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Greenhouse effect is when you trap the sounds warmth

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Ozone

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Def: Climate change describes a change in the average conditions — such as temperature and rainfall — in a region over a long period of time. NASA scientists have observed Earth’s surface is warming, and many of the warmest years on record have happened in the past 20 years.
https://climatekids.nasa.gov/climate-change-meaning/

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Day to day, hot, cold, wet, dry, snow, rain, sun, etc.

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tells you what type of clothes you have in your closet- Hancel!

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Get to know what’s good and bad using these cards.

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Editor's Note: This story was originally published in December 2015 and was republished with minor updates ahead of President Trump's decision to pull the U.S. out of the Paris climate agreement. Some of the information on approval by individual governments has been changed to reflect changes in status.
Representatives from 196 parties made a historic pact on Dec. 12, 2015, in Paris to adopt green energy sources, cut down on climate change emissions and limit the rise of global temperatures - while also cooperating to cope with the impact of unavoidable climate change.

The agreement acknowledges that the threat of climate change is "urgent and potentially irreversible," and can only be addressed through "the widest possible cooperation by all countries" and "deep reductions in global emissions."

But how deep will those reductions be - and how soon, and who's paying for it?

Here are some key figures from the final agreement.

2 Degrees

The central goal of the agreement is laid out in one phrase:

"Holding the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 degrees C above pre-industrial levels ..."

Limiting the rise in temperature to 2 degrees (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) has been discussed as a global goal for several years now. That amount of warming will still have a substantial impact, scientists say, but will be less devastating than allowing temperatures to rise unchecked.

The global average temperature has already risen about 1 degree Celsius, relative to pre-industrial levels.

And even if every signatory country meets its current pledge for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the world is still expected to pass 2 degrees of warming, as the agreement itself notes with concern. (That section is literally labeled "Notes with concern.")

The current emission targets are just a first step, in short, and the Paris signatories hope the world can figure out how to get closer to the 2-degree goal as time goes on.

... Or 1.5 Degrees

But wait! There's more!

That same sentence in the deal continues: "... and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change."

That's right. The big, ambitious goal is immediately followed ... by a bigger, more ambitious goal.

Small island nations, in particular, fought hard to have this number appear in the agreement, noting that even if the temperature increase was held at 2 degrees, the resulting rise in sea levels would be devastating for them.

Island representatives adopted the oft-repeated motto, "1.5 to stay alive," as NPR's Ari Shapiro has reported.

And while those vulnerable nations didn't manage to establish 1.5 degrees C (2.7 degrees F) as the legally binding target, it is worked in as an aspiration.But it's a goal that would be even harder to achieve than 2 degrees - which, again, is a target the world hasn't yet figured out how to meet.

$100 Billion

"To help developing countries switch from fossil fuels to greener sources of energy and adapt to the effects of climate change, the developed world will provide $100 billion a year," NPR's Christopher Joyce reports.

But that amount is identified as a "floor," not a ceiling.

"Developed countries won inclusion of language that would up the ante in subsequent years," he explains, "so that financial aid will keep ramping up over time."

'As Soon As Possible'

This one isn't exactly a number ... but it's the target time for "global peaking" of climate change emissions.

It's an acknowledgement that in the near future, total emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases won't fall - in fact, they'll rise, as developing economies consume more energy.

But the plan assumes that greener technology, conservation efforts and processes to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere will eventually allow emissions to decline instead of rise - and at that point, the "peak" will be achieved.

2020

Nations aren't expected to ratchet their emissions back immediately.

"Each country came to Paris with a voluntary pledge to reduce emissions," Christopher says. "The agreement now codifies that and sets a framework for those reductions to begin in 2020."

That year is also the deadline for countries to submit a more long-term plan - not an immediate pledge, like their current goals, but one looking decades into the future.

5 Years

After the 2020 reductions kick in, it's not over: The deal is designed to evolve as the years pass.Every five years, specifically, each nation's targets will be reevaluated to move the world closer to the 2-degree target.

This element of the deal was one strongly supported by then-President Barack Obama, and it's highlighted in a White House fact sheet:

"Targets must be submitted 9-12 months before they are finalized, creating time for other countries and civil society to seek clarity about the targets submitted," the Obama administration wrote.

"Each target should reflect progress from the prior one, reflecting the highest possible ambition that each country can achieve. This durable, long term framework will drive greater climate ambition as technologies improve and circumstances change."

2050(ish)

This target date isn't actually precise: The deal describes it as "mid-century."

But that's when the world is supposed to meet another goal, which is much more concrete:

0

Zero, as in net zero emissions of greenhouse gases.

No one expects that over the next 40 years, the world would entirely stop using every form of technology that releases greenhouse gases. Instead, as Christopher Joyce explains, the mid-century target would be met by balancing inputs and outputs:

"Any greenhouse gases emitted would be balanced or zeroed out by removing an equivalent amount from the atmosphere. In the case of carbon dioxide, that would presumably be accomplished by growing forests, which absorb carbon dioxide."

???

Diplomacy isn't always quantifiable. Many sections of the deal, of course, don't nail down any numbers at all.

For instance, nations around the world "should strengthen their cooperation on enhancing action on adaptation" to the effects of climate change, the agreement states.

"All Parties should cooperate to enhance the capacity of develop country Parties to implement this agreement," it says elsewhere. And "Parties shall cooperate in taking measures, as appropriate, to enhance climate change education, training, public awareness, public participation and public access to information."

55 Countries, 55 Percent

A total of 196 parties committed to the climate deal in 2015 and had a deadline of April 21, 2017, to officially sign on to the agreement.

At least 55 nations - between them accounting for at least 55 percent of the world's total greenhouse gas emissions - needed to formally approve the pact before it went into effect. That threshold was reached on Oct. 5, 2016, and the accord kicked in 30 days later.

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So What Exactly Is In The Paris Climate Accord?

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Editor's Note: This story was originally published in December 2015 and was republished with minor updates ahead of President Trump's decision to pull the U.S. out of the Paris climate agreement. Some of the information on approval by individual governments has been changed to reflect changes in status.

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Leaders of industrialized nations are meeting in Germany this week, in part to discuss the Kyoto Protocol.

The protocol, coming into effect in 2008, is an ambitious effort to reduce the manmade emissions responsible for climate warming. But its impact has been less than many hoped, in part due to the absence of the United States from the pact.

Here, we outline the stumbling blocks Kyoto has faced, as well as its successes.
What is the goal of the Kyoto Protocol?
The pact's intention is to jumpstart global efforts to limit emissions of the "greenhouse gases" that warm the Earth. Carbon dioxide, which is a major product of burning fossil fuels like coal and oil, is the greenhouse gas people are most worried about.
How does the treaty attempt to curb greenhouse gases?
It requires developed countries that have ratified the treaty to reduce emissions, during the years between 2008 and 2012, by an average of 5.2 percent below 1990 levels. For some nations, this translates into a 15 percent reduction below projected 2008 emissions.

The protocol also creates a kind of "policy toolbox" for cutting emissions. For example, it encourages countries to set up markets for buying and selling emissions credits. The idea is that a company with low emissions could sell its "clean air" credits to a company with higher emission levels. A similar mechanism allows companies to earn carbon credits by funding projects like solar farms or tree plantations, which soak up carbon, in developing nations.
Who ratified the treaty?
More than 160 countries have signed on, including more than 30 industrialized countries. The United States - which produces about one-quarter of the world's greenhouse gases - initially signed the agreement, but later rejected it.

Nonetheless, because other large countries that together emit more than half of the world's carbon have signed the agreement, the deal had enough weight behind it to become official on Feb. 16, 2005.
What are the major problems with the treaty?
The United States hasn't become part of the agreement because it considers a problem the fact that several major developing nations, including India and China, are not required to reduce emissions under the agreement. China is expected to overtake the United States as the world's largest producer of greenhouse gases as early as this year.

Perhaps an even bigger problem with Kyoto, however, is that scientists say that even if it is successful, it would do relatively little to slow the pace of global warming.
What is happening this week in Germany?
One goal of the G-8 Summit is to determine how to involve the United States, China, India, and the rest of the developing world in the reduction of carbon emissions. Delegates are also beginning to prepare for a December 2007 Kyoto Protocol summit in Bali, where attention will focus on what should happen after 2012, when the current agreement expires. So far, there is no consensus on whether a new agreement should look like Kyoto, or take a different approach.

In a parallel but separate endeavor, President Bush will be promoting his administration's long-term climate change strategy at the meeting. President Bush seeks to unite 15 major industrial nations, including China and India, in an effort to reduce global emissions. The president says he wants to establish specific goals and commitments in a series of meetings before his term expires in January 2009.
Why has the United States refused to participate in Kyoto?
In general, the Bush administration says there's not enough bang for the buck. It says the pace and scale of cuts required by Kyoto would hurt the U.S. economy without providing significant environmental benefits. The White House also says more research is needed to understand the warming trend and how technology can be used to reverse or slow global warming. And it argues that, in order to attract the backing of industry, there should be a greater emphasis on economic incentives and more flexible, voluntary measures.

Australia is the only other industrialized country that is siding with the United States. Why has it rejected the treaty?

Mostly for reasons that are similar to those voiced by the Bush administration. Like the United States, it also wants to see major developing nations such as China and India play a greater role in addressing the warming problem.
Are participating countries on track to meet the protocol's targets?
Overall, no. The American and Australian rejections were a major blow to achieving the reductions. Meanwhile, in Europe, many experts are predicting that governments won't be able to reduce emissions as much as they had hoped. The European Union has been on track to meet its Kyoto targets, but it's not clear if that's due to Kyoto. For instance, Britain may be benefiting from a switch from coal-fired plants to gas that took place in the early 1990s, and Eastern European countries may be seeing an emissions drop because of industries that collapsed with the fall of the Soviet Union. A looming question is whether the European Union will continue to see a reduction in emissions, or, as some measures currently indicate, a rise.
How have other players - such as state governments and industry - reacted to the U.S. government's position?
Many in U.S. local governments have decided that some kind of international greenhouse gas limits are inevitable. So they want to make sure their local economies would remain competitive in a "carbon constrained" world. More than 150 U.S. mayors are pushing programs aimed at reducing emissions. And more than 400 U.S. cities locally support and adhere to Kyoto as of 2005.

At the state level, more than a dozen states have proposed various kinds of caps on emissions from power plants and automobiles, and are promising to promote cleaner energy sources. For instance, eight Northeastern states are developing an initiative setting state-level emissions caps and establishing a trading program. California also is a major state player. It has proposed reducing greenhouse emissions to 1990 levels by 2020, a 25 percent reduction below projected levels.

Many major energy companies - including the British-based oil giant BP and Australian mining leader Rio Tinto - are also moving to cut emissions, partly to be more competitive when regulation arrives.
Can Kyoto claim any successes?
Yes. The treaty has certainly put the issue on the map and provided a forum for some pretty frank discussions. It has laid the groundwork for very complicated diplomatic and economic relationships that are needed to curb climate change. It also created a European carbon credit trading market worth $30 billion after only two years.

A few decades ago, not many people would have predicted that there would be talk about paying countries to protect, or plant, forests in order to lock up carbon - or about harvesting methane, which is a very potent warming gas, from giant trash landfills. Those things are happening now. And it's likely that even if there is never a "child of Kyoto," a lot of the ideas it tested will find their way into policies of the future. As a lot of experts have said, Kyoto is a small but necessary first step.

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Q & A: An Examination of the Kyoto Protocol

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Leaders of industrialized nations are meeting in Germany this week, in part to discuss the Kyoto Protocol. The protocol, coming into effect in 2008, is an ambitious effort to reduce the manmade emissions responsible for climate warming. But its impact has been less than many hoped, in part due to the absence of the United States from the pact.

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a treaty is making a deal, ex. you scratch my back i scratch yours

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Chloroflourocarbons

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Nitrous oxide

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Methane

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Carbon Dioxide

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Water vapor