fires can cause significant damage to property, including buildings, vehicles, and personal belongings. The damage can be particularly severe in the workplace because of valuable equipment, inventory, and important documents.

Example of fire hazard:

What happened? A major accident occurred along Bukit Timah Road early on Wednesday morning (6 March) involving a school bus and a car, which caught fire upon crashing. The car driver, a 26-year-old man, was arrested for "failing to provide breath specimen", the Singapore Police Force said in a statement.

# data[].attributes.body
Causes of Air Pollution:

1. Industrial Activities: Emissions from factories, power plants, and manufacturing facilities release pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter into the air.

2. Vehicle Emissions: Combustion engines in cars, trucks, and other vehicles emit pollutants like carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds.

3. Burning of Fossil Fuels: The burning of coal, oil, and natural gas for energy production and heating contributes to air pollution by releasing pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide.

4. Agricultural Practices: Activities such as crop burning, livestock farming, and the use of fertilizers and pesticides release pollutants such as ammonia and methane into the air.

Impacts of Air Pollution:

1. Health Effects: Air pollution can lead to respiratory problems such as asthma, bronchitis, and lung cancer. It can also exacerbate existing health conditions and increase the risk of heart attacks and strokes.

2. Environmental Damage: Pollutants released into the air can harm ecosystems, leading to biodiversity loss, acid rain, and damage to vegetation, soil, and water bodies. Certain air pollutants, such as carbon dioxide and methane, contribute to global warming and climate change by trapping heat in the atmosphere.

4. Economic Costs: Air pollution imposes significant economic costs on society, including healthcare expenses for treating pollution-related illnesses, reduced productivity, and damage to property and infrastructure. Additionally, air pollution discourages tourism , further affecting economic activity.

(NatGeo Society, summarized )

Example of Air Pollution:

Beijing faced severe air pollution issues in the late 1990s due to rapid urbanization and industrial growth. Among these issues was emissions from coal power plants , industrial manufacturing plants and vehicles.  Urgent measures, including strict laws and public engagement, were implemented to combat pollution. A comprehensive five-year action plan launched in 2013 further tackled pollution through tighter emissions standards, vehicle ownership restrictions, and improved public transportation. These efforts led to significant improvements in air quality by 2017. However, challenges persist, prompting the initiation of a new action plan in 2020 to further reduce pollution levels. Beijing's journey serves as a model for other regions grappling with similar environmental challenges, emphasizing the importance of political commitment and comprehensive strategies in achieving cleaner air. (UN Environment Programme, 2020 summarized)

# data[].attributes.body
Fire hazards:

cause of hazard: faulty electrical appliances

impacts: 1. smoke inhalation

2. property damage

3. health issues (heart failure)

evidence: SCDF was alerted to a fire at Block 19 Punggol Field Walk at about 11.25am on Saturday. The fire involved the contents of a bedroom in a two-storey unit on the 16th floor, five of the six residents were brought to Singapore General Hospital for smoke inhalation.

Air pollution:

cause of hazard: deforestation

impacts: 1. haze

2. health issues (lungs, heart)

evidence: In 2013, there was the most serious haze episode in Singapore with the highest PSI reading of 401 recorded on 21st June 2013.

Traffic:

cause of hazard: drunk driving

impacts: 1. influence of alcohol which affects the body's nervous system and impairs motor skills.

2. blunts alertness

3. reduces motor co-ordination skills

evidence: 198 motorcyclists who were hospitalized in Singapore General Hospital between April 1986 and June 1987. The patients were mostly young and most accidents occurred on Sundays and at night. Ten percent of the victims took alcohol before the accident.

# data[].attributes.body
causes

speed driving (usually due to drunk-driving) this can lead to a higher risk of crashing and increasing the severity of the crash

reckless driving (drunk-driving and distracted driving)

congested traffic (when driving in heavy traffic, it is harder for drivers to keep control and not crash into other vehicles

insufficient lighting (improper infrastructure where it is difficult for drivers to look at where they're going and this may cause road-related accidents. drivers may also be unsure of their directions)

lack of traffic warning signs and unprotected contours (for cliffs, tight curves etc.)

car door opening (whether stationary or moving.)

weather conditions (e.g. heavy rain, flooding etc. this increases risk of accidents)

impacts:

Traffic congestion can lead to increased stress, reduced social interaction, and a decrease in community participation.

example:

https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/more-road-traffic-fatalities-first-half-2023-along-rise-number-drink-driving-accidents-3773461

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The number of accidents involving elderly pedestrians rose from 120 in the first half of last year to 145 in the same period this year.

Among this group, fatalities went up from nine to 17 and injuries from 112 to 128.

"Accidents involving elderly pedestrians made up 30.7 per cent of all pedestrian accidents, and 68 per cent of all pedestrian fatalities, in the first half of 2023," said the police.

In the first six months of this year, 37.2 per cent of elderly pedestrian accidents were due to jaywalking, they added.

For motorcyclists, the number of accidents increased to 1,834 in the first half of 2023, versus 1,751 in the same period last year.

There were 2,035 injured motorcyclists and pillion riders in the first half of this year, up from 1,877; while fatalities rose from 25 to 32.

"Motorcyclists and pillion riders were involved in 51.8 per cent of all traffic accidents, and made up 45.1 per cent of all traffic fatalities, in the first half of 2023. The top causes were failing to keep a proper lookout, failing to have proper control of the motorcycle, and changing lanes without due care," said the police.

There were fewer red-light running as well as speeding-related violations and accidents in the first half of 2023, compared with the same period last year.

But the number of fatal accidents arising out of both increased, said the police.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
More road traffic fatalities in first half of 2023, along with rise in number of drink driving accidents

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
SINGAPORE: The number of fatal traffic accidents in Singapore has increased, according to data from the police comparing the first half of 2023 with the same period last year.

# data[].attributes.body
causes: caused by improper care when cooking. also caused by nature(e.g. lighting) electrical fire is caused when the electrical plug points are overloaded.

Impact: spreads very fast and is difficult to handle. Water causes the fire to be more powerful and strong. Fire can cause deaths

# data[].attributes.body
causes:

Speeding

Reckless Driving

Driving Under the Influence

Mechanical Failure

Poor Maintenance

Defective Parts

Poor Weather

Road Surface

Construction Zones

Poorly Designed Roads

Wildlife

Pedestrians and Cyclists

Congestion

Lack of Regulations

impacts: Traffic hazards contribute to road traffic accidents, injuries, and fatalities. Collisions, crashes, and other accidents caused by hazards such as speeding, reckless driving, distracted driving, and poor road conditions can result in injuries ranging from minor cuts and bruises to severe trauma and fatalities, Traffic accidents can cause physical injuries, including fractures, head injuries, spinal cord injuries, and internal organ damage, which may require medical treatment, hospitalization, and rehabilitation.

Fatalities resulting from traffic accidents have devastating impacts on families, communities, and society as a whole, leading to emotional trauma, grief, and loss. Survivors of traffic accidents may experience long-term physical and psychological effects, including chronic pain, disabilities, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression.

example: Straits times, 68 year old PMA rider taken to hospital after accident in Bukit Panjang, driver arrested.

Driver was arrested for careless driving

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
68-year-old PMA rider taken to hospital after accident in Bukit Panjang, driver arrested

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Photos of the accident's aftermath show a PMA crushed under the front of a black MPV. Read more at straitstimes.com.

# data[].attributes.body
causes: pollution, natural causes, chemical releases, climate change, biological hazards

impact:humans may face respiratory problems, cardiovascular diseases and even cancer. Environmentally, the ecosystem will be damaged, acid rains will also be more common and ozone depletion

example: Straits times, smog and sick kids: Thai pupils endure air pollution

Hundreds of Thai children strain to sing the national anthem, reedy voices and fragile lungs competing against eight lanes of belching traffic next to their school’s open atrium in central Bangkok.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Smog and sick kids: Thai pupils endure air pollution

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Not only are children’s still-developing bodies more susceptible to damage, they also breathe faster than adults. Read more at straitstimes.com.

# data[].attributes.headline
Air hazard is the worst for urban neighbourhoods. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Air hazard is the worst for urban neighbourhoods. 

# data[].attributes.body
This is because air pollution has much more health impacts as compared to the other two hazards. For example, Air pollution, particularly from industrial emissions, vehicle exhaust, and other sources, can lead to respiratory problems, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and other health issues. Long-term exposure to air pollution can have cumulative effects on health and increase the risk of chronic diseases and premature death. Additionally, air pollution also has many negative impacts on the environment, for example, Air pollution can harm ecosystems, degrade soil and water quality, reduce biodiversity, and damage vegetation. It can also contribute to acid rain, ozone depletion, and climate change, impacting environmental health and ecological balance. Lastly, The economic costs of air pollution include healthcare expenses, lost productivity, property damage, and environmental cleanup. Poor air quality can also deter investment, tourism, and economic development in affected areas.