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-Frantz Fanon
-Olivette Otele
-Marianne Hirsch
-Nicholas Mizoreff

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Removal of statues for modern society statues are outdated and reflect past times of injustice and suppression of black and other ethnic minorities

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Removal of statues for modern society statues are outdated and reflect past times of injustice and suppression of black and other ethnic minorities

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Power withheld to support white supremacy, institutions that are historically and colonially white

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Importance of cultural pain and memory, heritage, black culture, White ideology , systematic racism, status and racial sub ordinance

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Statue wars: what should we do with troublesome monuments?

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Statue wars: what should we do with troublesome monuments?

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The global protest movement to tear down urban memorials that reinforce racism is rewriting the very story of our cities. Should any monument be safe?

https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/sep/26/statue-wars-what-should-we-do-with-troublesome-monuments

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How have statues been used to obtain power to suppress and hide cultural pain or memory?

Introduction: Introduce theme, give context on current issues on racism and statue removal, introduce cultural artefact

Main Body Text:
-Removal of Statues, Cultural context behind statues, Churchills representation cultural artefact, defacement, History and Pain, Slavery and oppression, white ideology, white supremacy, white nationalism, theorists Fanon,Hirsch,Otele,
Mirzoeff

Conclusion: summary of main points, bring in debate and other theories

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When we tear down racist statues, what should replace them?

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When we tear down racist statues, what should replace them?

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https://www.wired.co.uk/article/topple-racist-statues-uk

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Should Statues Of Historic Figures With Complicated Pasts Be Taken Down?

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Should Statues Of Historic Figures With Complicated Pasts Be Taken Down?

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https://www.npr.org/2020/06/23/881992636/should-statues-of-historic-figures-with-complicated-pasts-be-taken-down?t=1607310915110

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Revere or Remove? The Battle Over Statues, Heritage and History

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Revere or Remove? The Battle Over Statues, Heritage and History

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https://www.intelligencesquared.com/events/revere-or-remove-the-battle-over-statues-heritage-and-history/

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'Our society is evolving': What historians and activists are saying about the movement to remove statues

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'Our society is evolving': What historians and activists are saying about the movement to remove statues

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Historian Julian Hayter said the tearing down of statues is a way of correctly rewriting American history.

https://www.businessinsider.com/confederate-statues-removal-slavery-protests-2020-6?r=US&IR=T

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The problem with statues is that stone or bronze is meant to last forever, but reputations crumble much more easily.

Cecil Rhodes is a classic example.

Earlier, this year the #RhodesMustFall movement succeeded in getting the statue of the diamond tycoon and imperialist removed from the University of Cape Town.

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-35161671

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Lead Questions, Topic,Chosen Cultural Artefact

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Lead Questions, Topic,Chosen Cultural Artefact

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“Monuments to historical figures should remain”

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“Monuments to historical figures should remain”

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On 9 April 2015, the University of Cape Town removed a statue commemorating the 19th century British imperialist Cecil Rhodes [Ref: BBC News]. This was the culmination of a month long campaign by both students and academics as part of the ‘Rhodes Must Fall’ movement, which argued that Rhodes was more than just a symbol of past oppression

https://debatingmatters.com/topic/monuments-to-historical-figures-should-remain/

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The white man is sealed in his whiteness. The black man in his blackness. There is a fact: White men consider themselves superior to black men. There is another fact: Black men want to prove to white men, at all costs, the richness of their thought, the equal value of their intellect.

https://monoskop.org/images/a/a5/Fanon_Frantz_Black_Skin_White_Masks_1986.pdf

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Decolonization is the veritable creation of new men. But this creation owes nothing of its legitimacy to any supernatural power; the “thing” which has been colonized becomes man during the same process by which it frees itself (Fanon 1963: 36-37).

https://criticallegalthinking.com/2016/01/20/fanon-on-violence-and-the-person/

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A Toppled Statue Of Slave Trader Sparked Global Protests, Now A Monument To Black Lives Matter Occupies That Plinth

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A Toppled Statue Of Slave Trader Sparked Global Protests, Now A Monument To Black Lives Matter Occupies That Plinth

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Weeks after the statue of slave trader Edward Colston was unceremoniously toppled and thrown into England’s Bristol Harbour, setting off a global removal of statues representing racist figures, a monument of a Black Lives Matter protester has been mounted on the same plinth by artist Marc Quinn and his team.

https://www.forbes.com/sites/isabeltogoh/2020/07/15/a-toppled-statue-of-slave-trader-sparked-global-protests-now-a-monument-to-black-lives-matter-occupies-that-plinth/?sh=7cea2efc4619

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Black Lives Matter protest: Why was Churchill's statue defaced?

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Black Lives Matter protest: Why was Churchill's statue defaced?

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Statue of Sir Winston Churchill erected in Parliament Square, Westminster, has been sprayed with graffiti during a Black Lives Matter protest.

It comes after petitions were launched to remove statues of controversial people around London, such as Robert Milligan in West India Quays.

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-london-52972531

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Leftist extremists acting like Islamists destroying monuments and cultural heritage are a threat to freedom

https://rmx.news/article/commentary/black-lives-matter-is-like-the-taliban-opinion

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-Image of Winston Churchill statue defaced by Black Lives Matter protests
-Provoking and impactful image
-Themes that can be explore: status, racism, suppression, historical context and pain

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Police Brutality, George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, Ahmaud Arbery, American protests, UK,Worldwide
Media Coverage

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I would like to possibly write about race and power.In relation to statues and historical figures in society and how true historical context has been hidden such as slavery, mistreatment and racism. How the BLM movement has brought historical pain and memory to light and the changes implemented on society.

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Lead Question: How have statues been used to obtain power to suppress and hide cultural pain or memory? (Relates more to power and resistance and is specific with room to delve in deeper to historical context)
-How have statues been used to suppress and hide cultural pain/memory?
-Statues and racial dominance
-Statues and slavery
-Social media and BLM
-Should statues exist and what do they represent
-Racial pain and memory in relation to statues
-How has BLM movement changed society? Brought to light issues that were hidden in the dark or forgotten, neglected etc. People speaking out- silence=violence or compliance.

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https://rmx.news/article/article/blm-protests-can-t-justify-destroying-statues-and-erasing-art-says-hungarian-mep-deutsch

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https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/statues-been-removed-around-world-4213046

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https://rmx.news/article/commentary/black-lives-matter-is-like-the-taliban-opinion

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https://www.forbes.com/sites/isabeltogoh/2020/07/15/a-toppled-statue-of-slave-trader-sparked-global-protests-now-a-monument-to-black-lives-matter-occupies-that-plinth/?sh=7cea2efc4619

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https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/black-lives-matter-protests-took-18419418

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https://www.theargus.co.uk/news/18522990.fresh-brighton-black-lives-matter-march-planned/

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https://londondanceacademy.co.uk/black-lives-matter/

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Inspiration on topic and possible cultural artefacts

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https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/

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Support for Black Lives Matter has decreased since June but remains strong among Black Americans

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Support for Black Lives Matter has decreased since June but remains strong among Black Americans

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https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/09/16/support-for-black-lives-matter-has-decreased-since-june-but-remains-strong-among-black-americans/

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“Postmemory” describes the relationship that the “generation after” bears to the personal, collective, and cultural trauma of those who came before
https://cup.columbia.edu/author-interviews/hirsch-generation-postmemory

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We need to talk about slavery’s impact on all of us Olivette Otele

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We need to talk about slavery’s impact on all of us Olivette Otele

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https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/nov/09/slavery-impact-trauma-history

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CRITIQUING SCULPTURES OF SUPREMACY: NICHOLAS MIRZOEFF’S “WHITENESS AND THE CRISIS”

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CRITIQUING SCULPTURES OF SUPREMACY: NICHOLAS MIRZOEFF’S “WHITENESS AND THE CRISIS”

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http://www.c21uwm.com/tennessenscholars/critiquing-sculptures-of-supremacy-nicholas-mirzoeffs-whiteness-and-the-crisis/

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Set in Stone? Statues and Slavery in London

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Set in Stone? Statues and Slavery in London

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This article examines public monuments in London and their relationship to slavery and abolition, a topic that has attracted remarkably little empirical research.
https://academic.oup.com/hwj/article/64/1/162/600955

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As monuments fall, how does the world reckon with a racist past?

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As monuments fall, how does the world reckon with a racist past?

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Heroes of the past are considered dishonourable today. Should these relics be removed or preserved as mementos of history?
https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/history-and-civilisation/2020/06/as-monuments-fall-how-does-the-world-reckon-with-a-racist-past

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The day Bristol dumped its hated slave trader in the docks and a nation began to search its soul

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The day Bristol dumped its hated slave trader in the docks and a nation began to search its soul

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When Edward Colston’s statue was toppled, colonialism and national memory became a part of the Black Lives Matter conversation. But what will change in the city?
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/jun/14/the-day-bristol-dumped-its-hated-slave-trader-in-the-docks-and-a-nation-began-to-search-its-soul

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Statues are just the start – the UK is peppered with slavery heritage

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Statues are just the start – the UK is peppered with slavery heritage

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The throwing of a statue of the slave trader Edward Colston into the river in Bristol, UK, by anti-racist protesters has sparked divergent reactions. Bristol councillor Richard Eddy is publicly “outraged”
https://theconversation.com/statues-are-just-the-start-the-uk-is-peppered-with-slavery-heritage-140308

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This case concerns two of the city’s adjacent 19th century cemeteries, the Elmwood and West Point cemeteries. One of the cemeteries is historically white and contains a recently-added white Confederate soldier statue. The other cemetery is historically African American and contains what is believed to be the region’s only statue of a black Union soldier.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/26229034?seq=1

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https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frantz-Fanon

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The debate over what should be done with controversial or offensive statues—whether they be of Edward Colston, the 17th-century British slave trader; Belgium’s King Leopold II, whose brutal reign led to the deaths of millions of Congolese; or Robert E. Lee, the Confederate army commander—

https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/06/statue-monument-united-states-belgium-britain/613390/

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The social media response to Black Lives Matter: how Twitter users interact with Black Lives Matter through hashtag use

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01419870.2017.1334931
6 July 2017
Jelani Ince, Fabio Rojas & Clayton A. Davis

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-Photo of defaced Winston Churchill statue
-Images of BLM Protests
-BLM Banner
-Instagram/Social media/Twitter posts
-Statues:Robert Milligan,Cecil Rhodes,Edward Colston
-Plaques
-Black Cultural Archives

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Societies ignorance in one Dominant view that may exclude Other theories/groups.Justice and regaining power.Government control Ideologies

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Societies ignorance in one Dominant view that may exclude Other theories/groups.Justice and regaining power.Government control Ideologies

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Forgotten History/ Colonialism.

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-400 Years Taking the Knee
-Black Lives Matter: Rivers of Blood 50 years on
-BBC 3 Free thinking, Black British History

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Yes: Sense of identity from the past. History cannot be forgotten; History is a part of culture and understanding.

-No: History is part of the past and is no longer current to society today. Attitudes and ideologies at that time are outdated and we shouldn’t Judge the past.

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-Statues
-Plaques
-Tearing down of racist historic figures(Nelson)
-Clash between groups Nationalists/BLM

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Race, Memory and          Power Brain Storm:

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Race, Memory and          Power Brain Storm: