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- The american William James coined the phrase "stream of consciousness" to describe the continuous flow of thoughts and sensations that characterize the human mind
- Writers understood that it was impossible to reproduce the complexity of the human mind through traditional techniques, so they adopted the interior monologue to represent, in a novel, the unspoken activity of the mind
- The interior monologue is the verbal expression of a psychic phenomenon, while the stream of consciousness is the psychic phenomenon itself
- Main features of the interior monologue are:
verbal expression of a psychic phenomenon;
immediacy;
being free from introductory expressions;
presence of two levels of narration: one external to the characters' mind, the other internal;
lack of rules of punctuation and logical order, presence of subjective time

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- At the beginning of 20th century there was a period of extraordinary originality and vitality in the history of art.
- Its cultural centre was Paris, but it took place in Europe as well as in America
- The term Modernism is used to refer to a powerful international movement which covers a variety of trends and currents that gave shape to the modern consciousness and experience
- Modernism expressed the desire to break with extablished forms and subjects
- In the novel, under the influence of Freud, it explored the characters' psyches through the stream of consciousness technique and the interior monologue
- In poetry, it mixed slang with elevated language, with free verse and obscure symbols and images
- Modernist shared a number of common features:
distortion of shapes;
break with limitations in space and time;
awareness of uncertain reality;
emphasis on subjectivity;
importance of unconscious as well as conscious life;
New techniques as the stream-of-consciousness;
No more distictions between genres (Woolf and Joyce);
Allusive language and association of words;
Minimalism instead of Aestheticism;
Cosmopolitan culture.

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- The growing crisis of confidence was also due to the introduction of "relativity" in science
- Albert Einstein's theory of relativity discarded the concepts of time and space, which he regarded as subjective dimensions, so the world lost its solidity
- The idea of "time" was questioned also by the American philosopher William James and the French Henri Bergson
- James held that our mind records every single experience as a continuos flow of "the already" into "the not yet"
- Bergson instead made a distinction betwen historical time, which is external, linear and measured with a clock, and psychological time, which is internal, subjective and measured by the relative emotional intensity of a moment
- Studies of anthropology helped undermine the absolute truth of religious and ethical systems in favour of more relativist standpoints
- Primitive soceties began to be regarded as integrated stuctures
- Man was perceived in different ways:
To Freud man was a part of nature, a biological and phsycological phenomenon
To Marx he was the outcome of social and economic forces
- It was an age of anxiety, isolation and alienation. Through elaborate structuring, through allusion and literary references, through images and through myths, the modern writer expressed the impossibility of mastering the chaotic universe

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Introduction

Jane Austen - you've probably heard of her. She is a very influential and popular writer of romantic novels, and pretty much all of her books have been converted into big-name movies, even though they were published in the early 19th century. Her ability to create these really relatable characters and her really amazing sense of humor - she's got a perfect eye for social comedy -is something that still resonates with readers and viewers today. It's all still pretty relevant.

In a lot of ways, her books are kind of the proto-romantic comedies. Her actual plots are made into movies, but also a lot of the rom-coms that you're familiar with, if not based on Austen, certainly owe a lot to Austen. 'The meet-cute - hate each other - come together at the end' is totally a Jane Austen original plot that's been done to death now, but back when she did it, it was kind of original.

There was an even a novel published in 2004, which was then made into a movie, about people reading Jane Austen novels, called The Jane Austen Book Club. So, you can see we really love some Jane Austen. It's good stuff; we still relate to it.

Austen's Life and Themes

But for someone who's so omnipresent in a lot of ways and so famous, we actually don't know that much about Jane Austen. She was a little bit of a mysterious figure. Part of the reason for this is that her sister, Cassandra, burned a lot of her letters. The theory is that Cassandra thought that the letters would make Jane look bad, but we don't really know. Literary letters often do make their writers look bad but sometimes in really entertaining ways, like James Joyce wrote some really, really dirty letters to his wife that you can Google. So, maybe Jane Austen's letters were dirty sex letters; we'll never know. And actually, Cassandra burning them has probably led us to think a little more creatively about what might be in them and extrapolate further and worse than what they probably were.

The things that we do know: like many of the characters in her novels, Jane Austen grew up in a house wealthy enough to not be poor, but poor enough not to be wealthy; she's kind of in that awkward middle place. A lot of her novels focus on the fact that women who weren't born into extreme wealth are obligated to marry well in order to get any kind of independence from their family or to have any kind of money of their own to spend.

But even though all of Jane Austen's books are about marriage, neither she nor her sister Cassandra ever married, which is kind of interesting. Austen writes about marriage in a way that's clearly saying something about how you don't have a lot of options as a woman in her time. Her take on marriage is that it's something you do and something that can be beneficial in a lot of ways, but it's not something to be happy about. That might explain a bit why she, who was a successful author, didn't end up marrying - she was able to make her own way a bit. And it's interesting, actually, that she was writing in a time when marriage was absolutely expected. That was the only thing that you could do as a woman.

Now, when thinking about all of these books and movies and things that are based on the romantic comedy plotlines that she laid out, we live in a time where you're not forced into marriage, and yet all of those things still end in, if not marriage, the two characters getting together. It's a little funny when you look at it that way: she was writing something that was reflective of the time, where marriage was almost a business proposition in a lot of cases. We've kind of taken that and further romanticized it, made it into something that is not necessary but still greatly desired. We've kind of taken it out of context a bit with the way that we interpret her now.

Biography

We said a little bit about her family. How'd she get to writing? That's the next logical question.

She was born in 1775 in Steventon, England. She was one of eight children - six brothers and the aforementioned Cassandra (who burned all of her letters). Austen's parents were really good about encouraging her love of reading and writing. She had a sharp wit; that was really apparent right from the beginning. They saw that and nurtured it, which is what parents should do - nurture your children's talents; your kid might turn into Jane Austen! Something that they noticed right away is that she loved making fun of 'the establishment' (social laws, social rules). Her real gift was for skewering social mores. Outside of her writing, her life really wasn't all that dissimilar to a character in her books - she played the piano, she sewed, she danced at balls; she was kind of your typical well-cultured lady (or 'accomplished' is the word that they used to describe women like that. They have accomplishments - piano, sewing, etc.).

She really was a writer who wrote what she knew (with the exception of the whole 'not marrying' thing - although, actually, to be fair, we don't see a lot of her characters in marriages; we see them going towards marriages, so perhaps she did actually still have familiarity with that). Austen scholars speculate, in the same vein of writing what you know and writing for entertainment to skewer the establishment, that she started out writing to amuse her friends and family. She didn't actually decide to be professional until around 1789. I wish I had a friend like Austen, writing to entertain me, instead of some of the friends that I have who you have to encourage in their creative projects. Austen had something going on; she had real talent.

Her Work

Her first attempt at a thing to publish was a shorter novel, called 'Lady Susan', which is totally unlike the work she's famous for, and you've probably not heard of it at all before this lesson, but it's really cool. It's worth checking out. It's interesting because it's very different in a lot of ways. It's about a woman in her mid-30s who's a widow and who's scheming to get a new husband. She's attractive, but she's also really selfish, and she's not very moral, which is kind of a little bit of a deviation for Austen. But she's witty, which is an Austen staple. So she's sort of a weird hodge-podge. It's an interesting first attempt at a work, and it's worth checking out for that reason.

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jane austen: biography and major novels - video & lesson transcript | study.com

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Jane Austen: Biography and Major Novels - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com

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Jane Austen - you've probably heard of her. She is a very influential and popular writer of romantic novels, and pretty much all of her books have been converted into big-name movies, even though they were published in the early 19th century.

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Poem of 109 stanzas, wilde's most famous poetical composition, written during his period in prison
tells the story of a hanging which took place in Reading Gaol in 1896 and which wilde witnessed as an inmate

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Jack Worthing/Algernon Moncrieff
Mr Cardew, grandfather of Cecily Cardew
Ernest (false) worthing/Bunbury
Gwendolen Fairfax/Cecily Cardew
Lady Bracknell/Miss Prism

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Dorian Gray, Basil Hallward
19th century version of the myth of Faust

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The strange case of dr. jekyll and mr. hyde

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The strange case of dr. jekyll and mr. hyde

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Henry Jekyll , Edward Hyde
Four narrators:
Utterson, Enfield, Lanyon and Jekyll
both gothic and decective story

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Coketown;
Thomas Gradgrind, headmaster, father of Louisa and Tom
Louisa marries Bounderby, a rich banker, Tom robs him and is ultimately punished
3 parts:
- Sowing
- Reaping
- Garnering

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Bildungsroman/fictional autobiography
3 parts:
- childhood and early youth
- later youth and early manhood
- maturity
Parliamentary reporter who becomes a literary man

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Poor boy of unknown parents. brought up in a workhouse, sold to an undertaker, runs away to london, gang of young pickpockets
A family adopts him and finds out he has noble origins

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- Evangelicalism
- Utilitarianism, based on Bentham's principles, supported by james and john mill
- Scientific discovery and Darwin's theories
- Herbet Spencer apllied Darwin's ideas to social life (social darwinism)

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- Morality, sense of duty
- Idea of respectability as mixture of both morality and hypocrisy
- Philantropy
- Bourgeois ideals
- Patriarchal family, female chastity, repression of sexuality
- Patriotism and sense of racial superiority (Jingoism)

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- Death of Prince Albert (1861)
- Golden and Diamond Jubilees (1887-97)
- Whigs became Liberals and Tories became Conservartive
- Queen Victoria obtaines the title of Empress of India (1877)
-Third reform act (1884): vote to all male householders
- The trade union act (1871): it legalized trade unions
- Birth of Labour party (1906)
- Public Health act (1875): provided clean water and sanitation
- Elementary education act (1870)

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- First reform act (1832): right to vote to the middle class
- Factory act (1833): regulated child labour in factories
- Ten Hours' act (1847): limitation of working hours to ten a day
- Poor law amendment act (1834): establishment of workhouses
- Introduction of cheap newspapers
- Irish potato famine (1845) led to the "corn law" movement
- Chartist movement wrote People's charter (1838)
- Second reform act (1867): vote to skilled working men
- Building of London Underground (1854)
- The Great Exhibition (1851): in the crystal palace designed by Paxton
- Opium wars (1839-1860): Britain fought against China for the opium trade.
- Crimean war (1853-56): Britain fought against Russia [Florence Nightingale

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- The first World War left the country in a disillusioned and cynical mood and it was undergoing a hard period for low-class people.
- There was a feeling of rootlessness and frustration; nothing seemed right or certain, even science and religion were powerless.
- The first set of new ideas was introduced by Sigmund Freud in his essay "The interpration of Dreams (1900)"
- Freud emphasised the power of the unconscious to affect behaviour and the discovery was very disturbing
- Freud's theory also stated that super-ego, which is the costraints imposed by society, education and moral laws, can distort man's behaviour
- Libido is also really important, especially in the Oedipus phase, in which the child sees the father as a rival for his mother's love
- Childhood regained importance and conventional models of relationship were readjusted
- Freud provided a new method of exploring the human mind through the analysis of dreams and the concept of "free association", which deeply influenced modern age writers
- Carl Gustav Jung continued Freud's studies and added the concept of "collective unconscious", a sort of cultural memory which operates on a symbolical level

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- Germany was expanding to the East, invading nations like Austria, Czechoslovakia and ultimately Poland (1939). This led to the outbreak of World War II.
- At first Germany had many succeesses (from 1939 to 1940), but was defeated by long russian winter and US army.
- In Britain prime minister Winston Churchill established a War Cabinet of five to take important decisions.
- The russian red army mached through Eastern Europe to free the countries invaded by the Germans
- The turning point was the American intervention in 1941, which followed a Japanese Air Attack on Pearl Harbour
- 6 June 1944 (D-Day), Germany surrendered in 1945 and Truman ordered the dropping of the atomic bomb on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
- Many countries gained independence from european domination
- The years following the war were hard for everyone.

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- During the 20s arguments between coal miners and mine owers led to the General Strike of 1926.
- There was huge unemployement and all over Europe and America a serious crisis, known as the "Depression" was taking place. During the 30s there was a recoverment owing to rearmament against nazi Germany.
- George V was succeeded by Edward VIII, who abdicated shortly after marrying a divorced american woman. So George VI came to the throne
- Spanish war broke out in 1936 and was won by general Francisco Franco with the help of Mussolini and Hitler.
- Many intellectuals of this period like Auden, Orwell and Hemingway joined the anti-fascist International Brigade.
- People moved from towns to the edge of cities due to the decline of heavy industry
- Newspapers and radio were the main social media at the time.

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- King George V (1911-1936)
- Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria, Italy) and Triple Entente (Russia, Britain and France)
- Rivalry between Russia and Austria over Serbia led to the war after the killing of Franz Ferdinand archduke of Austria in 1914
- Russia defends serbia, Germany supports austria, Britain claims war at Germany
- British government uses propaganda in order to persuade men to join up the war, by the end of 1915 there was conscription for all young men and women replaced them in their civilian jobs.
- At first Germany had many successes but was stopped by French resistance at the Battle of the Marne
- It developed in a trench warfare
- Shell shock is the term used by doctors to describe the consequences of shell explotions on surviving soldiers
- The war at sea was very important: germany used u-boats to sink merchant ships from US, US joined the war and caused shortage of food that led germany to surrender on 11 november 1918.
- The peace treaty was signed at Versailles by Lloyd George , Georges Clemenceau of France, the American President Woodrow Wilson and Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy.
- Wilson proposed Fourteen Points to prevent future wars and set up the League of Nations, an organization which uses dialogue to resolve arguments between countries. However US never joined the League.

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- King Edward VII (1901-1910)
- Modernism
- Entente cordiale (1904): agreement with France that Britain could pursue its interest in Egypt, and France in Morocco
- Class distinctions, inequalities of walth, poverty
- Liberals divided into 2 groups: those who supported laissez-faire and self-help and those who supported new liberalism.
- New liberals: Lloyd George, who believed that the Government had the responsibility to look after the poor; Winston Churchill
- Children's Charter (1906-08): series of law helping children (free meals, medical inspection)
- Introduction of old pension
- Unemployment
- Beginning of Welfare State
- The liberals reformed the House of Lords in the Parliament act (1911) so that Lords couldn't reject a bill about money
- 1918: women aged 30 and over could vote
- Popular newspapers

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Life;
Works:
- The picture of Dorian Gray
- The importance of being Earnest
- The ballad or reading gaol

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Life;
Works:
The strange case of dr. Jekyll and mr. Hyde

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Life;
Works:
- Oliver twist
- David copperfield
- Hard times

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- Born in France with Gautier in the last decades of the 19th century
- Art for Art's Sake
- The english theorist of the Aesthetic movement is Walter Pater
- Life as a work of art
- Sense of decadence

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- Early victorian age
- Later years of queen victoria's reign
- Victorian society
- Victorian values and philosophy

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Elinor and Marianne Dashwood
Edward ferrars
Willoughby
Colonel Brandon

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Elizabeth Bennet/Mr darcy
Jane Bennet/ Bingley
Charlotte lucas/Mr collins
Lydia/Wickam
Lady catherine/Mrs Bennet

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Life;
Works:
- Pride and prejudice
- Sense and sensibility

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Jane Austen: Biography of a Great Thinker