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1. Follow the directions on the google doc
2. Login to padlet
3. Click the pink plus sign to make a new post and paste your response.
4. Title your response based on the subject
5. Attach a link to the video you watched (at the bottom the second button from the left is the attach link button)

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Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

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Segregation & Racism weren’t just in the south!

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Segregation & Racism weren’t just in the south!

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Segregation and Racism wasn't just in the south, it was also everywhere in the Unites States. I know this because in some states they had this thing called Sundown towns. This was when some states did not allow black people to roam around after the sun went down. If a black person was outside when the sun went down they would get killed by things like being hung. Another thing was that black people were not allowed to live in Oregon for a long time. One last thing is that black people weren't allowed to live in certain areas or they were not allowed to buy a house.  In Louisiana, if a black person were to try to move in the same apartment or area the person who ones the apartment would get a misdemeanor and would have to be fined $2,000. In Maryland if a Black person wanted to get on a train they would have a different car and different coaches. This meant that the blacks and whites were not allowed to sit net to each other on a train.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W4U1ozz7nM8

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Many cities are still segregated today because of redlining. In the 1930s, loan programs were made to help Americans finance their homes and so they made a color coded map. The neighborhoods that were in green were good neighborhoods that were easily able to get home loans while red neighborhoods couldn't get any at all and this was redlining. Many people in the red area were mostly black, and even though the government later changed that law, these neighborhoods still ended up segregated since they couldn't pay home morgage loans. Which is why now today you still see nice neighborhood with many white people and many neighborhoods with many black people as well as schools.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e68CoE70Mk8

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Blackface represents a strange mix of envy, hatred, desire, and fear. White people who performed using black faces feared a group of African Americans rising up and having more power and control over them. These performances were called minstrel shows and they began in the 1830’s starring whites using burnt cork or Stein’s blackface makeup. Black face became one of the most popular shows in the country. Which was sad and it showed the amount of envy the whites had towards African Americans because they dedicated a whole performance to mock a group of innocent people just by the color of their skin. Performances are a form of entertainment and for black face to be one of the top performances in the country showed how whites took the initiative to sit there and have joy on their faces while they were bringing another race down for something they were born with. They created stereotypes of an entire race of people and made them look like they were not up to part to fit in with whites.

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Blackface: A cultural history of a racist art form

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History of Policing in America and its impact today 

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History of Policing in America and its impact today 

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Policing has existed since colonial days in different forms such as night watches, local sheriffs, and militias. In the 1700s people in the south saw the rise of salaried slave patrols and their jobs were to capture, control, and brutalize enslaved people. The acts that caused or empowered slave patrols and militia were the acts that empowered white people to punish black people. People in the slave patrol would be penalized if they didn’t show up for their service. All white people were expected to enforce slave codes. Slave codes were made so that enslaved people wouldn’t rebel or organize. After the Civil War the 13th amendment was passed and it abolished slavery exept as a punishment for a crime. This caused the south to pass a series of crime bills such as black codes and this criminalized all forms of black freedom. If an african american challenged a term of work then they would be considered a criminal and they would be auctioned off to the person that claimed they were a criminal. The new laws re-enslaved people who had just gained their freedom and it needed new police to take over the duties of the slave patrol. There were private police forces that were owned by people who were running cons, and they were there to control the workers. Policing in the United States was meant to protect and serve only a fraction of Americans and this caused many protests today.

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The origins of policing in America | Perspective

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Black Leadership and Cultural reconstruction.

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Black Leadership and Cultural reconstruction.

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In the video, many black people were tired of living in the south and living as slaves so many decided to leave their states and take a long and hard journey to Kansas. One of these people who tried to leave the south was Pap Singleton. He and around 500 other blacks took the long and hard journey and eventually arrived in kansas. They believed god was in Kansas and that is another reason why they wanted to go there. Some abolitionists had different views on this movement. Sojouner Truth said she dreamed of her people going to Kansas. But, Frederick Douglass apposed the move. He thought that people would only see the hundreds going to Kansas, but not the thousands of people who stay in the south. He thought it would make people loose focus on the south and more on people going to kansas.

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Pap Singleton: To Kansas! | PBS LearningMedia

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In this video segment, learn about Benjamin "Pap" Singleton, a former slave who in 1874 led a group of 300 African Americans--the first of many groups--out of the South to the state of Kansas in search of a better life.

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The question of moving from the South or even the United States fumbled many African Americans for days, even weeks, even months. These people that moved to Kansas were called Exodusters. The question turned to a man named Pap Singleton, a man that led over 300 African Americans to Kansas, a place with opportunity. African Americans wanted to leave the south because of the harsh conditions of White Southerners. African Americans felt like slaves because they were “working” for them. In 1874, Pap Singleton would lead a group of 300 people to Kansas, a place for them to make money and to feel free. Pap Singleton was a former slave and knew the harsh reality of slavery, and wanted to get away from it. Pap Singleton thought that if John Brown “struck” slavery in Kansas, God must be there. That was another reason they wanted to go there. Sojourner Truth wanted this more than anyone else, she had spoken to God for her “people” to go to Kansas. And that God would help them get to where they wanted. In the book of Exodus in the Bible, The people of Israel escaped from the harsh rule of Egypt. African Americans called themselves Exodusters because they thought of the South as Egypt because of their harsh rule, and thought of themselves as Israel because God was with them and Kansas was the Promised Land, the land God promised Israel for living, and freedom would be there. Exodusters also believed in the God of Daniel, to God of Vengeance and would decide who would go to Heaven or not. Even though Kansas seemed like a promised land, the road to get there was harsh. Many died, and many were injured. Even when they got to Kansas, they were deceived, it was a land of tornadoes, cold winters and much more. But through all that, African Americans built a community and thrived…
https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/bf10.socst.us.indust.kansas/pap-singleton-to-kansas/

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First African American female millionaire

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First African American female millionaire

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Madam C.J. Walker was a poor African American women with a daughter.  Walker was making a living by cleaning other peoples clothing. Walker had a terrible scalp disease because she was not cleaning her scalp, so her hair was falling out. Walker began mixing many different cleaning supplies that she found by coming into contact with other cleaning agents, hoping to find a cure for her hair. Ingredients consisted of petrolatum and sulfur that healed her scalp.  It was like a miracle because this mixed cured her hair, and her hair begins to grow back. Other women wanted to know what she was using when they saw what happened with her.  She started ti use the money that she had to bottle and sell the new substance.  Walker begins to recruit sales women that go and try to sell the substance to others.  Walker decided to use her money to go against racism and fight for equal rights.  She also used her money to help other African Americans get scholarships to college.  Walker died of a sudden kidney failure. Many people had grown respect for her, so they lined up along Broadway to see her casket.

Video I watched:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEKXMHIGmrQ

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White Supremacist Rally in Charlottsville in 2017 

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White Supremacist Rally in Charlottsville in 2017 

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A white supremacist is a person who believes that whites are the superior race and should dominate other racial and ethnic groups- specifically black people and Jews. Several white supremacist groups still exist today such as the Ku Klux Klan. A few years ago a protest was held over the removal of a confederate general statue. Words like "white lives matter" were chanted and many said their heritage was being erased. Many held the confederate flag and other signs with hateful messages. Yet another protest was held a few days later- it was one of the biggest white supremacist rally in decades. There was also a counter protest which was peaceful. White supremacists hid behind the bible and was even led by the man who claimed to be the future of the white supremacist movement. He claims that being a racist is natural and loving ones people is natural. Several protesters were beat with poles and some died. The protests ended with a white man driving through a group of peaceful protesters. This resulted in one woman dying and at least 19 people injured.

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Many cities are still segregated to this day. Neighborhoods were color coded with green and red neighborhoods, known as red lining. The green neighborhood was treated for highly, while the red neighborhood was not treated fairly. Mostly, the white home owners can get loans, but the black home owners barely can get any loans. When the neighborhoods are segregated, it affects the schools to be segregated also. The government also destroys black neighborhoods for roads and highways for whites.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e68CoE70Mk8

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Today, America's school age population is more racially diverse than ever before. Lately, there has been a massive drop in the number of schools that have a balanced mix of students who are white and students who are Black and Latino. Studies have shown that the average white student goes to a school that's more than 70% white. According to a study by UCLA's Civil Rights Project, the number of hyper-segregated public schools across the country, the number of black schools has tripled. Black or Hispanic students has more than doubled since 2000. They say it's about choice and the government shouldn't be involved. However, studies have repeatedly shown that segregated schools have a disproportionately negative impact for low-income Black and Latino students. This is because people in the white middle class usually live in urban areas or suburban. As a result, schools are being more segregated.

Video Source:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v2TG9n0vc-4

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Ida B Wells was an African American woman that was born in 1862 in the middle of the Civil War. She was said to be born and contestant territory. She was first claimed by the Confederates in the claim by the Union.She was orphaned at a very young age and her parents were killed from a yellow fever epidemic.She was left to take care of her five surviving brothers and sisters. She became a teacher so that she can support her younger siblings. She was also an African American journalist, abolitionist, and feminist who led an anti-lynching crusade in the United States in the 1890s.Even though she was only 16 she had a basic education which made her qualified to teach other children. In a train there was this thing called a lady car and it was for ladies only and Ida was told that she could not sit in it.She sued The railroad because she wasn't able to sit down even though she had gotten a ticket. In the lower court she won, but in the  State Supreme Court she lost unfortunately. Tennessee was in the process of implementing segregation in this time so because of this she couldn't win the case. This action turned her more into an activist. She wrote about many things in her early age and she was known as the most prominent black female journalists. She also got her nickname Iola princess of the press. She became a main leader of anti-lynching. She was a leader of anti-lynching because she thought lynching was a crime.Mainly because one of her friends along with two others. She was out of town when this happened so she came back to Memphis seeing that people were flingtown specifically African Americans. She felt this was wrong because when people told African Americans to get ahead and get employed they would just end up being lynched. So in order to stop this she made a major commitment to anti-lynching as she was in black woman's clubs and other civil rights organizations.

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Ida B. Wells | Activist for African-American Justice | Biography

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Biddy Mason was an African American who escaped slavery and became very wealthy during her lifetime. Biddy Mason was a woman born into slavery in the year of 1818 and she was taken away by her mother as a baby. Older enslaved women cared for her, taught her the healing properties of plants and the gift of delivering a baby. Biddy Mason ended up as a forced laborer on a Mormon caravan when she and her daughters were sent to toil on their slave owner's farm in Mississippi.When the Mormons set out from Mississippi, they traveled to the Great Salt Lakes in Utah. Three years after arriving in Utah, Biddy was forced to move again. This time she was forced to hike more than 400 miles through desert to what is now San Bernardino, California. In California, Biddy befriended free blacks and they encouraged her to take her freedom. Her slave owners were forcing Biddy and her daughters to move to Texas this time. However, upon her departure some of her free blacks friends (or as we assume) told the Sheriff and Biddy and her children were put under protective custody as her slave owners were ordered to court. Smith (her slave owner) denied that Biddy and her children were enslaved so it was up to the court to decide. Biddy’s case was taken up by Judge Benjamin Hayes. Biddy wouldn’t be able to tell her story as it was illegal for a person of color to testify against a white person in court; but Judge Hayes was successful in setting her and her children free. Once free, Biddy moved to Los Angeles. She became a doctor's assistant and started a business as a midwife. She saved her money and bought property, becoming one of the richest people in Los Angeles and she was celebrated for it! She also founded the African American Methodist Episcopal Church, still famous to this day. Mason spoke up for the humanity of all blacks.

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From Enslaved to Entrepreneur: The Biddy Mason Story

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Truth & Justice: History can't be Erased, but shouldn't be repeated. 

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Truth & Justice: History can't be Erased, but shouldn't be repeated. 

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In the American South, slavery, lynching, and other horrible aspects of slavery, or slavery in general are not typically topics of conversation. Despite the fact that slavery was littered all over the south, the Confederacy over time, has been romanticized, and has become something that people have honored and celebrated. There is a museum in Montgomery, Alabama called “The Legacy Museum and the National Memorial for Peace and Justice”. This museum is unique because it is the country’s first memorial for enslaved black people. Between the Antebellum Era and the Reconstruction Era and the aftermath of the Reconstruction Era, the country went from enslavement to restriction, to immoral financial mass incarceration. During these periods, America had the highest rate of enslavement, and many cities in the south are cities shaped by slavery, simply because it is the history of the cities that can’t be erased. Over 4400 black people were victims of lynching in the U.S between 1877 and 1950. Lynching in a nutshell was the process of death by hanging for an alleged offese with or without a legal trial. People were lynched for many different reasons. For instance, maybe they stole something of great value, perhaps they broke a law, maybe they were accused of a crime they didn’t commit, or maybe it was just because of the color of their skin. People these days can take their lives for granted, but should be grateful that our stories can end a different way. During these times, and sometimes in our time today, people have become desensitized to the abuse of black people. One of the most famous lynchings was the lynching of Henry Smith. A 17 year old who was executed in Paris, Texas in 1893. This became such a large event because 10,000 people showed up that day. Some other instances such as these are the executions of Caleb Gadly and William Lewis. Gadly was killed in Bowling Green, Kentucky solely because he was walking behind the wife of his white employer. Lewis was lynched in Tullahoma, Tennessee because he was allegedly “intoxicated”. John Ardfield was lynched in Ellisville, Mississippi, and people actually advertised and put up signs as if his upcoming death was a movie premiere. This was considered normal, and people would celebrate the fact that they had this control over black people. Even though this type of treatment has stopped, the effects of it live on, and while people think that this only affected the families and the people who were victims of this type of maltreatment, the truth is it has affected the country as a whole. It led some people to think that this was okay, and perfectly fine. It left other people traumatized, and others in grief and sorrow. Sadly this is the history of our country, and despite the horrible gut--wrenching stories, it can’t be erased, and can’t be undone, but if we know our stories, it shouldn’t be repeated.

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Pain and terror: America remembers its past

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President Woodrow Wilson posted a film called, “Birth Of A Nation” which boosted his reputation. This film was a racist film and made the KKK which is a racist clan look like heroes to many citizens of the U.S. In the film, they make the black man look evil chasing a white woman trying to foul  her but instead she jumps off a cliff instead of a black man defiling her. This film made black people look like criminals and they introduced them by showing black men being rude, ungrateful, mean and disrespectful which in real life was not true. With the KKK in the film killing of the mean or evil black people in the film made the KKK heroes and the white Americans looked up to the KKK. They love the film that was made. They started to resist black people from a fake film made by the president at the time. They tried to erase the positivity the black people made during reconstruction. This is what the film “Birth of A Nation” was about. A scamming film what made black citizens look evil and like criminals while the KKK are heroes who took down the black people that they made seem like villains.

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Blackface was introduced by white actors and later used on African American actors. It was used to show how white people thought black people lived. This went on to introduce many stereotypes

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Booker T. Washington & Tuskegee Institute 

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Booker T. Washington & Tuskegee Institute 

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When Booker was a lil boy he heard that there was a school in the state of Virginia. As a result of this he walked across Virginia and went to that school saying he wanted to be apart of that school.  Later on he became the principle of a school named Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee Alabama. Booker thought that it made more sense for the children should gain a industrial education so they can be able to master chore skill so they can be put to use.

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The Tulsa Massacre was horrible racially motivated attack on a successful black community, called "Black Wall Street". The event that triggered the massacre was an incident between Dick Rowland, a 19 year old black man, and Sarah Page , an 17 year old white girl. Both teenagers were in the elevator, and Sarah started to scream. Nobody knows what happened in this elevator but Rowland was arrested the next day. The local newspapers wrote articles claiming that Rowland had assaulted Sarah, but Sarah refused to press charges. At the courthouse, a group of white man began to gather on the land, there were some black men, some armed, to protect Rowland. One of the black men from the smaller group had an altercation with a white man from the larger group which made the conflict bigger. This was enough for white mobs to go and riot in "Black Wall Street". This attack was extremely violent, with the white mob murdered, looted and set fire to "Black Wall Street". Some black people from the neighborhood tried to fight back, but were significantly outnumbered by the mob. This was a strategy used to deal with many successful black communities in the United States. The neighborhood burned for 2 days and Martial Law was declared, the national guard was brought in. When the massacre ended Greenwood was destroyed completely. Some of the news paper articles only reported white deaths, and some reported over 100 black casualties. The survivors of the attack were left to pick up the pieces of their homes. After the massacre the city started to cover it up. Records and files went missing, including the very article that started the massacre. That means that the photos were even more important. But at the time the photos were used to show white supremacy culture, and kept as souvenirs of the racially charged crime. Greenwood eventually rebuilt, but nobody really knows where the bodies of the victims are. In 1997 the city decided to put together a commission to help figure out the missing pieces of the massacre. They gathered records and eyewitness accounts. The eyewitness accounts are very important because none of the survivors are still alive now. These accounts had new information that nobody knew about. One witness said that he saw bodies dumped in Oakland cemetery. Using all this information the city was able to find areas with anomalies in the soil. At the time all the city had to do was excavate the areas, but the city wasn't up to doing that. For many citizens of the area it was something that was best forgotten, something they didn't want investigated. Today the towns new mayor is willing to re-open the investigation. The city will be investigating the areas that had anomalies and will be DNA matching any remains that are found, and that could take years. This in my opinion was one of the most horrible racially motivated crimes that the government ever covered up, and they owe it to the victims families to investigate and law their bodies to rest.

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The massacre of Tulsa's "Black Wall Street"

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Daryl Davis is a Black American musician who friends the KKK and tries to get them to leave it. He meets with members and tries to have courteous conversations with them, so that they can see all of the things they have in common. Davis said "The more you find in common and you build upon what you have in common, thing things that you have in contrast, like skin color, begin to matter less". Davis doesn't support their beliefs, but he thinks that since they are fellow Americans, they have a right to speak their minds freely.  He tries to talk about music, and asks KKK members about what race they think created that form of music. He then informs them that African Americans created this type of music, but white musicians and singers made it popular. Davis then has to have a hard conversation with young Civil Rights leaders, who don't support what Davis does. He wants everyone to be in unison, and since they all live in America, they should try to live peacefully with one another

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This Black Musician Explains Why He is Friends With White Supremacists

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The removal of Confederate Statues has always been a debate among politicians and citizens. Many have argued that the statues honor the dead after the Civil war, and some argue that the statues celebrate Confederate leaders and that they are a sign of racism. The statues were built in the 1900s with the Jim Crow laws and many racial groups such as the KKK. The statues were built to go against the Civil Right Movement and they also were signs of support for segregation. As a result, many protests tore down those statues and Confederate flags were removed from southern government buildings. Many celebrate the removal of the flags and statues, but some argue against that and say that the flag and statues represent their fallen family who fought strongly for their cause. White supremacists have protested to protect the removal of Confederate statues, nationalists have been protesting which led to violent fights with others. Confederate Statues should be taken down because they represent a symbol of hatred and racism towards many. They represent the evils that many black men and women had to face in the 19th and 20th century.

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Confederate statues protest: the history and the debate

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After finishing the video I now fully understand why some people want confederate flags and statues down and why some don't. Some people want those monuments to be taken down because those thing represent hate and violence and those people now want to move on from that so they thinking they should be taken down. Some people want to keep the flags but just change what they represent because they think the flag should represent what they believe and stand for. They have people that want to keep the flags not move on from what they represent because they believe in violence and hate speech and think that will lead to peace. Lastly people believe those monuments stand for those for the people that fought for the state and for the country and shouldn’t be removed because that would be disrespectful to those that died fighting. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rnu0ksRxi7A

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Ida B. Wells was born in 1862 in Holly Springs Mississippi. Her parents died of yellow fever leaving her to take care of her 5 remaining siblings at the young age of 16. Ida didn’t want her family to split up. As a result, she became a teacher to support her family and keep them together. She was considered to be a natural feminist. One example of this is an encounter of her and a conductor on a train. Being a teacher teaching in rural schools, she had to travel a lot. She usually took a train to work each day; usually in a women’s car. One day the conductor refused to let her sit in the lady’s car even though she bought a ticket. The argument between her and the conductor led to a fight which led to her being cast out from the train. She later sued the railroad. As the years went by her case moved up to the state supreme court. She lost this case due to segregation being implemented. This devastated her; it was the start of her activism and journalism.  She quickly became the most prominent black female journalist of her time. Ida’s nickname was “Iola princess of the press” due to her lively and outspoken personality.

Wells was also a leader in anti- lynching. This was due to a traumatic experience of seeing one of her friends lynched. She posted an article about the friend of hers and the 2 other African Americans getting lynched and was met with backlash from a white mob. Fortunately she wasn’t there but she was warned to leave out of town and stop printing her papers. As a result she fled to New York and was hired by a new newspaper page. She lead the first anti-lynching campaign which became a major priority for the NAACP, black women’s clubs and other civil rights organizations. Ida B. Wells was an amazing activist and journalist who brought attention to very important issues.

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Robert Smalls was one of African Americans who were able to escape. He then went on to help other slaves to escape. Smalls gathered his family and other enslaved people on a boat. They passed successfully through guards. He was invited to the White House and Abraham Lincoln asked why would he put his life at risk for other people. Smalls still believed that the slaves should be free and not held against their own will. He also felt that African Americans should be allowed to fight in the war. He went on to work in the services of the United Stated Navy. He was able to get this job because of his navigational skills. Smalls served in government as part of the House of Representatives and the state Senate of the capital.

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Many schools are still segregated across the country, despite the fact that segregation is against the law. Why, you may ask? Let’s start from the beginning. In 1954, the Brown vs. The Board of Education, made the idea that schools could be racially separate but still equal, illegal. Even though this technically would’ve ended segregation, it didn’t immediately. For example, federal courts had to force districts to desegregate in the South about a decade later. Because white middle class communities moved from urban areas to the suburbs, there’s been a huge decline in the number of schools that have a fair amount of students who are white, and students that are non-white, (typically black and latino). Nowadays, the re-segregation trend is more common in Northern, democratic states such as New York, Illinois, Maryland, New Jersey, and California. In simple terms, segregation is still and will always be against the law. Today, it is viewed as a  choice to choose to go to non-diverse schools. Maybe one day, this shall change.

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Isaiah Montgomery & the Bayou Mound Community 

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Isaiah Montgomery & the Bayou Mound Community 

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Isaiah Montgomery:   Isaiah Montgomery was the founder of the black community Mound bayou in the Mississippi Delta.  Mound bayou was another community that came to be from segregation.  Since blacks and whites were separated in public facilities they wanted to get away from the hatred, so blacks created their own communities just for themselves.  There were zoos, homes, restaurants, pools, salons, and much more.  The constructing of these communities was not easy though, clearing trees and drawing bayous, was difficult especially because of the lack of resources and experience.  Montgomery was a well trusted black leader in the community, he was elected as a delegate to go to the Mississippi convention.  This convention's main purpose was to get blacks out of politics.  When the time came Montgomery applauded the decision.  Blacks were angry but whites enjoyed it.  Even despite his actions, Mound Bayou continued to grow.

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The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow | Isaiah Montgomery Founds Mound Bayou | PBS LearningMedia

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This video from The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow looks at Isaiah T. Montgomery, the political leader and businessman who in 1887 founded the African American community of Mound Bayou, along the Mississippi Delta. Residents cleared the land and developed a thriving city along the frontier.

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How did the Republican party transform from the party of Lincoln to the party of Trump?

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How did the Republican party transform from the party of Lincoln to the party of Trump?

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In 1854 there were two democratic parties that divided the United States, the Whigs and the Democrats. The Democrats were increasingly pro-slavery, but the Whigs were conflicted about the issue. They were afraid that an already growing number of slave states would mean that the power of slave states and the demoocratic party would grow as well. This would hurt free white workers economically, so in 1854 the country is debating weather the territories of Kansas and Nebraska should allow slavery. In this the Whigs disagree and the party collapses entirely leaving only the Democrats in its wake.  Later however the former Whigs form a new party, on better then the one previously formed, this party would be created to fight against slavery in the south, they called it the republican party. By 1860 the republican party had become so powerful that a Republican president emerged, Abraham Lincoln. The south had been very skeptical of Lincoln’s intentions on how he would deal with slavery, so mush so that they decided to secede from the U.S. and create their own country forming the ‘Confederate States of America’. The response of the U.S. is calm, however the Confederacy wanted no part in the U.S. and they decided to fight to be recognized as an independent nation. With this decision the Civil War breaks out between the Confederacy and the newly named Union (United States). The Union however pulls off the victory for the United States and as a result of the war slavery is abolished as a whole in the entire United States, which was only a mere stratagey used by Lincoln to win the war. The country although reunited is still divided and after Lincoln’s assination, reconstruction was the biggest concern. In 1866 the 14th and 15th amendments were passed which almost ensured that the recently freed African American men were treated equally. However during the war the Republican party began to change, the republicans grew rich with war spending and became more concerned with money then what they were fighting for. They didn’t think that it would bring them enough power if they fought for black rights, all this while the south continued to fight back against equal rights. Republicans grew tired of helping freedmen and thought that they’d done enough for the cause. In 1870 the party practically gave up on reforming the south. Republicans became known as the party of ‘big business’ this turns out to be great for the economy and the republicans themselves. Until in 1929 when the economy crashed and the great depression set in, this is when the Democratic party sweeps in and expands the federal government, involved in this were men like Franklin D. Roosevelt, among other democrats. Now the two parties were known as ‘big business’ and ‘big government’ both of which opposed each other. In the 60’s and 70’s the civil rights movement began and race played an even bigger part in American society. In this civil rights debate and in the midst of all of the fighting president, Linden Johnson, a democrat, signed the civil rights act into law, and it's the republican candidate, Barry Goldwater, who opposes this bill arguing that it expands government power too much. A sudden shift takes place and the black voters who were in the republican party convert to the democratic party, some of which were already there. White voters who were previously democrats are now republicans as they begin to heavily resent the big government for its interference in civil rights. The south begins to find its grounds to be mostly republican and the north democratic. As the 2000’s began another controversial occurrence begins in the United States, Hispanic emigration is the republicans growing concern. As the growing concern on the republican side of the U.S. grows more by the day, they become anti-immigration. (Remember these are the same people who were anti-black). The democratic party becomes pro-immigration. As the Republicans begin to fall two republican supreme court members cause an under due revival for the republican party. Donald Trump and a businessman who promises to build a wall to keep immigrants out gets elected due to the newly gained support of the republican party, the big business party. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s8VOM8ET1WU

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Segregation & Racism weren't just in the south!

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Segregation & Racism weren't just in the south!

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In the video I learned that there were many places in the United States that were racist, and didn’t allow black people to live there. There were between 3,000-15,000 towns in the United States that allowed black people to be killed, and not live there. One state that completely forbade African Americans from living in the whole state was Oregon. Since thousands of members of the Ku Klux Klan lived there African Americans that stayed there could be killed. In 1846 white people in Oregon said that black people that stayed there could be put into slavery. And black people weren’t allowed back into the state until 1926 which was 80 years later. Even when black people were allowed back into the state, it was hard to find jobs.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W4U1ozz7nM8

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Voting is very important, especially in America today. Abraham Lincoln's assassination lead to Andrew Johnson's presidency. Johnson believed in state rights. Southern states made their own laws, which targeted African American's rights. To stop this, congress made the 14th and 15th amendments. This prohibited the states from taking away voting rights from freedmen. The states moved pass the amendments which started the era of Jim Crow Laws. These laws made life for African Americans very dangerous. The 19th amendment gave African American Women the right to vote. After a while the Jim Crow Laws era was over, black voter suppression was not. Now, some tactics makes people feel as if their votes does not.

Us Civil Rights Leaders leaders from the past knew that the best way to make change was by voting, it was also a way of being heard. After the Civil war,  amendments were passed, these amendments ensured the right for African American Men to vote and participate in elections. Jim Crow Laws(state laws and local laws that created segregation) were spread across the US, which disenfranchised African American voters. Poll taxes, literacy tests and voter purges were all things that colored voters faced. This is something that had a negative effect on African American voters. From the start of 1896 the number of colored voters in Louisiana fell from 130,334 to 1,342.

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White Supremacy in the Capitol Insurrection

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White Supremacy in the Capitol Insurrection

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The white supremacist organizations took action while they had the chance to. Since there was a raid on the capital it was a completely open opportunity to take part in it and show that they weren't going to let the democratic party win. The white supremacist were showed their true colors ruthless, sore losers, and stubborn. All the proof that I need to clarify this is the video that I was shown.

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We Decoded The Symbols From The Storming Of The Capitol | Decoded

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Tulsa Massacre, also know as Tulsa race riot

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Tulsa Massacre, also know as Tulsa race riot

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Tulsa Massacre was an event when white mobs did an attack on wealthy black businesses and residents. It all started when a black teen was accused of sexually assaulting a white teen. A white mob crowded the court room demanding to have the black teen. After being refused a black group showed up offering to help and when they were turned down they went to leave but as they were leaving a white man decided to try and take an armory from one of the black men. This resulted in chaos and the black men retreating to Greenwood also know as Black wall street. Black wall street was the name where most of the wealthy businesses was since Tulsa was highly segregated . During the Tulsa Massacre, white mobs went around destroying buildings and homes such as burning and looting them. This lasted night and morning. Around 10,000 blacks were left homeless and many left dead. Most survivors left Tulsa, while the ones who stayed kept quiet about the violence.

https://youtu.be/3sorCAFQOqc

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The video was about the filmmaker making the KKK look like a good organization. They pictured African Americans doing bad things during the congress meeting and being bad in general. After the movie was created, the white people watched it and started supporting the KKK because they thought this movie was real life and not just a movie. They tried to erase all of the black history and all the good things African Americans did for them and their country. They wanted to remove the black politicians as well because of how bad they were pictured in this movie.  They also tried their best to revive the KKK.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1H4AIC0t6v-YB6lxXC3JQpQ3KZfowBA3v/view?usp=sharing

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Robert Smalls lived a fascinating life, filled with hardships, courage and accomplishments. Smalls grew up in the hardships of slavery in Charleston, South Carolina. His humble courage began when his master rented him out to work on a cotton steamer called the Planter where he became a skilled sail maker. The planter was later transformed into a war ship for the Civil War and because Smalls had skills they made him the pilot. Of the Planter. During the Civil War, Smalls hatched a plan to steal a Confederate ship, risking his life to escape to freedom along with his family. After passing many check points, He sailed North for the Union Naval blockade, north of Charleson harbor, and there he surrendered the Planter over to the Union. The government rewarded  him $1500.  Smalls had many accomplishments in his life. Smalls  became very popular after the courage he had shown on the Planter. When Small was invited  to meet Abraham Lincoln at the White House, he told Lincoln that blacks should be allowed to fight in the USA Armed Forces. Lincoln agreed and Smalls became a captain in the US Navy and piloted the US Navy Planter. In 1874 Smalls was elected to the US Congress and served 5 terms. then joined the Union Army and fought for the freedom of the rest of his people. After the Civil War, Robert returned of South Carolina where he was elected to the United States House of Representatives.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IW6EQ7QkCC8&t=477s

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Born in 1868 Dubois was the first african american to earn a phd from harvard in 1895.While teaching at atlanta university such including "the philadelphia negro" the first case study of a black community in the usa.In 1905 he founded the niagara movement which became the forerunner of the N.A.A.C.P while working their he wrote his first novel his first book "The Negro".This was one of three he wrote.He died in 1963

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People have different opinions on the Confederate statues and why they should or shouldn't be taken down. Some think that they should be taken down and some think they shouldn’t be taken down. For example, lots of people want them to be taken down because they think that the Confederate statues and flags symbolize violence and hate because the Confederates are the people who fought against the Union. Other people don’t want it taken down because they think that that’s what they should be representing or worshiping an
d that it shows honor to the people who died. Everyone just wants it to be based on what they believe.

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David Duke: Louisiana’s KKK grand wizard who had a political career in the 1980s, 1990s and today

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David Duke: Louisiana’s KKK grand wizard who had a political career in the 1980s, 1990s and today

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David Duke is an odd topic. This is a story about how David's past caught up with him and ruined his career. He is a politician, but was a KKK wizard, and neo-nazi. He was once in the house of representatives for Louisiana. His opponents exposed his KKK ties and it came to the public in a commercial. Duke was shunned by his own party and  he did receive any other positions in government. He lost the race for governor, president, and a seat in congress multiple times. The story can also teach that former klansmen are hiding in plain sight.

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A look back at former Klansman David Duke's political career following a message he sent this week threatening to name his political ties with both Republicans and Democrats if House Majority Whip Steve Scalise isn't treated well.

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Daryl Davis: A black man who is friends with white supremacists 

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Daryl Davis: A black man who is friends with white supremacists 

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Daryl Davis is a black musician who is friends with multiple white sumpremacists. In a documentary called “accidental courtesy” he sits and has conversations with white supremacists. He tries to bring them together so they can turn away from their hateful ways. He attends KKK rallies and they welcome him. He is seen as a friend to multiple leaders. He sometimes helps KKK members to get busses and things like that. He does not agree with their message but he supports their freedom of speech. The method he uses isnt common but it works somewhat. He has helped KKK members convert from their racist ways and continues to be friends with some. He talks about music with the KKK to show that even though their race is different they might think the same in some ways.

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There were many ways for the government to stop people from voting back then and now. Back then, southern states had oppressive voting laws against African Americans. Then Congress passed a law stating that everyone should have the right to vote despite their race. But although this law was passed, people in the south still found ways to keep black people from voting. They used poll taxes, literacy tests and made segregation legal. Almost a century after the Jim crow laws were created, the voting rights act was passed and a year later the Jim crow laws were gone. But even today people still face voting oppression. The Supreme Court passed a law saying that some states did not need federal approval for their voting laws anymore. Those states  took advantage of those laws and made it harder for black people and college students to vote.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XqcFnxTB3kQ

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History of Policing in America and its impact today 

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History of Policing in America and its impact today 

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David Duke was a former leader of the KKK and a neo-nazi. HE believes that if there are civil rights for blacks there should be civil rights for all people and not a select race. He ran for governor of Louisiana in 1991. His opponents found out about his relationship with the KKK and he was bashed by his own party. He believed that he would win in the vote for governor. At the end he did not win the election for governor in Louisiana. After he failed running for governor, he ran for President in 1992 and also lost. He later ran for senate and congress losing both times.

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A look back at former Klansman David Duke's political career following a message he sent this week threatening to name his political ties with both Republicans and Democrats if House Majority Whip Steve Scalise isn't treated well.

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I learned that Madam C.J Walker, a woman from a child of slaves becomes the first female African American Millionaire. In Walker’s early life in 1887 in St. Louis, Missouri, she worked as a washerwoman to survive and have a place to live. During this period, she lived in harsh conditions where people didn’t normally have plumbing or electricity; as a result, she didn’t bathe often leading her hygiene to deteriorate over time. Her unhygienic conditions and suffering from exhaustion would begin to negatively affect her in merely a few years. When this time came, Walker began to experience hair loss due to a scalp disease which ultimately intensifies dandruff in her hair because she wasn’t cleaning herself regularly. This is when Walker was inspired to create hair products for African American women which would completely change the African American hair care industry. As a washerwoman, she has come into contact with many times of cleansing products; therefore she decides to experiment with these remedies in an attempt to improve her condition. Once applied to her scalp, Walker’s scalp begin to heal and her hair begins to grow back which marked the beginning of her hair care business. After realizing this phenomenon, Walker starts to bottle and sell her products as well as travel throughout the Southern and Eastern United States close to cities and towns but in particular African American churches to promote it. She used an interesting tactic in which she would market her goods directly to African American women, using a personal approach that earned her loyal customers. I also learned that later on, it becomes so widely successful to the point where she has a team of women who go door to door promoting and selling the product. By 1910, Walker had an official growing business with profits that would be the modern-day equivalent of several millions of dollars. Despite her ongoing wealth increasing copiously, I also learned that she played a key part in using her wealth to bring about change against racism and white supremacist groups, most notably the infamous Ku Klux Klan group who has killed hundreds of African Americans from 1900 to 1914. On top of this, Walker made herself highly involved in providing African American children education and supporting African American groups and campaigns such as the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) where she and other prominent African American leaders discussed rights that should be given to African American citizens and how they should be equal; as well as strategies to obtain heir goals. Suddenly, she meets her end in 1919 where Walker passes away from kidney failure, having fortunes and over 20,000 agents as a result of her business. She is remembered for being the first African American woman to be a self-made millionaire. Overall, despite her massive wealth at the time, she wanted to use her achievements and money to help bring about a change in the world and in particular, African American history. I think it is very interesting to see because Walker inspires many women today about female talent and how they can be entrepreneurs as well as how to be financially independent. Walker is definitely one of the most notable pioneers of the cosmetics industry. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEKXMHIGmrQ

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Meet the First Self-Made Female Millionaire

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Racism and Violence After Reconstruction

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Racism and Violence After Reconstruction

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Summary of “The Massacre of Tulsa’s Black Wall Street”

Some people had not really heard of this story until they were adults. In fact, the details of what happened are still being thought through today! Bodies were thrown in rivers, bodies in graves - In short, it was a mess. Let’s see what really happened. Let’s start with some background knowledge: One day back in 1921 a neighborhood in Tulsa, Oklahoma, named Greenwood district, was thriving of Black-owned businesses. People back then even called it a “Golden Age”! But, as great as it sounds, something went wrong. The “KKK” (Ku KLux Klan) was very active at the time in Oklahoma and the nation just went through something else called the “Red Summer of 1919” (when mobs of white people murdered black people in dozens of casualties). Now let’s see how this massacre started, shall we? There were two teenagers involved in the incident, 17 year old Sarah Page (white, elevator operator at Dextel Building) and 19 year old Dick Rowland (black, showshiner). So, Rowland went into the Dextel Building, boarded the elevator, something happened (we don’t know yet) and Page screamed. They both ran out of the elevator. Nobody knows what happened in the elevator but later Rowland was arrested because a local newspaper article claimed that Rowland had assaulted Page. Page refused to press charges and so a white mob formed and gathered on the lawn of the courthouse. Since Rowland was in jail on the top floor, several black men (some armed) marched down there  to protect him. Then there was a struggle between one of the black men from one group and one of the white men from the other. So, obviously, things escalated. Hundreds of armed, white people descended onto Black Wall Street while black residents retreated behind the railroad tracks. Some of the black residents were armed and fought back but were outnumbered. The white mob looted, set fire, and killed that day.. For TWO whole days, Greenwood district burned and in ruins with more than 1200 homes and 35 blocks burned. The exact number of casualties is hard to pin down while different people said different things. The people that survived had to live in tents for multiple months. This story's not finished yet. After the massacre, the cover up started within the media. Pictures from the massacre are now kept in safe places since people thought of those as an example of “White Supremacist” Culture. Don’t worry though, Greenwood got rebuilt, eventually. Oh! And there’s one fun fact about the whole story (it’s not actually fun); Nobody knows where the bodies of the victims are.

And there you have it. That was my summary of the Tulsa Massacre.

Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-ItsPBTFO0

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The massacre of Tulsa's "Black Wall Street"

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History of Policing in America and its impact today 

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History of Policing in America and its impact today 

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The Police were made initially made to punish all black people and make sure they didn't rebel or break the rules. All whites were required to enforce these so rules. When Black people became land owners and served in political offices, the police were a reminder to the black people that white supremacy was still a thing. With that being said, police were created to control black people to work for the whites. Today this has been a practice that was carried on to our current time and this is what causes racism cases against police and protests.

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The origins of policing in America | Perspective

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Pap Singleton was an instrumental person and was a former slave and he wanted to help the slave of 300 people and come in a group and go to Kansas and he thought that god would be in Kansas and the rest of the former slaves followed his path and thought " god is there too" and they followed their leader ( Pap Singleton) to got there and be safe and they knew that trying to get to Kansas will be a very harsh time.
https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/bf10.socst.us.indust.kansas/pap-singleton-to-kansas/

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Blackface was used on white performers and was supposed to be very funny to the audience and the people who made the movies. But some African Americans also wore blackface. They didn't like it but they did what they had to do to get on stage. The youtube video I watched talked about the history of blackface. At a point in the video they that some say to just leave it in the past but we can't  just for get about how racist and hurtful that was to Africans Americans. And that we can"t just leave it in the past because it resurfaces as shown in the video.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pqlD-eZm1ck

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Segregation & Racism weren’t just in the south!

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Segregation & Racism weren’t just in the south!

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In the video I learned that racism and segregation were not just in the south . In fact it was mainly everywhere in the United states . There were so many places where they wouldn’t allow black people to live there but they would allow them to be killed . They had towns called “ Sundown towns '' where they had signs everywhere threatening the black people who lived there . Calling them the n word and basically saying they would be killed in the night if caught . There were between 3,000 - 15,000 Sundown towns all over the United states between 1890 and 1930 . These towns were just a lot of places that made lynching and murder acceptable all because they didn't want black people to live there or anything to do with them . Black people were also not allowed to live in Oregon . For a long period of time . Oregon forbade black people from living , working , or owning property there . In 1844 , they passed a legislation that said they would “ flog any black person that didn't move out of the state by 1846 “. Another thing homeowners land corporation rating systems were designed to keep black people out of certain neighborhoods . It was called redlining .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W4U1ozz7nM8

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The Mistick Krewe of Comus, founded in 1856, is a New Orleans, Louisiana, Carnival krewe. It is the oldest continuous organization of New Orleans Mardi Gras festivities. In December 1856, six Anglo-American men of New Orleans gathered at Dr. John Pope's Drug Store on the Corner of Jackson and Prytania began to organize a secret society to observe Mardi Gras in a more formal and organized fashion than their Creole predecessors. Founding members: Samuel Manning Todd, a dry goods merchant from Utica, New York, who arrived in New Orleans by way of Mobile, Alabama like most of rest; Frank Shaw, Jr., commission merchant; Lloyd Dulany Addison (son of Walter Dulany Addison, of the Oxon Hill Manor Addison's members of the Tidewater gentry partner Bullitt, Miller & Co. merchants and cotton factors; Dr. John H. Pope, credited with naming the group, and Joseph Ellison, owned Pope, Ellison & Co., commission merchants-Pope was also a pharmacist owning Pope's Drugstore at the corner of Jackson and Prytania where this small coterie initially organized; William Ellison, partner of firm Starke & Ellison, Cotton Brokers. The Mistick Krewe of Comus presented a parade annually on the evening of Shrove Tuesday from 1857 to 1991 with the only exception being during war. From 1885 to 1890 while the Mistick Krewe of Comus did not parade, the evening parade on Shrove Tuesday was the Krewe of Proteus. In 1890 Comus began parading again as the final parade on Mardi Gras with Proteus reverting to the evening of Lundi Gras.

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Krewe of Comus and the Racism of Mardi Gras

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The United Daughters of the Confederacy, a women’s group that was formed in 1894, made an effort to take control of Confederate history. That effort has a name: the Lost Cause. It was a campaign to present Confederate leaders and soldiers as heroic, and it targeted children growing up in the South causing them to grow up with a twisted outlook on their history.  Even without the right to vote, the group was extremely influential. They influenced local governments to build memorials of confederate leaders and generals all over the South, including in public spaces like courthouses and state capitals. They formed textbook committees and made school boards  ban books that the UDC deemed “unjust to the South,” which was anything that made the confederacy seem unjust.  Their work with children was not just in the classroom. They formed a group called the Children of the Confederacy, a program that sought to get kids actively involved in “Southern” history. They would recite UDC-sponsored rhetoric, visit veterans, participate in monument unveiling.  I think groups like this are part of the reason why racism still exists.  Children are taught and practice believing that they are superior to another race.

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How Southern socialites rewrote Civil War history

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Isaiah Montgomery & the Bayou Mound Community

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Isaiah Montgomery & the Bayou Mound Community

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Isaiah Montgomery founded mound bayou. In this place black people were able to live a good life. But Mound Bayou was built up by black people, and was considered a free place for black people. In this community white people wouldn't destroy or interfere with mound bayou like the other black communities. But Isaiah was willing to give up his right to vote and all of his fellow black people's right to vote. But he was then looked at as a trader to the black community.

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The diverse schools over the year has decreased.The white flight has something to do with this.This is when a large group of white people move from more urban areas to the suburbs.This leaves all of the African American/Latino students to themselves in the Urban areas. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v2TG9n0vc-4

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N.A.A.C.P National Association for the Advancement of Colored People founded in 1909

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N.A.A.C.P National Association for the Advancement of Colored People founded in 1909

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The N.A.A.C.P is a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as an multi-race association to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington, Moorfield Storey and Ida B. Wells.Its missions were to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate race-based discrimination. Actions to try and reach its goal were political lobbying, publicity efforts and litigation strategies developed by its legal team.

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Isaiah Montgomery & the Bayou Mound Community 

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Isaiah Montgomery & the Bayou Mound Community 

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In the Mississippi Delta their was a town called mound bayou. Mound bayou was founded in 1887 by Isaish Montgomery. Some Residents in mound bayou refered to the town as the best place on earth becuase they didn't have to do things like walk down the street to offices becuase they had their own offices. Mound bayou had lots of activites that people would enjoy such as shops, swimming pools, and etc. Isaiah's plan was to build up a free safe community for blacks where they can live happily and free. It wasn't easy but with alot of work and effort Isaish was able to sucessfully create a two that made black people feel safe. Before the building process their was alot of wild life so residents had to clear out alot of land and scare animals away inorder to have a thriving city. To protect mound bayou from white interventions Isaiah voted at the Mississippi Constitutional Convention for an amendment that would ensure the legal disenfranchisement of blacks in the state.

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The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow | Isaiah Montgomery Founds Mound Bayou | PBS LearningMedia

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This video from The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow looks at Isaiah T. Montgomery, the political leader and businessman who in 1887 founded the African American community of Mound Bayou, along the Mississippi Delta. Residents cleared the land and developed a thriving city along the frontier.

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Around the United States cities are divided among races. Even though segregation has be abolished in the United States the effects are still present. In the 1930s, the neighborhood maps were color coded to separate good and bad neighborhoods for loans. The colors that were used were red, green, blue, ad yellow. Green neighborhoods were the neighborhoods of the highest status and were treated that way. Blue neighborhoods were good neighborhoods but had less wealth as green ones. Yellow neighborhoods were the “working class” neighborhoods meaning wasn’t the best. And red neighborhoods were the worst ones meaning little wealth so they were redlining. This caused them to be treated unequally to the green, blue , and yellow neighborhoods. Now you may be wondering what causes the grouping? The cause is race. The color of your skin determined how much you would prosper. This was not a fair. Even though the segregation time period is behind us we are still experiencing the push back. While green, blue, and yellow neighborhoods are thriving and bettering their economy the red neighborhoods are just beginning to grow so the economy is worse which means less investments into the community. This prohibits exponential growth and keeps the cites segregated without even trying to do so.

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Adam Ruins Everything - The Disturbing History of the Suburbs | truTV

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History of Policing in America and its impact today

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History of Policing in America and its impact today

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Policing has been in America for a very long time abusing enslaved African Americans with the patrols such as sheriff patrolling night watches and more.During the 1700s southerners realized the rise slave patrols and jobs to "break" slaves, control them and capture them. These patrols are approved and encouraged by white wealthy businessmen in order to punish African Americans. Penalties were given to those who were not present for their shifts in the patrols. All white southerners had to abide by these practices and encourage these actions.Slave codes were created to help ease the transition to prevent rebellion of African Americans. After the civil war these slave codes were tossed out to rejoin the Union. Upon the approval of the 13th admendment slavery was abolished.However, African Americans were not home free yet. New laws were enstated called black codes. These codes caused african americans to loose their freedom soon after they gained it. Today, these patrols are not around but the idea is. The idea the whites are the superior race. An example is George Floyd. His killer ware recently convicted for 2nd degree murder,3rd degree murder and 2nd degree manslaughter.

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Development of Education in black communities

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Development of Education in black communities

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Black people would do everything in their power to learn to read and write. They wrote on trees, in sand, and on logs. But they made sure that the white people did not hear about it. Many were very intrigued by schools, and the way white people read. Often referred to reading as “talking to a book”. Slave owners used the excuse “it's my property I could do what I would like to do”, but never liked the thought of teaching the enslaved people… There were written documents stating there is a large punishment that comes when you try to teach an enslaved person to read or write. (there were laws and acts i am almost sure) White people thought it would not be beneficial at all if black people were brought to Yale University. They would use words like “unwarentable” “dangerous” and “an interference”. It seemed as if the rush to not provide reading/ learning opportunities for black people. Not only in the south it was spreading nationwide. In 1861 after the Civil War ended there was a new freedom for slaves that allowed slaves to leave and they went to go get an education. This was the start of education in the south. White people said they could now lift black people out of the pits. They said they could establish schools and spread gospel to the black communities. The white people tried to make the communities “civilized” that essentially was trying to make them into how the white communities were… There were many black people that wanted their own organization to fund and teach. They wanted a more black learning style (to be as free as possible) which many did not understand, so they began forming their own colleges and universities. By around the late 1800s there were over 86 black colleges. In Alabama nearly every school was destroyed or the teachers were run off.. Approximately 12000 people (black and white) were killed because of the opposition towards black colleges. Even with this there were still many black colleges open. Which brings us today with many predominantly black colleges and universities. https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/311f5397-54a7-4a52-9d2c-2aaeaf5114f6/film-clip-1-tell-them-we-are-rising-the-story-of-black-colleges-and-universities-the-road/

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Development of education in black communities

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Development of education in black communities

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Before reconstruction there weren't really any black communities because most black were still in slaved. When you are enslaved you can not get educated because white people wouldn’t allow it. If a person was cause trying to teach a slave to read or write they would be in trouble. Any chance that they got they would try to learn without getting caught. During reconstruction all of that started to change. During the reconstruction they were abolishing slavery(13th amendment), equal rights(14th amendment), and the right to vote(15th amendment). They also started making black schools. Most people in congress helped a lot to make this happen. Most people in congress believed that black were being treated unfairly so they passed laws that helped black people out. In that time period the schools were segregated still but later one everyone got to go to any school they wanted like in today’s society.

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In December 1856, six Anglo-American men of New Orleans gathered at Dr. John Pope's Drug Store on the Corner of Jackson and Prytania to begin to organize a secret society to observe Mardi Gras in a more formal and organized fashion than their Creole predecessors. From 1885 to 1890 while the Mistick Krewe of Comus did not parade, the evening parade on Shrove Tuesday was the Krewe of Proteus. In 1890 Comus began parading again as the final parade on Mardi Gras with Proteus reverting to the evening of Lundi Gras. Founding members included: Samuel Manning Todd, a dry goods merchant from Utica, New York, who arrived in New Orleans by way of Mobile, Alabama like most of rest; Frank Shaw, Jr., commission merchant; Lloyd Dulany Addison (son of Walter Dulany Addison, of the Oxon Hill Manor Addison's members of the Tidewater gentry partner Bullitt, Miller & Co. merchants and cotton factors; Dr. John H. Pope, credited with naming the group, and Joseph Ellison, owned Pope, Ellison & Co.,

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Krewe of Comus and the Racism of Mardi Gras

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Biddy Mason was born a slave and she died a millionaire, when she gained her freedom in California. Biddy became a businesswoman and owned a lot of property in LA. She saved money from being a midwife and a nurse which made her wealthy. She sued for her freedom and won. Here is her story. She was born into slavery in 1818 and she was took from her mother as a baby. Biddy and her daughters were sent to work for Robert and Rebecca Dorn Smith in Mississippi which is how she ended up being a forced laborer. Biddy was forced to go almost 1500 miles with her enslavers to Great Salt Lake City, Utah. They walked through rain, mud, floods and ice while she served for the smiths and took care of her 3 children. She was forced to move again because the Smiths wanted to move to California. Slavery was illegal in California but the Smiths helf Biddy and her daughter captive for 4 years. When Biddys friends heard that Biddys masters were moving to Texas with them they told the sheriffs office and Biddy and her children were taken to protective custody. It was against the law to testify  against a white person in court. Biddys lawyer didn't show up to court so the judge told Mason that she would be seperated from her children if she went to texas so Biddy said she didn't want to be separated so the judge gave her papers so that she and her children would be free.She moved to LA to do work as a healer then she became a doctor's assistant (nurse) and started a business a a mid wife she saved her money and bought property and she was one of the richest people in LA. Biddy became a businesswoman and owned a lot of property in LA, she saved money from being a midwife and a nurse which made her wealthy.  She also founded the African American Methodist Episcopal Church. She is now honored for her achievements.

Links:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kmt6hK4Y4sU

https://www.pbs.org/wnet/boss/video/biddy-mason/

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Voter suppression is when the outcome of an election is discouraging or preventing specific groups of people from voting. The majority of victims of voter suppression in the U.S have been and still are African Americans. Voter suppression has been practiced in the United States since reconstruction. So since black people have gotten the right to vote. Even though congress at the time has passed many laws so that black people can have equal rights including the right to vote. The KKK and white supremacists have tried to make it impossible for black people to have equal rights.

(1) The History Of Black Voter Suppression — And The Fight For The Right To Vote | NBC News - YouTube

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Madam C.J. Walker was a mother slave who became the first female African-American to become a millionaire. Madam C.J. Walker started washing other people’s clothes as a slave to keep a roof over her and her children's heads. Due to the harsh conditions of slavery and not many people using electricity in this time period, Madam C.J. was not able to have an great hygiene (being clean) and so did her children. Within a few years, her hair started to fall out and she had scalp disease (dandruff). Since Madam C.J. had experience from washing clothes, she knew some cleansing agents. She wanted to make a solution which would help with her hair loss and dandruff. Inorder to do make that remedy, she knew the factors for cleansing like petroleum and sulfur which heals sores on her scalp. She started to experiment with some liquids and made a mixture sort of like shampoo or lotion for your hair! When she finally tested the “shampoo” on her hair, the results came back stunning. Her hair started to grow back and was healthy. When other women saw her hair, they wanted to know the secret to her hair. That's when Madam C.J. Walker decided to sell her hair products to other women. Not only her business would change her life, but the cosmetics industry too! She started her business with the money she saved and started to package her products to sell. She also traveled throughout the south and east of the United States but mainly headed to towns and cities that had churches. She starts to promote her own business by reaching out to African American Women to sell her products to. African American women were urban so they started to pay attention to their looks. Madam C.J Walker even offered to do a treatment for her customers for free if they were willing to buy her 10 cent lotion (shampoo). Her customers were pleased. By 1910, her business was thriving. She and her daughter were able to enjoy a great treat. However there was still a problem with humanity. There was racism in the world. Madam C.J. Walker wanted to stop racism so she used her profitability (money or wealth) to fund for the change in society. She joined a leadership group to take action in a anti-lynching campaign ( this campaign was made to stop people; purticalry African Americans; getting executed), the KKK was in this time period which started all this mess. This campaign would also talk about voting rights. With her wealth, not only she pays for campaigns but she is able to pay for scholarships of propitious African American students too. By 1919, Madam C.J. passed away due to kidney failure. Madam C.J. is known for today as the first African American Woman to become a millionaire, a pioneer to the cosmetics industry, and (to some people like me) one hero to humanity.

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Meet the First Self-Made Female Millionaire

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Robert Smalls was an African American man who in 1862  decided that he was going to take a chance and try to escape to freedom.He took his family and other members of the enslaved crew he worked with and loaded them all on a boat.They successfully sailed through the heavily armed defenses  protecting the harbor and landed in the Unions blockade.Soon after, Smalls was invited to the white house to meet with president Abraham Lincoln,and was asked why he put his and his family's  life on the line to try and escape.He responded saying only one word which was, “Freedom”.Smalls soon became apart of the  House of Representatives and the state Senate of the capital,and because of his great navigational skills He became a pilot and was able to ride the boat(that he used to escape once) again.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IW6EQ7QkCC8&t=477s

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Although there were many lynchings towards African Americans back in 1892, Ida B. Wells researched and found enough information to be able to have a good outline on the truth of the killings that were taking place. In the early 1890s, Ida B. Wells became one of the most well-known African-American journalists that spoke out against racial injustice. Due to the killings of her friends, this led her to research into the lynchings that were occuring. In her research, it was found that the lynchings were actually intentional to punish African Americans that were competing with whites. White mobs weren’t happy and were threatening her, but that didn’t stop her from republishing her research in New York instead. Ida B. Wells documented another pamphlet called “A Red Record”, and this drew international attention. Using her platform, this allowed her to rally Europeans against racial injustice. Undoubtedly, she also stood up to many powerful U.S organizations. Because African American women were disenfranchised, Ida. B. Wells started a Black Woman suffrage organization and marched along white women instead of giving in to the attempt of prejudice against African American Women. Ida. B Wells went through many challenges to stand up to injustice and strengthen many rights movements.

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How one journalist risked her life to hold murderers accountable - Christina Greer

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Today as you know police brutality is a major problem. White on Black crime. Today were gonna go back in time and figure out when these things started happening. In the colonial days policing was night watches, local sheriffs, and militias. They didn't create normal police departments till the 19th century. In the 1700's the south had salaried slave patrol. Their jobs were to capture,control and brutalize enslaved people. The slave patrols and militias empowered all white people to hurt and punish all black people. So black people were not being treated fairly by the police back in the old days. It seemed like they basically repeating that time and trying to hurt black people all over again.

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Ida B. Wells was a investigative journalist, civil rights leader, and anti-lynching advocate who fought for equality and justice. When she was a young girl, her life was hard, because she had lost her mother, dad, and little brother. Because of this, she had to work as a school teacher to support her younger siblings. By the 1890’s she had gained a reputation after becoming a journalist to come against racism and to fight back. After the death of her 3 friends,  she decided that she was going to step up to white supremacists, and fight for justice.

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Bibby Mason was an enslaved woman who gained her freedom in California and became very wealthy. She was headed west for salt great valley. Shewas forced to go 14 miles with her enslaved fellows while taking care of her kids. She was taken from her mom at a young age. As a young adult biddy was forced to hike a  140 miles through punishing desserts. As she moved many enslaved fellows encouraged biddy to take her freedom.  One day she learned that she was moving and taking her and her kids. Biddys friends alerted the police department and her and her kids were taken into protective services. And now her freedom was taken upon the court. When her lawyer showed up the judge took her and told her if she was to move back to texas her kids had to stay.  And she didn't move to texas in fact after she was set free and a free woman. Biddy set out to become a healer. She became a doctor's assistant and saved her money and property, And became the most richest people in L.A and founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church