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Like the human digestive system, the tuna's digestive system also helps break down food. It's system has an esophagus, stomach, intestine, liver, pyloric caeca, and a pancreas. Tuna have a lot of the same organs as humans do in their digestive systems and they also function the same way, but fish have a pyloric caeca that aids in food digesting and absorption. Another difference would be in the intestines. Plant eating fish have longer intestines and meat eating fish have shorter ones. The tuna is a meat eating fish so it has shorter intestines.

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·        3 main muscle tissue types: smooth, cardiac, and skeletal

·        Smooth Muscle- found lining the walls of blood vessels, and are also found attached to hairs in the integument; 2 general types: unitary and multiunit

·        Cardiac Muscle- found in the arrangement of the heart wall; branching of the cells increase its overall connectivity and the cells are firmly united with each other.

·        Skeletal Muscle- closely associated with the skeleton and are used in locomotion

·        Axial Muscles- trunk and tail muscles of fishes

·        Appendicular Muscles- fin muscles of fishes   a�ǝ�

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*  Has 640 muscles
*  3 main muscle tissue types: smooth, cardiac, and skeletal.
*  Skeletal muscle EX: Biceps
*  Cardiac Muscle helps the heart bump blood EX: the heart
*  Smooth muscle EX: organs such as intestines.
*  The locomotion system is in charge of movement.
*  There are 260 bones in the human body.
*  Axial skeletons are the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column.
*  Appendicular skeletons are the legs, feet, arms, hands,pelvic girdle, and shoulder gridle.
*  Cartilage can be found in the joints of bones, ears, rib cage, nose, throat, and in the vertebrae. It bonds bones together.
*  Joints are responsible for movement and stability.
*  Tendons are connective tissue that bond muscle to bone.
*  Helps maintain homeostasis by producing new cells when old ones die off and providing support and structure for the body. It also helps by controlling movement of vital internal organs and allowing the body to move

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A tuna's nervous system also contains a brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and nerves. The fish's brain also uses the spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs to send messages and neural signals to the rest of the tuna's body. Tuna also have 5 senses; sight, taste, smell, hearing, and feeling. The hearing and feeling senses work together. They use all of theses senses to look for prey. Unlike a human, tuna can not only use a tongue for tasting but also their snout, mouth, and throat.

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The human nervous system connects the brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and nerves with the rest of our body. This system controls the body and sends messages from our brain to our organs. It is also in charge of our sense of feeling. The brain controls the body's ability to balance and its ability to interpret information sent to the brain by the eyes, ears, and other sensory organs. Sensory organs are the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin, they are the reason that we can hear, see, smell, taste, and touch. The spinal cord helps send neural signals between the brain and the rest of the body. Nerves run throughout all the body and they can sensor pain, they also transmit signals between different parts of the body. The nervous system helps maintain homeostasis by commanding and monitoring all the systems in the body.

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·        About 70-72 bpm

·        They have a single systemic circuit for blood

·        Heart pumps blood to the gills to be re-oxygenated

·        Then the blood flows to the rest of the body and back to the heart.

·        Number of heart chambers, atria and ventricles, tones down the amount of mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the heart

·        More chambers usually means more separation between the systemic and pulmonary circuits

·        They have a single circulatory pattern

·        Two-chambered heart- blood and blood vessels

·        Blood vessels carry the blood throughout the body.

·        The arteries carry oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body.

·        Their capillaries form the link between arteries and veins  lit�Ɲ�w��

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·        Main organs are the heart, blood, and blood vessels.

·        Responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and cellular waste throughout the body in blood.

·        Pumps over 5 liters of blood through the body every minute

·        Double loop (double circulatory system)- two loops in our body in which blood circulates

·        Pulmonary Circulation- the part of blood circulation which carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart.

·        Systemic Circulation- the part of blood circulation that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

·        First, the blood flows into the tubes called arteries. Then the arteries branch again and again to for smaller tubes.

·        Smallest blood vessels are the capillaries. They have thin walls so that the blood that they carry can come into close contact with body tissues. Eventually they join together to form small veins.

·        The blood vessels of the body carry blood in a circle

·        Moving away from the heart in arteries, moving to other parts of the body in capillaries, and finally going back to the heart in veins.

·        Four chambers of the heart- two atrias (smaller chambers with thinner walls) that receive blood into the heart and to ventricles (bigger chambers with thicker and stronger walls) that pump blood into circulation.

·        About 60-100 bpm for ages 18 and older, and 70-100 bpm for children 6-15.  q�՝�ӧ�
*      Maintains homeostasis by transporting blood to deliver nutrients and to remove waste throughout the body.

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Tunas always return to their birth place during mating season to spawn there. Mating season is usually between April and May or June and July.

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Bluefin tuna are a top predator. They eat herring, mackerel, and eels. At the bottom of the food chain are the phytoplankton, seaweed, and seagrasses. After that is the primary consumer, which are the zooplankton, sea urchins, and parrotfish. then comes the secondary consumers, which consist of squids, sardines, and snappers. The last level, the tertiary consumers, includes seals, tuna, and sharks. Tunas have two predators- Sharks and humans.

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1. Nukurangi, Taihoro. Niwa. 2013
https://www.niwa.co.nz/te-k%C5%ABwaha/tuna-information-resource/biology-and-ecology/habitat
2. World Wild Life. 2016
http://www.worldwildlife.org/species/bluefin-tuna
3. Oceana
http://eu.oceana.org/en/eu/media-reports/features/bluefin-tuna

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Tunas can be found in different habitats such as, lakes, wetlands, rivers, and mountain streams. Tuna specifically like to to hide out during the day, so they look for water weeds, tree roots and debris. They can also dig into mud to hide. Different types of tunas can be found in different places. Adult tunas with long fins can be found in fast streaming water and stony river beds. Shortfins prefer slow streams near the coast. Smaller tuna like shallow water and bigger ones can be found in deeper water

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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Scombridae
Subfamily: Scrombrinae
Tribe: Thunnini

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The tuna's respiratory system also intakes oxygen and distributes it throughout the body. It has different organs however than the human respiratory system, this is because fish live in a whole different type of environment than humans do, they live in water. Tuna have nostrils, as do humans, but they don't have a nose. They also contain a pharynx but they have gills. Tuna can either breathe in through the nostrils or mouth, it leads the water and oxygen into the pharynx and out through the gills.

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The human respiratory system takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxides. This includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and the diaphragm. The function of the nose is to bring air into to the body, also, the little hairs in the nose help clean the air of foreign particles. The pharynx (throat), trachea, and bronchi lead air into the lungs. The function of the lungs is to help the air we breathe enter the red blood cells in the blood so that they can carry the oxygen to cells in our body. The diaphragm expands the lungs during inspiration. The respiratory system maintains homeostasis by exchanging important gases throughout the body.

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The tuna's digestive system also rids the body of fluid wastes. It includes the kidney, swim bladder, head kidney, ureter, urogenital pore, urinary bladder. The tuna's kidney has the same function as the human kidneys and so do the ureter and urinary bladder. The urogenital pore has the same function as the urethra in humans but it has a different name. The swim bladder's function is to help the fish maintain its depth without floating upward or sinking.

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The human excretory system rids the body of wastes produced by homeostasis. Parts of the body included are the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The function of kidneys are to extract waste from blood, balance body fluids, and form urine. Ureters are there to carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The function of the urinary bladder is to collect urine released by the kidneys and remove it from the body by urination. The urethra carries the urine from the bladder to the outside of the body when urinating. The excretory system maintains homeostasis by removing waste an balancing salt levels in the body.

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The human digestive system helps breaks down food.  It includes the mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, an large intestine. They all work together to get the important nutrients needed from the ingested food and to turn it into waste. The mouth starts the process by breaking down the food into small pieces so that it can be swallowed. The food goes down the esophagus and into the stomach where it is further broken down and the nutrients are taken and led to the liver, the rest of it is waste and is basically useless so it goes into the small intestine and then into the large intestine where it exits the body. The role of the pancreas is to convert the food into usable energy fuel for the body, it also regulates blood sugar. The gall bladder holds bile produced in the liver until it is needed for digesting fatty foods in the duodenum of the small intestine. The digestive system helps maintain homeostasis by breaking down food into a chemical that can be absorbed by the body.