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What is a Dictatorship - More Grades 6-12 Social Studies on Harmony Square

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A dictatorship is when there is one ruler and there is a small amount of freedom and it is unfair.

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What is DICTATORSHIP? DICTATORSHIP meaning - DICTATORSHIP definition - How to pronounce DICTATORSHIP

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Very dictatoring

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A dictator is a leader that has absolute power over the entire country.

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dictatorship, form of government in which one person or a small group possesses absolute power without effective constitutional limitations. The term dictatorship comes from the Latin title dictator, which in the Roman Republic designated a temporary magistrate who was granted extraordinary powers in order to deal with state crises. Modern dictators, however, resemble ancient tyrants rather than ancient dictators. Ancient philosophers' descriptions of the tyrannies of Greece and Sicily go far toward characterizing modern dictatorships. Dictators usually resort to force or fraud to gain despotic political power, which they maintain through the use of intimidation, terror, and the suppression of basic civil liberties. They may also employ techniques of mass propaganda in order to sustain their public support.

With the decline and disappearance in the 19th and 20th centuries of monarchies based on hereditary descent, dictatorship became one of the two chief forms of government in use by nations throughout the world, the other being constitutional democracy. Rule by dictators has taken several different forms. In Latin America in the 19th century, various dictators arose after effective central authority had collapsed in the new nations recently freed from Spanish colonial rule. These caudillos, or self-proclaimed leaders, usually led a private army and tried to establish control over a territory before marching upon a weak national government. Antonio López de Santa Anna in Mexico and Juan Manuel de Rosas in Argentina are examples of such leaders. ( See personalismo.) Later 20th-century dictators in Latin America were different. They were national rather than provincial leaders and often were put in their position of power by nationalistic military officers. They usually allied themselves with a particular social class, and attempted either to maintain the interests of wealthy and privileged elites or to institute far-reaching left-wing social reforms.

In the new states of Africa and Asia after World War II, dictators quickly established themselves on the ruins of constitutional arrangements inherited from the Western colonial powers that had proved unworkable in the absence of a strong middle class and in the face of local traditions of autocratic rule. In some such countries, elected presidents and prime ministers captured personal power by establishing one-party rule and suppressing the opposition, while in others the army seized power and established military dictatorships.

The communist and fascist dictatorships that arose in various technologically advanced countries in the first half of the 20th century were distinctively different from the authoritarian regimes of Latin America or the postcolonial dictatorships of Africa and Asia. Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler and the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin were the leading examples of such modern totalitarian dictatorships. The crucial elements of both were the identification of the state with a single mass party and of the party with its charismatic leader, the use of an official ideology to legitimize and maintain the regime, the use of terror and propaganda to suppress dissent and stifle opposition, and the use of modern science and technology to control the economy and individual behaviour. Soviet-type communist dictatorships arose in central and eastern Europe, China, and other countries in the wake of World War II, though most of them (as well as the Soviet Union itself) had collapsed by the last decade of the 20th century.

During times of domestic or foreign crisis, even most constitutional governments have conferred emergency powers on the chief executive, and in some notable cases this provided the opportunity for duly elected leaders to overthrow democracy and rule dictatorially thereafter. The proclamation of emergency rule, for example, was the beginning of the dictatorships of Hitler in Germany, Benito Mussolini in Italy, Kemal Atatürk in Turkey, Józef Piłsudṣki in Poland, and António de Oliveira Salazar in Portugal. In other democracies, however, constitutional arrangements have survived quite lengthy periods of crisis, as in Great Britain and the United States during World War II, in which the use of extraordinary powers by the executive came to a halt with the end of the wartime emergency.

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Dictatorship | Definition, Characteristics, Countries, & Facts

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Dictatorship, form of government in which one person or a small group possesses absolute power without effective constitutional limitations. Dictators usually resort to force or fraud to gain despotic political power, which they maintain through the use of intimidation, terror, and the suppression of civil liberties.

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What is a Dictatorship - More Grades 6-12 Social Studies on Harmony Square

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What is a Dictatorship - More Grades 6-12 Social Studies on Harmony Square

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What is a Dictatorship - More Grades 6-12 Social Studies on Harmony Square

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What's a Dictatorship? | Politics on Point

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What is a Dictatorship - More Grades 6-12 Social Studies on Harmony Square

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A dictator is someone who comes to power though force and they are unfair to many people. Everyone has to listen to the dictator. People think most dictators are scary and not good people.

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The meaning of dictatorship is that one as a the power

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What is a Dictatorship - More Grades 6-12 Social Studies on Harmony Square

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The meaning of dictatorship is rule by a dictator : rule, control, or leadership by one person with total power. See more meanings of dictatorship. How to use dictatorship in a sentence.

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What's a Dictatorship? | Politics on Point

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Dictatorship is a form of government when one person rules, and has all the power that the military is given. One example of a dictator was hitler for Germany.

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Dictatorship is a form of government in which one person is in complete power over a country or state in which no other people posses power. Plus only that dictator can change laws or rules. -Beckett Sullivan

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What Is Dictatorship: Dictatorship Meaning Explained

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What is a Dictatorship?

A dictatorship is a type of government in which a single person-the dictator-or party has absolute power. This means that the ruler or party has complete control. The rights of the people are typically suppressed in a dictatorship, sometimes to a great degree. Dictators are usually backed (especially financially) by groups of powerful people. Typically, dictators rise to power when a nation faces significant social issues, such as strong economic crises or unrest among the nation's people.

Dictators typically retain their power by silencing any opposition to their rulings and guidelines. This is often done via questionable means, including intimidation, imprisonment (lawful or not), physical violence, or even assassination. Dictatorships have shallow levels of freedom. Although it is true that some dictators are far more strict and overbearing than others, as a rule, dictatorships tend to result in a loss of personal autonomy, quality of life, and political choice for everyday citizens. Negative effects include the unraveling of social organizations and democratic institutions and the prohibition of other political parties.

When necessary, a dictator may also make an effort to replace or amend the nation's constitution to empower, enrich, or otherwise benefit the dictator and his/her allies to a greater degree. An appropriate example of this occurred in 2020 when Russian president Vladimir Putin and his party introduced amendments to the country's constitution that reworked term limits, enabling Putin to remain in power until 2036. People living under a dictatorship are often persecuted for unethical reasons, including their religion, sexual orientation, or economic status. Dictators often employ illegal and/or immoral methods to maintain their power and control, including the use of secret police, indefinite arrests, and concentration camps.

The Five Kinds of Dictatorship

The type of dictatorship a country is ruled by typically comes down to the methods the dictator used to obtain power and how they go about maintaining it. In their book "Dictators and Dictatorships: Understanding Authoritarian Regimes and Their Leaders", authors Natasha M. Ezrow and Erica Frantz lay out five types of dictatorships:

1. Military dictatorship:

Power is obtained and maintained through military might. The military takes control of the country (usually through a direct coup), installs the dictator of its choosing (typically the highest-ranking military officer), and uses force of arms to preserve its power.

2. Monarchies:

Power is obtained and passed on through family connections. An autocracy, monarchy, and dictatorship.

3. Personalistic dictatorships:

The leader may be supported by a party or military, but still retains the overwhelming majority of power, especially regarding whom to place in which governmental roles, and relies heavily upon their own charisma to maintain control. Leaders of these dictatorships often place those loyal to them in positions of power (qualified or not), and foster cults of personality to sway public opinion to their side. Like most dictators, they also often employ secret police and violence to silence critics.

4. Single party dictatorships:

Also called a dominant party dictatorship or one-party state. Multiple political parties may exist, but one dominates the government, makes all the rules, is free to disseminate propaganda, and controls every aspect of every election (which may offer voters only a single candidate), thereby ensuring they win every time. After authoritarian monarchies, these tend to be the longest-lasting dictatorships, as they can more easily install a new dictator if the existing one leaves office (rare) or dies.

5. Hybrid dictatorships:

Hybrid dictatorships blend elements of the other four types. Examples include the Personalist/Military dictatorship of Pakistan from 1977 to 1988 and the Single-Party/Military hybrid that controlled El Salvador from 1948 to 1984.

What Life is Like in a Country Ruled by a Dictatorship

Dictatorships suffer from an obvious and significant imbalance of power. One person holds all of the country's power. Therefore, the entire country operates on the whims of that one person. A dictator may have a team of officials who advise him or her and help keep the government running, but these officials ultimately have very little control or influence. On a similar note, a dictatorship's regular citizens have no voice in most matters. The dictator is the absolute ruler. From the outside looking in, life within a dictatorship appears akin to being in a toxic relationship or living situation. However, many people in long-running dictatorships such as North Korea and Cameroon have never experienced anything else, so living in a dictatorship is much less jarring and shocking to them. Dictatorships seem much more extreme and unethical to people who enjoy the privilege of an outside perspective.

The Countries with Dictatorships in the Modern World

As of 2020, there are 52 nations with a dictator or authoritarian regime ruling the country: Three in Latin America and South America, 27 in Asia and the Middle East, and 22 in Africa.

African Dictators

Africa has several long-standing dictators despite the fact that the continent as a whole is quite volatile politically. In the last six years alone, at least 26 African countries have experienced transfers of power. Unfortunately, democracy is still shaky in many countries, a number of which are fighting violent religious insurrections, and the likelihood of any fallen dictator being quickly replaced by another dictator is high.

There are currently 22 dictators in Africa, some worse than others. Some have been in power for decades, such as President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo of Equatorial New Guinea. President Obiang gained power in 1979 after ousting his uncle, Francisco Macías Nguema, and sentencing him to death by firing squad. His wealth is estimated to be approximately $600 million. This is thanks to an oil boom that enriched his family at the expense of the Equatorial Guinea citizens. Obiang's regime is known for state-sanctioned kidnappings, torture of prisoners, and unlawful killings. A political rival accused Obiang of cannibalism in 2004, but no evidence to support the claim has ever surfaced.

Dictators Around the World

The leaders of dictatorships are not outwardly identified as dictators when other people are addressing them. In fact, most dictators adopt common appellations such as "President" or "Prime Minister", so they must be identified via their actions and policies rather than their title.

President Ashraf Ghani Ahmadzai of Afghanistan

President Abdelmadjid Tebboune of Algeria

President João Lourenço of Angola

President Ilham Aliyev of Azerbaijan

King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa of Bahrain

Sheikh Hasina of Bangladesh

President Alexander Lukashenko of Belarus

Sultan Haji Waddaulah of Brunei

President Évariste Ndayishimiye of Burundi

Prime Minister Hun Sen of Cambodia

President Paul Biya of Cameroon

President Faustin Archange Touadera of the Central African Republic

President Idriss Deby of Chad

President Xi Jinping of China

President Félix Tshilombo Tshisekedi of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

President Denis Sassou Nguesso of the Republic of the Congo

President Miguel Diaz-Canel of Cuba

President Ismaïl Omar Guelleh of Djibouti

President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi of Egypt

President Teodoro Mbasogo of Equatorial Guinea

President Isaias Afwerki of Eritrea

Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed of Ethiopia

President Albert-Bernard Bongo of Gabon

Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei of Iran

President Barham Salih of Iraq

President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev of Kazakhstan

President Bounnhang Vorachith of Laos

President Nouri Abusahmain of Libya

Min Aung Hlaing of Myanmar

President Daniel Ortega of Nicaragua

President Kim Jong-un of North Korea

Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al-Said of Oman

Emir Tamin Al Thani of Qatar

President Vladimir Putin of Russia

President Paul Kagame of Rwanda

King Abdullah Aziz Al Saud of Saudi Arabia

President Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed of Somalia

President Salva Kiir Mayardit of South Sudan

President Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman Burhan of Sudan

King Mswati III of Eswatini/Swaziland

President Bashar al-Assad of Syria

President Emomalii Rahmon of Tajikistan

Chairman Losang Jamcan of Tibet

President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan of Turkey

President Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedow of Turkmenistan

President Yoweri Museveni of Uganda

King Sheikh Khalifa Nahyan of the United Arab Emirates

President Shavkat Mirziyoyev of Uzbekistan

President Nicolás Maduro of Venezuela

President Nguyễn Phú Trọng of Vietnam

President Brahim Ghali of Western Sahara

President Abd Al-Hadi of Yemen

Is China a dictatorship?

Given the degree of censorship and control China's government leverages over its citizens, most political experts would call it a dictatorship. China's constitution calls its government a "people's democratic dictatorship." This may sound like a contradiction of terms to many people. The premise of the "people's democratic dictatorship" is that the Chinese Party of China and the state represent and act on behalf of the people, but possess and may use powers against reactionary forces. The People's Republic of China is currently ruled by President Xi Jinping, who also serves as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, Chairman of the Central Military Commission, the country's Vice President, the President of the Central Party School, and the 1st ranked member of the CPC Politburo Standing Committee.

Is Russia a dictatorship?

Russia is a federal semi-presidential republic and an oligarchy. President Vladimir Putin is currently serving his fourth term as President of Russia. Despite repeated promises to leave office in 2024 (when his term limit is reached), Putin spearheaded a 2020 constitutional amendment enabling him to remain in power until 2036. Whether or not Putin is a dictator is a matter of some debate. Those who believe that he is a dictator argue that he imprisons his opponents, removed freedom of speech-the press can only publish what he allows them to-and has restructured the government to give himself more and longer-lasting power. In addition to executive authority, Putin also holds judicial and legislative power, which enables him to change the law to fit his agenda.

Autocracy Countries (The difference between an Autocracy and a Dictatorship)

The terms "autocrat" and "autocracy" are often used interchangeably with "dictator" and "dictatorship". This is understandable, as the terms are very similar. Just like a dictatorship, an autocracy is a government headed by a single ruler (the autocrat) whose decisions are not subject to legal restraints and who exercises unlimited and undisputed power. That said, there are two important differences between dictatorships and autocracies. First is that an autocracy nearly always focuses power in a single individual person, whereas dictatorships-single-party dictatorships in particular-sometimes spread the power throughout a small group of people (say, the leaders of the dictator's political party).

Secondly, while the term "dictatorship" is widely understood to include inherent abuse of power-there is arguably no such thing as a benevolent dictator-history offers several examples of autocrats who tried to do what was best for their people. Examples might include King Cyrus the Great of Persia, who is thought to have created the first declaration of human rights, the Biblical King Solomon, Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius, and Singapore's Prime Minister Lee Kwan Yue. While autocratic countries are not always malevolent, they often still encounter resistance from citizens who would prefer to have a greater say in the government's policy-making process.

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A dictatorship is a type of government in which a single person-the dictator-or party has absolute power. This means that the ruler or party has complete control. The rights of the people are typically suppressed in a dictatorship, sometimes to a great degree. Dictators are usually backed (especially financially) by groups of powerful people.

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What's a Dictatorship? | Politics on Point

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Keystone-France/Gamma-Keystone/Getty Images

A dictatorship is a system of government in which a single person or party has complete political power; the dictator often maintains power by employing oppressive methods. Dictatorship is an old form of government with origins in ancient Rome. Dictators often ascend to power through democratic means but use their authority to subvert constitutional safeguards.

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Keystone-France/Gamma-Keystone/Getty Images A dictatorship is a system of government in which a single person or party has complete political power; the dictator often maintains power by employing oppressive methods. Dictatorship is an old form of government with origins in ancient Rome. Dictators often ascend to power through democratic means but use their authority to subvert constitutional safeguards.

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https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/30/hungarian-academic-andrea-peto-quits-in-censorship-row?scrlybrkr=ed83a604

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A prominent academic has resigned from a Hungarian higher education body, alleging censorship and accusing the top European standards organisation of turning a blind eye to waning academic freedom in central Europe.

Andrea Pető, a professor at the Central European University in Vienna, said she had resigned from the Hungarian Accreditation Committee's humanities subcommittee last week after she was asked to change part of an article she wrote that was due to be published in an academic journal.

Academic freedom in Hungary has been under pressure since Viktor Orbán returned to power in 2010. Under the prime minister's self-proclaimed "illiberal democracy", the ruling Fidesz party has sought to take control of courts and public institutions, while shrinking the space for independent media and NGOs. The Central European University was forced to leave Budapest for Vienna in 2018, and observers have voiced concern about a tax on institutions helping refugee students and researchers.

Pető said the director of the Hungarian Accreditation Committee (MAB), Prof Valeria Csépe, asked her to withdraw a statement in the draft article that criticised the European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education (ENQA) for failing to confront a slide to illiberalism in educational policy in Hungary and Poland.

MAB is a member of ENQA, a Brussels-based body that promotes quality standards in higher education across Europe, the Balkans and Central Asia.

"You can feel how dictatorship works," the historian and specialist in gender studies said in her first interview with international media since her resignation. "Because this is not the state, this is not Prime Minister Orbán who is giving orders. Those who make this system work are the kind of ordinary people who are running those institutions. The whole story looks as it had happened in communist Hungary well before 1989."

Pető said the request to withdraw her criticism of ENQA was "unacceptable ... against my values, against my professional conviction, against everything I have been working for in the last 30 years.

"The president of the Hungarian Accreditation Committee wanted me to change what I think about the European accreditation process, namely that the ENQA is unprepared for the illiberal attack, as they are just accepting at face value what is reported to them as the truth."

She accused ENQA of staying silent while academic freedom was under pressure in Hungary, citing the examples of the Hungarian government's decision to close gender studies programmes and policies that pushed her university to leave Budapest for Vienna - the first time in decades a university has been forced out of a European country.

The professor said "the European infrastructure" was so focused on box-ticking requirements it was failing to recognise a paradigm shift in higher education in central Europe.

MAB joined the pan-European ENQA in 2002 and had its membership reconfirmed in September 2018 under a regular five-year review.

Her resignation came after what she described as "a very stormy discussion" on academic responsibility inside MAB's humanities subcommittee over a government plan to cut teacher training by one year, which she opposes.

The professor hopes other academics will also resign, as she believes the episode illustrates a wider problem. In the article, which was published unchanged last week, she argued an illiberal turn in higher education policy was leading to self censorship among Hungarian academics.

MAB declined to comment publicly. Senior sources, however, do not dispute that the director requested a change to Pető's article, but characterise the change as a technical correction relating to MAB's relationship with ENQA.

In a statement, ENQA said the purpose of its agency reviews was to assess "compliance with external quality assurance activities relating to learning and teaching in higher education". It added that academic freedom "is not specifically covered" by those standards and the review process, but is covered by other aspects of the Bologna process, a reference to a wider policy of cooperation in European higher education spanning 48 countries.

"The ENQA review process assesses the agency itself (its policies and practices) and not the education system of the country in which it operates," the agency added. ENQA also said it had full confidence in the independent experts, who receive training, to carry out reviews. "Since the review in 2018, ENQA remains satisfied that [MAB] continues to meet the standards of the ESG," a reference to its standards and guidelines on quality assurance.

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'How dictatorship works': Hungarian academic quits in censorship row

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A prominent academic has resigned from a Hungarian higher education body, alleging censorship and accusing the top European standards organisation of turning a blind eye to waning academic freedom in central Europe.

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Dictatorship article. -Beckett Sullivan 

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Dictatorship article. -Beckett Sullivan 

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Abstract

Before the modern period, the term 'dictatorship' was employed to signify a temporary suspension of a constitution, allowing one person to assume unlimited power in order to effectively respond to some crisis that threatened the integrity or the political survival of a community. By the Middle Ages in Europe, and the institutionalization of hereditary dynasties in East and South Asia, rulers who exercised unlimited powers were identified as 'emperors,' 'monarchs,' 'despots,' or 'tyrants.' By the beginning of the modern period, the term 'dictatorship' was reintroduced and applied to those systems in which constitutional constraints on governmental powers were suspended and unlimited power was transferred, usually, to a single individual. After the termination of the First World War, a new class of modern dictatorships emerged, characterized by 'vanguard parties,' 'charismatic leaders,' formal ideologies that served to legitimate self-selected minority rule, and security and control infrastructures capable of dominating entire populations. Out of that class of dictatorships a subset of regimes appeared that has been identified as 'totalitarianism.' Those regimes, because of their exclusive control over entire nations, and their conviction in their own imperative moral responsibilities, have undertaken the mass-murder or genocide of millions of innocents in the pursuit of political ends, for example, 'the purification of the race,' or the success of the international 'proletarian revolution.' Some of these regimes may have survived into the twenty-first century.

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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080970868930344

2 Modern Dictatorship

The dislocations that attended the end of the First World War, gave rise to a wave of revolutionary ferment that involved Eastern and Southern Europe (Lee 1987 ). In Russia, revolutionaries first overthrew the Romanov monarchy, and then the provisional democratic government of Alexander Kerensky, in order to impose, in 1917, a 'dictatorship of the proletariat' under the leadership of V. I. Lenin.

According to the tenets of classical Marxism (the Marxism of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, the dictatorship of the proletariat was to be a transitional form of minority rule that marked the distance between 'bourgeois democracy'-what Marxists considered to be, in reality, a 'dictatorship of the bourgeoisie'-and communist democracy (see ). Lenin assumed full power over the emerging political system that followed the 'proletarian' revol ution (see Revolution) by legitimizing it through an appeal to an ideological rationale (Furet 1999).

At approximately the same time, in 1922, Benito Mussolini led a collection of revolutionaries against the parliamentary and monarchial government of peninsular Italy (De Felice 1965). Initially what appeared to be a transitional government, calculated to deliver the nation from the crises that followed the First World War, the government of Mussolini quickly took on the features of a modern dictatorship. Through reforms commencing as early as 1925, Mussolini's Fascist regime assumed the properties of permanent minority rule under single-party auspices (De Felice 1968).

Lenin's proletarian dictatorship and Mussolini's Fascism provide a syndrome of traits that specifically characterize modern dictatorship (Johnson 1991). In both cases, a charismatic leader exercises almost total control over followers as well as the national community out of which they emerge. Leadership in both cases is epistemarchic in character. That is to say, leadership, in the absence of popular elections, is legitimatized by the leader's putative possession of an ideology (see Ideology: Political Aspects) that is an inerrant guide to policy, satisfying the needs of the collectivity (respectively the proletariat, or the nation). The inerrant ideology informs the belief system of an organization of believers, usually identified as a 'vanguard' of the revolutionary truth. In the course of time, that vanguard becomes the 'unitary party' of the political system-to the exclusion of alternatives. The inerrancy of the ideology and its attendant policy, in turn, is used to justify control over any and all political dissidence (which, under the circumstances, could only be in error) and any initiatives independent of the vanguard leadership (Manoilescu 1941).

In general, modern dictatorships maintain a military adjunct to unitary party rule. In the Bolshevik case that adjunct was the Red Army. In the case of the Fascist revolution, that adjunct was the Blackshirt militia. In the case of Adolf Hitler's National Socialism, that adjunct was the Schutz Staffel While military force remains an ultimate recourse of the system, modern dictatorships tend to be populist in disposition. They seek plebiscitary confirmation through controlled elections. Leadership, in modern dictatorships, because it is characteristically 'charismatic,' enjoys life tenure. The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea), as a case in point, exemplifies such a system. After the Second World War, Castro's Cuba, and Mao's China constituted illustrative instances. The system under the rule of Gamal I Abd' El-Nasser in Egypt, and Ghana under Kwame Nkrumah took on many of the same features. They took on the properties of a modern dictatorship however much their actual practice failed to fully satisfy the criteria for admission into the class.

In most cases, modern dictatorships, whatever their initial character, took on the features of an emphatic nationalism. Having begun as an ideology predicated on class, Bolshevism, as an instantial case, very quickly made recourse to 'patriotism' to sustain popular commitment. All classes and segments of classes in the Soviet Union were expected to be supportive of what were unmistakably national purposes, however 'proletarian' they were supposed to be.

Similarly, given the traits exemplified by such a class of polities, they all failed to allow for what parliamentary and constitutional systems understand to be voluntary association, formal opposition, free elections, the separation of legislative, judicial and executive powers, as well as popular freedom of expression and individual movement. In almost all cases, the charter constitutions of such systems change with some regularity (the constitutions of the People's Republic of China, for example, have changed with every change of leadership) and their provisions are subject to unconstrained interpretation (the provisions of the constitution of Fascist Italy, for example, were subject to the regular reinterpretation of Mussolini and the Grand Council of Fascism).

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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767011360

Introduction

Dictatorships and totalitarian regimes have been known to humanity at least since the birth of democracy. As a matter of fact, the two concepts are intimately connected as the term dictatorship, or autocracy, signifies the very opposite of democracy. Rather than the individual being ruled by the will of the people, the people are ruled by the will of the individual. Typically, the dictator imposes his or her will by assuming command of the nation's armed and security forces. It should therefore come as no surprise that many dictators throughout history have been military men.

While modern dictatorships in many ways closely resemble their ancient predecessors, several aspects of the nature of dictatorships have changed over the millennia. As Daniel Chirot notes, a qualitative shift has occurred in the general characteristic of dictatorships. Ancient occurrences of autocracies may have lacked the ideological elements often displayed by modern dictators in the shape of nationalism and a sense of certainty about a God-given task. As the twentieth century showed us, dictators are no longer content to rule and conquer, but see themselves as 'burdened' by greater missions, such as the creation of an Aryan nation or a communist project of totalitarian dimensions. However, the examples of Hitler, Stalin, and Mao are by no means historical peculiarities. Subsequent dictators have shown the world that a sense of mission is not unique to three of history's arch-criminals. Rulers such as Pol Pot, Idi Amin, Nicolae Ceausescu, Ferdinand Marcos, and Slobodan Milosevic, among many others, followed in the footsteps of Hitler, Stalin, and Mao, causing much devastation to their nations, and in some cases to neighboring nations as well. Some of these dictators died in office or passed the torch to handpicked heirs, but many others were removed from power either by rivals hungry for power, or by ordinary citizens hungry for freedom. This article examines various types of such removals, ranging from assassinations to nonviolent revolutions.

As noted above, the nature of autocracies has changed dramatically in the 2100 years that have passed since Julius Caesar assumed the position of the Western world's first dictator. For the purposes of this article a dictator is defined as the national leader of a political system in which executive power is concentrated in one individual. A more all-encompassing way to think about both dictatorships and authoritarian regimes is to define these political systems on the basis of the regular citizens living in them. In 2006, Freedom House, a Washington think tank that every year measures and compares the civil liberties and political rights experienced by the citizens of the world's countries, classified 45 of the world's nations as 'not free' and another 58 as 'partly free', leaving 89 nations in the category of 'free' countries. It could be argued that 'not free' countries by definition are ruled by authoritarian regimes.

Although some scholars are critical of the somewhat informal methods of these studies, the variables measured by Freedom House are developed on standard criteria that range from political to civil liberties. Based on this data, and the definition suggested above, the world currently hosts at least 45 dictatorial or authoritarian states, that is, 'not free' nations. Among those we find obvious dictatorial candidates such as North Korean leader Kim Jong-Il, but also more mainstream politicians like Russia's president Vladimir Putin. Although significant differences exist between men like Jong-Il and Putin, these differences may not be substantial enough to classify only one of them as a dictator. Rather it might be useful to think of dictatorship as a spectrum ranging from totalitarian to pseudo-democratic. When framed in this manner, Jong clearly falls close to the totalitarian end of the spectrum while Putin would be placed somewhere towards the pseudo-democratic end of it. Nonetheless, both men are leaders of nations classified as 'not free' and therefore some might refer to them as dictators. Still, it is important to note the Putin cannot be considered the Russian equivalent of Jong-Il, mainly because there is a democratically elected parliament in Russia with substantial powers.

Another characteristic of dictatorships and authoritarian regimes is that they are no longer solely domestic concerns of the particular nation experiencing dictatorial rule, but rather are viewed as threats to the prospect of international peace. As the world in the twenty-first century is decreasing in size, one nation's problems become those of its neighbors as well. The removal of dictators thus becomes a global concern, as US foreign policy clearly indicates. However, despite much of the international criticism it is not the intentions of such policies that are problematic, but rather the military strategies employed to achieve the objective. As this article will show, violence is not the only, or, more importantly, the most efficient way to remove dictators. Nonviolence can and has been used to successfully replace autocracies with democracy.

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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123739858000490

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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080970868032074

II The Gleichschaltung of the Media

The NS dictatorship was not a constitutional state, but a "state of measures." Hitler came to power because the Weimar Democracy had not put up any concerted resistance to him. For example, the NS press employed members of parliament as legally accountable editors. However, they could not be legally prosecuted due to the immunity they enjoyed as members of parliament. Consequently, the NS press could agitate against democracy before 1933; 274 cases of incitement of the masses were registered up to 1931. The Reich Press Law was changed at too late a stage to prevent future abuses.

What had not restricted them did not have to be abolished, only changed. Therefore, the National Socialists did not create their own constitution. However, all the important basic rights anchored in the Weimar Constitution were repealed in the decree of 28 February 1933: the freedom of speech, privacy of correspondence, and the freedom of assembly and association. The basis for the state of measures was the Law to Redress the Need of the People and the State, the Enabling Act of 24 March, as it was known. It gave Hitler the necessary dictatorial powers, initially for four years, then for repeated limited periods until it was extended for an unlimited period by the Führer's Decree in 1943. In the Führer's Decree of 13 March 1933, the Ministry of Propaganda was created. The framework for it had been established in the field of culture on 22 September 1933 by the Reich Chamber of Culture Act. The Chamber of Culture for the Reich was given control of the Chamber of Press and Chamber of Broadcasting for the Reich, among others. The Chamber of Film for the Reich was founded on the basis of its own law.

The Reich Press Law of 1874 was also still formally valid for the period 1933 to 1945, but de facto it had been displaced by the Editors Act (SLG). The state now defined the official role of the press. Journalists had to be registered in a list of editors and had to be of Aryan descent; consequently the state could disqualify people from their professions, which ensured conformity in journalistic conduct. Between 1934 and 1945, it is estimated that 1200 to1300 disciplinary hearings involving journalists were held in industrial tribunals under supervision of the Ministry of Propaganda. All the regulations were tailor-made for Joseph Goebbels, who controlled the entries in the list of editors. Since the publishers were weakened in their authority, the NS press publisher Max Amann put up bitter resistance to the Editors Act.

In general, the press in the NS period was not governed by pre-censorship. The threat of disqualification from one's profession sufficed. From 1933 to 1935, the banning of newspapers played an important role as the opposition press was eliminated. In subsequent years, individual NS newspapers such as Der Stürmer were also banned. The details of journalistic work were determined by press instructions and daily slogans. In the period 1933 to 1945, it is estimated that between 80,000 and 100,000 press instructions were issued. The pre-wartime instructions were recently published by Bohrmann and Toepser-Ziegert in NS-Presseanweisungen der Vorkriegszeit: Edition und Dokumentation.

In contrast to the press, the film industry was brought to heel by pre-censorship and financial donations. The Reich Cinema Act of 16 February 1934 regulated the state's involvement in the production process. The central authority was the Reich Film Dramaturg, whose duty it was to check whether every script contained film material that was "worthy of support." The Reich Film Dramaturg thus decided on state support for the film production, but was also able to influence content and to take part in the film licensing process. The further stipulations scarcely differed from those of the Weimar Cinema Act. The revision of 1935 strengthened Goebbels' authority to impose bans. In 1938, the showing of the Wochenschau (newsreel) was made obligatory and in 1940 the four Wochenschau companies were nationalized and combined into a central German Wochenschau. In 1942, the nationalization of the film industry was completed, which had been started by the foundation of the Filmkreditbank (Film Loans Bank) in 1933. The Reich Film Director Fritz Hippler coordinated the overall artistic and intellectual policy of the production.

Staffing policies were the central means of influencing broadcasting. The imposition of conformity on radio broadcasting took place between March and August 1934 in four stages. First, agreement regarding the broadcasting technology was reached with the postal service as early as 22 March. Second, a central control body was established in the form of the Ministry of Propaganda. The third stage aimed at the imposition of conformity on the personnel. Between 1 April and 1 August, all directors' positions were newly filled and approximately 270 unpopular (Jewish or democratic) staff were dismissed. The Gleichschaltung as it regards personnel and content is to be distinguished from the institutional imposition: All those who were allowed to remain below the management level had the threat of dismissal hanging over their heads and had to conform accordingly. The mass employment at that early stage also added to the threat. As the fourth complex of measures, on 15 July, Goebbels announced the removal of the remnants of the Weimar system: that meant the removal of the state commissioners, program advisory councils, and programming committees and the involvement of the federal states in radio broadcasting. A centralist national radio station was established from the decentralized bodies. Horst Dressler-Andress, as the Reich station manager in the Ministry of Propaganda, and Eugen Hadamowsky in the RRG were responsible for broadcasting. In 1937, both of them were stripped of their posts by Goebbels and Heinrich Glasmeier assumed their responsibilities in the newly created post of the Reich director. The last vestiges of Weimar broadcasting were removed by the war. From May and June 1940 there were only standardized programs for the whole Reich, until June 1942, when the RRG gradually lost its responsibility for the programs. The director general was only left in charge of the administration, organization, and technology, with the programming being overseen from November 1942 onward by Hans Fritzsche, the undersecretary in the Ministry of Propaganda.

Thus, only a few laws were necessary for the regulation of broadcasting matters. The most important of them did not relate to the medium, but to the audience: the Decree Regarding Extraordinary Broadcasting Measures of 1 September 1939 made "deliberately listening" to foreign stations liable to punishment ranging from imprisonment to the death penalty. The measure was justified by the fact that weapons "which are intended to influence the people psychologically and wear them down" must be considered a means of modern warfare. The decree was passed for those Germans who were lacking "a sense of responsibility."

While the radio had established itself as a mass medium before the Second World War, television was not yet able to do so. Despite public viewing rooms, television remained a marginal factor from a propagandistic perspective in comparison to radio. This was only due to the fact, however, that the preparation for war did not allow for the squandering of economic resources as the Olympic Games of 1936 had shown that the audience was open to the attraction of television broadcasting: 162,228 viewers visited the 27 television rooms.

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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0123876702001138

2.3 House allocation with existing tenants

In some US universities, a probabilistic version of the serial dictatorship is used for allocating dormitory rooms to students. By a (usually equally weighted) lottery, a priority ordering is determined and students reveal a preference ordering over possible dormitory rooms. Then the induced serial dictatorship is used to allocate these rooms to students. This is known as the housing lottery at campuses.

Motivated by real-life on-campus housing practices, Abdulkadiroğlu and Sönmez (1999) introduced a house allocation problem with existing tenants: A set of houses shall be allocated to a set of agents by a centralized clearing house. Some of the agents are existing tenants, each of whom already occupies a house, referred to as an occupied house, and the rest of the agents are newcomers. Each agent has strict preferences over houses. In addition to occupied houses, there are vacant houses. Existing tenants are entitled not only to keep their current houses but also to apply for other houses.

Here, existing tenants can be likened to the current college students who occupy on-campus houses (or dormitory rooms, condos, etc.) from the previous year. The newcomers can be likened to the freshman class and any other current student who does not already occupy a house. Vacant houses are the houses vacated by the graduating class and the students who no longer need on-campus housing.

The mechanism known as the random serial-dictatorship (RSD) with squatting rights is used in most real-life applications of these problems. Some examples include undergraduate housing at Carnegie Mellon, Duke, Michigan, Northwestern, and Pennsylvania. This mechanism works as follows:

Algorithm 3 The RSD with squatting rights:

1.

Each existing tenant decides whether she will enter the housing lottery or keep her current house (or dormitory room). Those who prefer keeping their houses are assigned their houses. All other houses (vacant houses and houses of existing agents who enter the lottery) become available for allocation.

2.

An ordering of agents in the lottery is randomly chosen from a given distribution of orderings. This distribution may be uniform or it may favor some groups.

3.

Once the agents are ordered, available houses are allocated using the induced serial dictatorship: The first agent receives her top choice, the next agent receives her top choice among the remaining houses, and so on.

Since it does not guarantee each existing tenant a house that is as good as what she already occupies, some existing tenants may choose to keep their houses even though they wish to move, and this may result in a loss of potentially large gains from trade.

In contrast, Abdulkadiroğlu and Sönmez propose a mechanism that has the features of both the core in housing markets and serial dictatorships in house allocation problems. We refer to this mechanism as the "You request my house - I get your turn" (YRMH-IGYT) mechanism. Let be a priority ordering of agents in A. Each f defines a YRMH-IGYT mechanism. The corresponding YRMH-IGYT algorithm clears as follows:

Algorithm 4 The YRMH-IGYT algorithm induced by f:

*

Assign the first agent her top choice, the second agent her top choice among the remaining houses, and so on, until someone requests the house of an existing tenant.

*

If at that point the existing tenant whose house is requested is already assigned another house, then do not disturb the procedure. Otherwise, modify the remainder of the ordering by inserting the existing tenant before the requestor at the priority order and proceed with the first step of procedure through this existing tenant.

*

Similarly, insert any existing tenant who is not already served just before the requestor in the priority order once her house is requested by an agent.

*

Below, we present an example showing how the algorithm clears:

The outcome of the algorithm is

The following theorem shows that this mechanism has desirable properties:

Thus, the YRMH-IGYT mechanisms have nice features. The priority ordering can be determined through a lottery. Chen and Sönmez (2002) showed through a laboratory experiment that this mechanism is practically better than the RSD mechanism with squatting rights. The treatments of the YRMH-IGYT mechanism were more efficient than the RSD with squatting rights mechanism, and manipulation did not occur to a significant degree.

Moreover, it is the unique mechanism that satisfies certain desirable properties:

A mechanism is coalitionally strategy-proof if for any problem there is no coalition of agents who can jointly misreport their preferences and all weakly benefit while at least one in the coalition strictly benefits.

A mechanism is consistent if, we remove the agents and their assigned houses by the mechanism from the problem together with some unassigned houses, provided that in the remaining problem if an existing tenant remains her occupied house also remains, then rerunning the mechanism for this subproblem does not change the assignments of agents in the subproblem.

A mechanism is weakly neutral if, when the vacant houses are relabeled and the mechanism is rerun, then every agent who was assigned a vacant house in the original problem is assigned the relabeled version of the vacant house, and every agent who was assigned an occupied house in the original problem is assigned the same occupied house.

The characterization theorem is as follows:

We conclude by stating some other characterizations regarding restricted domains. In the restricted domains, the mechanisms characterized are equivalent to YRMH-IGYT mechanisms.

On the other hand, when there are no newcomers, as in the housing market domain, Theorems 5 by Roth (1982a) and 6 by Ma (1994) imply that the core mechanism is the only desirable mechanism: A mechanism is individually rational, strategy-proof, and Pareto-efficient if and only if it is equivalent to the core mechanism. Observe that these three theorems do not follow from Theorem 8, since smaller sets of axioms are needed in characterization in the more restricted domains.

Some other recent papers on house allocation and exchange mechanisms are as follows: Jaramillo and Manjunath (2009) extends the YRMH-IGYT mechanism (more precisely, Gale's TTC algorithm) to the case where agents can have preferences with indifferences. The new mechanism is strategy-proof, Pareto-efficient, and individually rational like the YRMH-IGYT mechanism. Ekici (2009) introduces a new property call reclaim-proofness for house allocation problems with existing tenants. He shows that all reclaim-proof matchings of a problem can be found through YRMH-IGYT mechanisms induced by different priority orders. He continues defining competitive matchings in this domain and shows that competitive matchings coincide with reclaim-proof matchings.

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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444531872000176

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Before the modern period, the term 'dictatorship' was employed to signify a temporary suspension of a constitution, allowing one person to assume unlimited power in order to effectively respond to some crisis that threatened the integrity or the political survival of a community.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dtjdm1zwL_k

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What is a Dictatorship - More Grades 6-12 Social Studies on Harmony Square

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-Claire

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What's a Dictatorship? | Politics on Point

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-Eloise

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What's a Dictatorship? | Politics on Point

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What is DICTATORSHIP? DICTATORSHIP meaning - DICTATORSHIP definition - How to pronounce DICTATORSHIP

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A dictatorship is a a government of 1 leader or one group of leaders that has government power

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Dictatorship is when a government is ruled by just one person, usually a member of the military.

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-Claire

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**************I put def here.
Dictatorship means to have absolute power normally by one person or a small group of people.**************

-Sherry

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Dictatorship is when someone rules over everyone else

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Dictatorship is where normally a military leader takes control of a place and takes control. Dictators normally don’t allow voting and trying to kick them out could lead to bad things

Website:https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjLmp7SkMP0AhUcVTABHT97Du4QFnoECC8QAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fdictatorship&usg=AOvVaw3ebc21wTSqvvR9T4NKky0u

Video: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=video&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwj0nquvkMP0AhU2mnIEHTKgCQsQuAJ6BAgIEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DxBdF_Xt5pG8&usg=AOvVaw3ucHpkWpnGyDYS9KfpYVRS

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https://theconversation.com/us/topics/dictatorship-1918

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Dictatorship News, Research and Analysis - The Conversation

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Browse Dictatorship news, research and analysis from The Conversation

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https://www.britannica.com/topic/dictatorship

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dictatorship, form of government in which one person or a small group possesses absolute power without effective constitutional limitations. The term dictatorship comes from the Latin title dictator, which in the Roman Republic designated a temporary magistrate who was granted extraordinary powers in order to deal with state crises. Modern dictators, however, resemble ancient tyrants rather than ancient dictators. Ancient philosophers' descriptions of the tyrannies of Greece and Sicily go far toward characterizing modern dictatorships. Dictators usually resort to force or fraud to gain despotic political power, which they maintain through the use of intimidation, terror, and the suppression of basic civil liberties. They may also employ techniques of mass propaganda in order to sustain their public support.

With the decline and disappearance in the 19th and 20th centuries of monarchies based on hereditary descent, dictatorship became one of the two chief forms of government in use by nations throughout the world, the other being constitutional democracy. Rule by dictators has taken several different forms. In Latin America in the 19th century, various dictators arose after effective central authority had collapsed in the new nations recently freed from Spanish colonial rule. These caudillos, or self-proclaimed leaders, usually led a private army and tried to establish control over a territory before marching upon a weak national government. Antonio López de Santa Anna in Mexico and Juan Manuel de Rosas in Argentina are examples of such leaders. ( See personalismo.) Later 20th-century dictators in Latin America were different. They were national rather than provincial leaders and often were put in their position of power by nationalistic military officers. They usually allied themselves with a particular social class, and attempted either to maintain the interests of wealthy and privileged elites or to institute far-reaching left-wing social reforms.

In the new states of Africa and Asia after World War II, dictators quickly established themselves on the ruins of constitutional arrangements inherited from the Western colonial powers that had proved unworkable in the absence of a strong middle class and in the face of local traditions of autocratic rule. In some such countries, elected presidents and prime ministers captured personal power by establishing one-party rule and suppressing the opposition, while in others the army seized power and established military dictatorships.

The communist and fascist dictatorships that arose in various technologically advanced countries in the first half of the 20th century were distinctively different from the authoritarian regimes of Latin America or the postcolonial dictatorships of Africa and Asia. Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler and the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin were the leading examples of such modern totalitarian dictatorships. The crucial elements of both were the identification of the state with a single mass party and of the party with its charismatic leader, the use of an official ideology to legitimize and maintain the regime, the use of terror and propaganda to suppress dissent and stifle opposition, and the use of modern science and technology to control the economy and individual behaviour. Soviet-type communist dictatorships arose in central and eastern Europe, China, and other countries in the wake of World War II, though most of them (as well as the Soviet Union itself) had collapsed by the last decade of the 20th century.

During times of domestic or foreign crisis, even most constitutional governments have conferred emergency powers on the chief executive, and in some notable cases this provided the opportunity for duly elected leaders to overthrow democracy and rule dictatorially thereafter. The proclamation of emergency rule, for example, was the beginning of the dictatorships of Hitler in Germany, Benito Mussolini in Italy, Kemal Atatürk in Turkey, Józef Piłsudṣki in Poland, and António de Oliveira Salazar in Portugal. In other democracies, however, constitutional arrangements have survived quite lengthy periods of crisis, as in Great Britain and the United States during World War II, in which the use of extraordinary powers by the executive came to a halt with the end of the wartime emergency.

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Dictatorship | Definition, Characteristics, Countries, & Facts

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Dictatorship, form of government in which one person or a small group possesses absolute power without effective constitutional limitations. Dictators usually resort to force or fraud to gain despotic political power, which they maintain through the use of intimidation, terror, and the suppression of civil liberties.

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Dictatorship is a form of government when one individual has power over everyone.

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HISTORY CRUNCH - HISTORY ARTICLES, SUMMARIES, BIOGRAPHIES, RESOURCES AND MORE

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A dictatorship is a form of government in which most or all authority of the country is in the hands of a single individual; the leader. While the term has been used several times throughout history, most common usage of the term is in relation to different types of dictatorships that existed in the 20th and 21st centuries. For example, famous dictators include: Adolf Hitler in Nazi Germany, Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union, Benito Mussolini in Italy, Kim Jung-un in North Korea and Fidel Castro in Cuba. In general, a dictatorship is the opposite of democracy, which is a system of government in which the people hold the power and the ability to choose who represents their government. Essentially, in a democracy the people have the power over the major aspects of government and have the responsibility to elect their leaders. In contrast, a dictatorship is ruled by a single person who generally acts to protect his own position and power over the welfare of the citizens.

To understand the power that a dictator holds, it's important to first understand how the authority of the government is generally handled in a democracy. For example, in most western democracies, such as the United States, the federal government is divided into three branches, including: Executive Branch, Legislative Branch and Judicial Branch. The purpose of the three branches is that one can always act as a 'check' on the power of the others. For example, in the United States, the president is part of the Executive Branch but his or her power is limited because the Legislative Branch and Judicial Branch could potentially stop any unconstitutional policies. Whereas, in a dictatorship there are not three branches and generally, there are little or no checks on the authority of the dictator. In fact, in a dictatorship the leader essentially controls all three branches, and wields total control.

Historians generally refer to dictatorship as a form of authoritarianism or totalitarianism. In general, both authoritarian and totalitarian regimes seek to control their populations and attempt to maintain control for the leader or small group of elite. However, what type of control and what they control differs between the two systems. For example, in authoritarian regimes the leadership primarily seeks to force its authority on the citizens through its political control over the government. The leader obtains their position through means that are not democratic and rules over the people with their control of the government. Government systems that are based on authoritarianism include: oligarchies, monarchies, and military dictatorships (Junta).

On the other hand, a totalitarian regime seeks to control all aspects of society and not just the political realm. A totalitarian regime seeks total control over the society including the political, social and economic life of the citizens. For example, Benito Mussolini, the totalitarian leader of Italy during World War II explained his form of government as "Everything within the state, nothing outside the state and nothing against the state." Here he is expressing a major difference between totalitarianism and authoritarianism in that while totalitarianism seeks total control over political, social and economic life, authoritarianism focuses on the political control of the leadership in the government.

Beyond authoritarianism and totalitarianism, historians have also identified several different types of dictatorships, and differentiate them based upon their path to power. For example, some dictatorships have emerged by the leader being democratically elected and then using specific means in order to undermine the democratic institutions of the country. For example, this is the path to power that Adolf Hitler followed when he rose to become dictator of Germany in the years before World War II. Hitler rose to power by being democratically elected but then used the crisis of the Reichstag Fire in order to limit the democratic process in Germany and consolidate all of the power in himself. Alternatively, some dictators gain power through organized coup d'états. A coup d'état is a violent overthrow of the government in order to bring about change of leadership. This is how Benito Mussolini rose to power in Italy in the 1920s. He, along with his paramilitary forces, carried out the March on Rome, in which he overthrew the Italian government and placed himself as the sole dictator. Finally, some dictatorships are classified as military dictatorships or a 'Junta'. This is a form of dictatorship that arises when a military leader assumes control over the government. Under this system, the military controls all key positions in society and uses the military to maintain control over the citizens.

However, just because a dictator controls the mechanisms of government does not mean they have the support of the people, and often dictators need to use different techniques in order to control the will of the people. The following is a list of the techniques used by dictators in their attempt to maintain control over the populations of their countries:

Dictatorships utilize censorship in order to control the information that their citizens have access to. This allows the leadership to eliminate ideas or information that opposes their own view of the world. For example, in North Korea today, the citizens are not allowed unlimited access to the internet or to cell phones that can make phone calls outside of North Korea. This allows the leader, Kim Jong-un, to have control over the information that his citizens have and better allows him to keep out ideas that oppose his form of government and ideology.

Indoctrination involves the dictator using formal means to "educate" the citizens in the ideology and importance of the leader or leaders. It is important becomes it allows the dictator and his leadership to more easily spread their ideology to the citizens and to help control the ideas and information that the citizenry consumes. For example, in the 1930's and 1940's, Adolf Hitler developed the Hitler Youth, a youth organization in Germany dedicated to educating young Germans in the ideology and leadership of the Nazi Party.

Propaganda is important as a tool to spread the government's message and ideology to its citizens in a totalitarian state. For example, the Nazi Party of Germany in the 1930s held a campaign wherein they provided low cost radios to German families so that Adolf Hitler's speeches and radio addresses could be heard by as many people as possible. As well, dictators often develop a personality cult. In general, a personality cult is a form of propaganda that attempts to display the dictator in a god-like manner. This helps to develop the dictator as an all-powerful figure in the minds of the citizens.

Scapegoating refers to the concept of blaming specific groups of people for the issues facing a country. Historians often refer to this as 'redirecting popular discontent' since the dictator or the government in charge use it as a means of controlling the anger of the citizens. For example, in Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler placed a great deal of the country's economic hardship on Jewish people. Following World War I, Germany was made to agree to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, and as a result suffered through a period of intense hyperinflation. In turn, Adolf Hitler and other prominent Nazi officials blamed the economic hardship on Jewish people for having cost Germany the war. For example, in the lead up to the Holocaust, the Nazi regime produced propaganda images that portrayed Jewish people as the reason for Germany's issues.

Finally, State Terror is often seen in societies with dictators in the form of secret police and state controlled prison camps. This allows the leadership to remove dissident citizens and control the population through fear and repression. For example, Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union famously sent millions of Soviet citizens to Gulags, or prison labor camps, in Siberia. Stalin removed any citizens that challenged his authority or in whom he believed had the ability to challenge his authority, including many high ranking officials within the Soviet Union. The use of violence is sometimes deemed necessary by dictatorships in their pursuit to maintain their leadership.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A dictatorship is a form of government in which most or all authority of the country is in the hands of a single individual; the leader. While the term has been used several times throughout history, most common usage of the term is in relation to different types of dictatorships that existed in the 20th and 21st centuries.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.britannica.com/topic/dictatorship
FiNnEy

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
dictatorship, form of government in which one person or a small group possesses absolute power without effective constitutional limitations. The term dictatorship comes from the Latin title dictator, which in the Roman Republic designated a temporary magistrate who was granted extraordinary powers in order to deal with state crises. Modern dictators, however, resemble ancient tyrants rather than ancient dictators. Ancient philosophers' descriptions of the tyrannies of Greece and Sicily go far toward characterizing modern dictatorships. Dictators usually resort to force or fraud to gain despotic political power, which they maintain through the use of intimidation, terror, and the suppression of basic civil liberties. They may also employ techniques of mass propaganda in order to sustain their public support.

With the decline and disappearance in the 19th and 20th centuries of monarchies based on hereditary descent, dictatorship became one of the two chief forms of government in use by nations throughout the world, the other being constitutional democracy. Rule by dictators has taken several different forms. In Latin America in the 19th century, various dictators arose after effective central authority had collapsed in the new nations recently freed from Spanish colonial rule. These caudillos, or self-proclaimed leaders, usually led a private army and tried to establish control over a territory before marching upon a weak national government. Antonio López de Santa Anna in Mexico and Juan Manuel de Rosas in Argentina are examples of such leaders. ( See personalismo.) Later 20th-century dictators in Latin America were different. They were national rather than provincial leaders and often were put in their position of power by nationalistic military officers. They usually allied themselves with a particular social class, and attempted either to maintain the interests of wealthy and privileged elites or to institute far-reaching left-wing social reforms.

In the new states of Africa and Asia after World War II, dictators quickly established themselves on the ruins of constitutional arrangements inherited from the Western colonial powers that had proved unworkable in the absence of a strong middle class and in the face of local traditions of autocratic rule. In some such countries, elected presidents and prime ministers captured personal power by establishing one-party rule and suppressing the opposition, while in others the army seized power and established military dictatorships.

The communist and fascist dictatorships that arose in various technologically advanced countries in the first half of the 20th century were distinctively different from the authoritarian regimes of Latin America or the postcolonial dictatorships of Africa and Asia. Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler and the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin were the leading examples of such modern totalitarian dictatorships. The crucial elements of both were the identification of the state with a single mass party and of the party with its charismatic leader, the use of an official ideology to legitimize and maintain the regime, the use of terror and propaganda to suppress dissent and stifle opposition, and the use of modern science and technology to control the economy and individual behaviour. Soviet-type communist dictatorships arose in central and eastern Europe, China, and other countries in the wake of World War II, though most of them (as well as the Soviet Union itself) had collapsed by the last decade of the 20th century.

During times of domestic or foreign crisis, even most constitutional governments have conferred emergency powers on the chief executive, and in some notable cases this provided the opportunity for duly elected leaders to overthrow democracy and rule dictatorially thereafter. The proclamation of emergency rule, for example, was the beginning of the dictatorships of Hitler in Germany, Benito Mussolini in Italy, Kemal Atatürk in Turkey, Józef Piłsudṣki in Poland, and António de Oliveira Salazar in Portugal. In other democracies, however, constitutional arrangements have survived quite lengthy periods of crisis, as in Great Britain and the United States during World War II, in which the use of extraordinary powers by the executive came to a halt with the end of the wartime emergency.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Dictatorship | Definition, Characteristics, Countries, & Facts

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Dictatorship, form of government in which one person or a small group possesses absolute power without effective constitutional limitations. Dictators usually resort to force or fraud to gain despotic political power, which they maintain through the use of intimidation, terror, and the suppression of civil liberties.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What is a Dictatorship - More Grades 6-12 Social Studies on Harmony Square

# data[].attributes.body
Dictatorship is a form a government ruled by one, or a small group of people as a ruler in which holds ALL political power.

https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-dictatorship-definition-facts-characteristics-examples.html

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Dictatorship is when one person or group owns or steals all of the power.

Jaxon

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What is a Dictatorship - More Grades 6-12 Social Studies on Harmony Square

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https://youtu.be/Dtjdm1zwL_k

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What is a Dictatorship - More Grades 6-12 Social Studies on Harmony Square

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News about Kim Jong-un, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times.

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Joseph statlin was a famous dictator from 1924 Tomis death in 1953.

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A dictatorship is a type of government which is ruled by a single person with all the power given to the military

Zachary Trehan

# data[].attributes.body
Dictatorship is when one person has powerful rule over one country. FiNnEy

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
dictatorship, form of government in which one person or a small group possesses absolute power without effective constitutional limitations. The term dictatorship comes from the Latin title dictator, which in the Roman Republic designated a temporary magistrate who was granted extraordinary powers in order to deal with state crises. Modern dictators, however, resemble ancient tyrants rather than ancient dictators. Ancient philosophers' descriptions of the tyrannies of Greece and Sicily go far toward characterizing modern dictatorships. Dictators usually resort to force or fraud to gain despotic political power, which they maintain through the use of intimidation, terror, and the suppression of basic civil liberties. They may also employ techniques of mass propaganda in order to sustain their public support.

With the decline and disappearance in the 19th and 20th centuries of monarchies based on hereditary descent, dictatorship became one of the two chief forms of government in use by nations throughout the world, the other being constitutional democracy. Rule by dictators has taken several different forms. In Latin America in the 19th century, various dictators arose after effective central authority had collapsed in the new nations recently freed from Spanish colonial rule. These caudillos, or self-proclaimed leaders, usually led a private army and tried to establish control over a territory before marching upon a weak national government. Antonio López de Santa Anna in Mexico and Juan Manuel de Rosas in Argentina are examples of such leaders. ( See personalismo.) Later 20th-century dictators in Latin America were different. They were national rather than provincial leaders and often were put in their position of power by nationalistic military officers. They usually allied themselves with a particular social class, and attempted either to maintain the interests of wealthy and privileged elites or to institute far-reaching left-wing social reforms.

In the new states of Africa and Asia after World War II, dictators quickly established themselves on the ruins of constitutional arrangements inherited from the Western colonial powers that had proved unworkable in the absence of a strong middle class and in the face of local traditions of autocratic rule. In some such countries, elected presidents and prime ministers captured personal power by establishing one-party rule and suppressing the opposition, while in others the army seized power and established military dictatorships.

The communist and fascist dictatorships that arose in various technologically advanced countries in the first half of the 20th century were distinctively different from the authoritarian regimes of Latin America or the postcolonial dictatorships of Africa and Asia. Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler and the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin were the leading examples of such modern totalitarian dictatorships. The crucial elements of both were the identification of the state with a single mass party and of the party with its charismatic leader, the use of an official ideology to legitimize and maintain the regime, the use of terror and propaganda to suppress dissent and stifle opposition, and the use of modern science and technology to control the economy and individual behaviour. Soviet-type communist dictatorships arose in central and eastern Europe, China, and other countries in the wake of World War II, though most of them (as well as the Soviet Union itself) had collapsed by the last decade of the 20th century.

During times of domestic or foreign crisis, even most constitutional governments have conferred emergency powers on the chief executive, and in some notable cases this provided the opportunity for duly elected leaders to overthrow democracy and rule dictatorially thereafter. The proclamation of emergency rule, for example, was the beginning of the dictatorships of Hitler in Germany, Benito Mussolini in Italy, Kemal Atatürk in Turkey, Józef Piłsudṣki in Poland, and António de Oliveira Salazar in Portugal. In other democracies, however, constitutional arrangements have survived quite lengthy periods of crisis, as in Great Britain and the United States during World War II, in which the use of extraordinary powers by the executive came to a halt with the end of the wartime emergency.

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Dictatorship | Definition, Characteristics, Countries, & Facts

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Dictatorship, form of government in which one person or a small group possesses absolute power without effective constitutional limitations. Dictators usually resort to force or fraud to gain despotic political power, which they maintain through the use of intimidation, terror, and the suppression of civil liberties.

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Dictatorship is when one person rules over all.

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A dictatorship is where one person (usually a military leader) is in supreme control of a country. One of the most famous examples is Adolf Hitler of Germany.

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Very dictatoring

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Dictatorship is when there is one leader that is normally unfair and rules a city and there is a rare amount of freedom.

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Gravitas: Kim Jong Un coins a new ideology for North Korea

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What is a Dictatorship - More Grades 6-12 Social Studies on Harmony Square

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dtjdm1zwL_k

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What is a Dictatorship - More Grades 6-12 Social Studies on Harmony Square

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Dictatorship is when one leader rules over the country

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What is DICTATORSHIP? DICTATORSHIP meaning - DICTATORSHIP definition - How to pronounce DICTATORSHIP

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What is a Dictatorship - More Grades 6-12 Social Studies on Harmony Square

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dictatorship, form of government in which one person or a small group possesses absolute power without effective constitutional limitations. The term dictatorship comes from the Latin title dictator, which in the Roman Republic designated a temporary magistrate who was granted extraordinary powers in order to deal with state crises. Modern dictators, however, resemble ancient tyrants rather than ancient dictators. Ancient philosophers' descriptions of the tyrannies of Greece and Sicily go far toward characterizing modern dictatorships. Dictators usually resort to force or fraud to gain despotic political power, which they maintain through the use of intimidation, terror, and the suppression of basic civil liberties. They may also employ techniques of mass propaganda in order to sustain their public support.

With the decline and disappearance in the 19th and 20th centuries of monarchies based on hereditary descent, dictatorship became one of the two chief forms of government in use by nations throughout the world, the other being constitutional democracy. Rule by dictators has taken several different forms. In Latin America in the 19th century, various dictators arose after effective central authority had collapsed in the new nations recently freed from Spanish colonial rule. These caudillos, or self-proclaimed leaders, usually led a private army and tried to establish control over a territory before marching upon a weak national government. Antonio López de Santa Anna in Mexico and Juan Manuel de Rosas in Argentina are examples of such leaders. ( See personalismo.) Later 20th-century dictators in Latin America were different. They were national rather than provincial leaders and often were put in their position of power by nationalistic military officers. They usually allied themselves with a particular social class, and attempted either to maintain the interests of wealthy and privileged elites or to institute far-reaching left-wing social reforms.

In the new states of Africa and Asia after World War II, dictators quickly established themselves on the ruins of constitutional arrangements inherited from the Western colonial powers that had proved unworkable in the absence of a strong middle class and in the face of local traditions of autocratic rule. In some such countries, elected presidents and prime ministers captured personal power by establishing one-party rule and suppressing the opposition, while in others the army seized power and established military dictatorships.

The communist and fascist dictatorships that arose in various technologically advanced countries in the first half of the 20th century were distinctively different from the authoritarian regimes of Latin America or the postcolonial dictatorships of Africa and Asia. Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler and the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin were the leading examples of such modern totalitarian dictatorships. The crucial elements of both were the identification of the state with a single mass party and of the party with its charismatic leader, the use of an official ideology to legitimize and maintain the regime, the use of terror and propaganda to suppress dissent and stifle opposition, and the use of modern science and technology to control the economy and individual behaviour. Soviet-type communist dictatorships arose in central and eastern Europe, China, and other countries in the wake of World War II, though most of them (as well as the Soviet Union itself) had collapsed by the last decade of the 20th century.

During times of domestic or foreign crisis, even most constitutional governments have conferred emergency powers on the chief executive, and in some notable cases this provided the opportunity for duly elected leaders to overthrow democracy and rule dictatorially thereafter. The proclamation of emergency rule, for example, was the beginning of the dictatorships of Hitler in Germany, Benito Mussolini in Italy, Kemal Atatürk in Turkey, Józef Piłsudṣki in Poland, and António de Oliveira Salazar in Portugal. In other democracies, however, constitutional arrangements have survived quite lengthy periods of crisis, as in Great Britain and the United States during World War II, in which the use of extraordinary powers by the executive came to a halt with the end of the wartime emergency.

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Dictatorship | Definition, Characteristics, Countries, & Facts

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Dictatorship, form of government in which one person or a small group possesses absolute power without effective constitutional limitations. Dictators usually resort to force or fraud to gain despotic political power, which they maintain through the use of intimidation, terror, and the suppression of civil liberties.

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https://www.britannica.com/topic/dictatorship

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dictatorship, form of government in which one person or a small group possesses absolute power without effective constitutional limitations. The term dictatorship comes from the Latin title dictator, which in the Roman Republic designated a temporary magistrate who was granted extraordinary powers in order to deal with state crises. Modern dictators, however, resemble ancient tyrants rather than ancient dictators. Ancient philosophers' descriptions of the tyrannies of Greece and Sicily go far toward characterizing modern dictatorships. Dictators usually resort to force or fraud to gain despotic political power, which they maintain through the use of intimidation, terror, and the suppression of basic civil liberties. They may also employ techniques of mass propaganda in order to sustain their public support.

With the decline and disappearance in the 19th and 20th centuries of monarchies based on hereditary descent, dictatorship became one of the two chief forms of government in use by nations throughout the world, the other being constitutional democracy. Rule by dictators has taken several different forms. In Latin America in the 19th century, various dictators arose after effective central authority had collapsed in the new nations recently freed from Spanish colonial rule. These caudillos, or self-proclaimed leaders, usually led a private army and tried to establish control over a territory before marching upon a weak national government. Antonio López de Santa Anna in Mexico and Juan Manuel de Rosas in Argentina are examples of such leaders. ( See personalismo.) Later 20th-century dictators in Latin America were different. They were national rather than provincial leaders and often were put in their position of power by nationalistic military officers. They usually allied themselves with a particular social class, and attempted either to maintain the interests of wealthy and privileged elites or to institute far-reaching left-wing social reforms.

In the new states of Africa and Asia after World War II, dictators quickly established themselves on the ruins of constitutional arrangements inherited from the Western colonial powers that had proved unworkable in the absence of a strong middle class and in the face of local traditions of autocratic rule. In some such countries, elected presidents and prime ministers captured personal power by establishing one-party rule and suppressing the opposition, while in others the army seized power and established military dictatorships.

The communist and fascist dictatorships that arose in various technologically advanced countries in the first half of the 20th century were distinctively different from the authoritarian regimes of Latin America or the postcolonial dictatorships of Africa and Asia. Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler and the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin were the leading examples of such modern totalitarian dictatorships. The crucial elements of both were the identification of the state with a single mass party and of the party with its charismatic leader, the use of an official ideology to legitimize and maintain the regime, the use of terror and propaganda to suppress dissent and stifle opposition, and the use of modern science and technology to control the economy and individual behaviour. Soviet-type communist dictatorships arose in central and eastern Europe, China, and other countries in the wake of World War II, though most of them (as well as the Soviet Union itself) had collapsed by the last decade of the 20th century.

During times of domestic or foreign crisis, even most constitutional governments have conferred emergency powers on the chief executive, and in some notable cases this provided the opportunity for duly elected leaders to overthrow democracy and rule dictatorially thereafter. The proclamation of emergency rule, for example, was the beginning of the dictatorships of Hitler in Germany, Benito Mussolini in Italy, Kemal Atatürk in Turkey, Józef Piłsudṣki in Poland, and António de Oliveira Salazar in Portugal. In other democracies, however, constitutional arrangements have survived quite lengthy periods of crisis, as in Great Britain and the United States during World War II, in which the use of extraordinary powers by the executive came to a halt with the end of the wartime emergency.

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Dictatorship | Definition, Characteristics, Countries, & Facts

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Dictatorship, form of government in which one person or a small group possesses absolute power without effective constitutional limitations. Dictators usually resort to force or fraud to gain despotic political power, which they maintain through the use of intimidation, terror, and the suppression of civil liberties.

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Dissident Voice | a radical newsletter in the struggle for peace and social justice

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“Dictatorship” and “Democracy” as Loaded Language: Anti-Communist Cold-War Propaganda | Dissident Voice

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ORIENTATION In my last article I showed how the word “totalitarian” was used as a loaded vice word to attack the Soviet Union after World War II and to red-bait communists around the world. The use of the word totalitarian began in the 1930s, but even before then in the 1920’s, the word “dictator” b…

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“Dictatorship” and “Democracy” as Loaded Language: Anti-Communist Cold-War Propaganda

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A dictatorship usually has little to no personal freedom.

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What is a Dictatorship - More Grades 6-12 Social Studies on Harmony Square

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Hannah

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What is a Dictatorship - More Grades 6-12 Social Studies on Harmony Square

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: a person granted absolute emergency power

: one holding complete autocratic control : a person with unlimited governmental power

: one who says or reads something for a person to transcribe or for a machine to record : one that dictates (see )

Synonyms

Examples of dictator in a Sentence

The country was ruled by a military the dictator. dictator had a fierce stranglehold on the country, keeping its people in poverty and ignorance

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'dictator.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

Middle English dictatour, borrowed from Latin dictātor, from dictāre "to say repeatedly, speak aloud words to be transcribed by another, issue as an order" + -tor, agent suffix - more at dictate entry 1

Note: Though formally a derivative of dictāre, the noun dictātor is attested perhaps two centuries earlier in Latin and may be an independent formation, though the model for it is not clear; the sense "issue as an order" of dictāre may reflect influence of dictātor. The form tictator used in the Old English translation of Orosius's Historiae Adversum Paganos had no subsequent use.

before the 12th century, in the meaning defined at sense 1a

The first known use of dictator was before the 12th century

Dictionary Entries Near dictator

Cite this Entry

"Dictator." Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dictator. Accessed 30 Nov. 2023.

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Merriam-Webster unabridged

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a person granted absolute emergency power; especially, history : one appointed by the senate of ancient Rome; one holding complete autocratic control : a person with unlimited governmental power; one ruling in an absolute and often oppressive way... See the full definition

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What's a Dictatorship? | Politics on Point

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dtjdm1zwL_k

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What is a Dictatorship - More Grades 6-12 Social Studies on Harmony Square