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Models of Communication are ‘ conceptual models used to explain the human communication process’.

Most Models of Communication focus on the following questions:

·Who communicates?

·What do they communicate?

·How is the message sent?

·Who do they communicate to?

·Why do they communicate?

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Eric Berne is considered the Father of Transactional Analysis. He developed TA as an advancement of the ideas of Sigmund Freud. He started with the idea that people developed 3 basic sets of behaviour (Parent, Adult, Child) which are formed by our childhood experiences of being parented.

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Transactional Analysis is classified as humanistic psychology that help people understand themselves and it is focused on relationships and communication. 

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Transactional Analysis is classified as humanistic psychology that help people understand themselves and it is focused on relationships and communication. 

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Parent Ego State: It is represented by the behaviours, thoughts and feelings copied from parents or parent figures.

Adult Ego State: It is represented by behaviours, thoughts and feelings which are direct responses to here and now.

Child Ego State: Behaviour, thoughts and feelings replayed from childhood, it is the part of the personality, which is preserved from actual childhood and it also contains all the impulses a person was born with.
This concept has been criticised, for more or less justifiable reasons. The theory itself incurs certain risks. Of the more frequently encountered risks, there is the simplification of relationship patterns, which can:

·         tend to focus on the analysis of the situation (instead of concentrating on solving the problem)

·         facilitate an explanation or interpretation (instead of questioning the other person to allow them to present their frame of reference and, therefore, explain the many ideas they have on the issue)

·         push the user to stress their understanding of the concepts, rather than focusing on their interaction with the other person.

allow people to believe that it is easy to help others, simply through Transactional Analysis models

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The Model in a communication window that consist of four quadrants. In this model there are two dimensions:
Others (what is known by other about me and what is not known by others).
Myself (what is known by myself and what is not known by myself).´The open quadrant is what is known by myself and what is known by others. The longer people know each other and as the confidence grown the window shades will move.

´The blind quadrant is what is known by others, but not known by myself. If the person who notices this will inform the other person the window shade moves.

´The hidden quadrant is known by myself, but not known by others. As soon as a person tells secrets the window shades are moved.

´The unknown quadrant is what is not known by myself and also not known by others.
The main criticism of the Johari Window is not so much a structural problem (what the model is) but a practical concern (how the model is used). The model explicitly invites the sharing of personal information. The quality and quantity of personal information shared is ultimately left to the judgement of the individuals in the group.

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Cognitivism is a learning theory based on the idea that individuals process the information they receive, rather than merely responding to stimuli.

Bruner once said that ‘’The most effective way to develop a coding system is to discover it rather than be told by a teacher.’

´A good teacher will design lessons that help students discover the relationship between bits of information. To do this a teacher must give students the information they need, but without organizing it for them’.

´Bruner.

Vigotski's idea is that development is interrelated to social interaction and that implies that social learning is always ahead of development .
Kurt Lewin says a person is presented as a whole system consisting of subsystems that are somehow separated yet are still capable of interacting and combining with each other.
Wolfgang Kohler states that when a situation is leant, it is useless to lean it in parts as it better to leant it as a whole.
Advantages:
| ·         It is effective to teach complex behaviours and the best way to perform a task.
·         It is an active  way to learnt and it is described as lifelong learning; it focuses on the individual student and their learning process and progress.
·         The explicit learning of high-level cognitive skills is easily approached and assessed; ·         It leads to death of understanding;
·   Improves learning as   cognitive skills primarily help the process of knowledge acquisition through physical objects and mental symbols representing events or figures.
·         It enhances concentrations and it highlights people's thought processes.
Disadvantages
·         Creates uniform behaviours;

·         This theory requires motivated learners;

·         Requires a specific level of intelligence.

·         It is extremely time intensive on the part of the teacher.

It involves very frequent assessment of the student's learning and retention, since new experiences build directly upon previous ones;
I use this approach in teaching very often as I prefer asking questions to help my leaners refine their thinking and recognize where they may be wrong.

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´SMOG grade is a measure of readability that estimates the years of education needed to understand a piece of writing.

´SMOG formula:

·Take the entire text to be assessed.

·Count 10 sentences in a row near the beginning, count 10 somewhere in the middle and after, count other 1o in the end. There should be a total of 30 sentences.

·Count every single word with three or more syllables in each group of sentences (beginning, middle and end). It doesn’t matter if the same word appears more than once.

·Calculate the square root of the number arrived at in the previous step and round it to the nearest 10.

´Add 3 to the number that result after finishing the previous step and that will be the SMOG number.

SMOG formula:

·         Take the entire text to be assessed.

·         Count 10 sentences in a row near the beginning, count 10 somewhere in the middle and after, count other 1o in the end. There should be a total of 30 sentences.

·         Count every single word with three or more syllables in each group of sentences (beginning, middle and end). It doesn’t matter if the same word appears more than once.

·         Calculate the square root of the number arrived at in the previous step and round it to the nearest 10.

·         Add 3 to the number that result after finishing the previous step and that will be the SMOG number.

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The term code, as defined by Stephen Littlejohn in Theories of Human Communication (2002), ‘refers to a set of organizing principles behind the language employed by members of a social group’.
´Bernstein’s theory shows how the language people use in everyday conversation both reflects and shapes the assumptions of a certain social group. Furthermore, relationships established within the social group affect the way that group uses language, and the type of speech that is used.

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Communication begins with a Sender. The Sender is the person who creates the message. The message is then sent to the Receiver. The Receiver is the person who decodes the message (understand the meaning of the message). What the Sender sends to the receiver it is called the Message. After decoding the Message, the receiver will construct a Feedback to the Sender, which is sent back to the Sender and that it is called the Feedback. This completes one communication cycle.
Motivational language

To motivate means the act or process of giving someone a reason for doing something. Motivation is a thing that can increase learners’ determination and interest in  learning. A teacher should put a strong focus on the learners ‘motives to be able to accommodate them.

Body language

Body language is the unspoken element of communication that people use to reveal true feelings and emotions. Only when ‘reading’ signs such as: smiles, frowns, position of hands/legs, etc people can understand the complete message of what someone says.

Dyslexia

´Dyslexia is a very frequent learning difficulty. Dyslexia can cause problems with reading, writing and spelling, but in this case, intelligence is not affected. It is estimated that 1 in every 10 people in the UK has some degree of dyslexia.
Each person with dyslexia will experience the condition in a way that is unique to them, however in the following lines there will be presented a couple of signs of dyslexia according to the individual’s age.

Effective listening skills

There are two components to effective listening: attention and reflection.

´Attention involves holding eye contact, nodding, having good posture, and mirroring the speaker’s body language to show genuine interest in what they're saying. In addition to these nonverbal cues, people must also allow the speaker to finish their thought in its entirety.

´Reflection is the repeating and paraphrasing of what the speaker has said to show that you truly understand what they're telling you.

Distant learning

Nowadays people understood that the only way to progress is to study.  People can study by distance and flexible learning, which allows them to combine studies with work or other commitments.

Email communication

Email communication can be defined as the exchange of short informational messages between at least two people over a computer network. People can send plain text, images or document attachments which are delivered through email web-based services like Gmail, Outlook, or Yahoo.

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Piaget strongly believed that the amount of time each child needs to spend in each stage is it influenced by the environment. Piaget’s theory highlights the fact that all students in a class are not necessarily operating at the same level. As children develop, they progress through stages characterised by unique ways of understanding the world and teachers must pay attention to these stages.
A ‘child should be encouraged to reflect and reason while the teacher studies the child’s work to better understand his thinking’. (Piaget 1970)

| Analysis of Piaget
| STRENGTHS:
| ·         Make teacher aware that not all learners are necessarily operating at the same level.
| ·         It generated a huge amount of research which increased the understanding of cognitive development.
| Shows that children think differently to adults
| Backs up model by mentioning different types of thinking e.g. egocentric thinking
| Shows four main stages of cognitive development, with valid explanations
| Mentions the notion that children go through a series of intellectual development (or schemas, as he referred to them as)
| Uses key terms to back up what he says in his model
|
| WEAKNESS:
| ·         Underestimate the abilities of young children and overestimate the ability of older learners
| ·         Abstract direction and requirements may cause young children to fail at tasks.
| ·         Progress to the formal operational stage is not guaranteed.
| ·         Piaget failed to consider the effect that the social settings and culture may have on cognitive development.
| Does not consider a child's upbringing
| Does not consider that children learn at different rates
| Does not take learning disabilities into consideration
| Based on a small number of children
| Both under and overestimates children's cognitive abilities
| Does not consider that with adult support, children can be developed to progress to higher level thinking skills
| Does not consider the quality of a child's informal and formal education

I apply Jean Piaget’s theories in my teaching by using concrete props and visual aids whenever possible, I also make instructions relatively short, using actions as well as words and I do my best to give learners a great deal of hands-on practice. My main aim is to use a wide range of experiences in order to build a foundation for concept learning and language.

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´Group interaction is ‘the process by which three or more members of a group exchange verbal and nonverbal messages in an attempt to influence one another’

´Tubb
For several individuals to be defined as a group, they must interact with one another, share different goals or objectives, they also must be socially attracted to each other. The most important is that people must poses a shared identity which distinguishes them from other groups.

Groups don’t really appear out of the blue, the development of a group takes time as it goes usually through some stages.

·         Forming is the first stage in this stage usually the group gets together.

·         Storming is the stage when the group becomes more intense than normal due to the tension associated with the competition.

·         Norming is the stage marked by the moment in which the group implements some rules and standards of behaviours in order to avoid the second stage to repeat.

·         Performing when the group can be considered a team and can perform accordingly. For a group to perform at its highest level of performance, methods, and strategies need to be applied, which will improve group productivity.

One-on-one interactions give people excellent opportunities to practice inter-personal communication and conversing with solely one other person at a time

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´The Sender always starts the process by choosing a message to send, someone to send the message to, and a channel to send the message.

´The Encoder is the machine (or person) that converts the idea into signals that can be send from the Sender to the Receiver.

´The channel of communication is the infrastructure that gets information.

´Noise interrupts a message while it’s on the way from the Sender to the Receiver (internal, external).

´Decoding  is the exact opposite of encoding.

´The Receiver  is the endpoint.

´The final step is ‘Feedback’; this concept was not originally proposed by Shannon and Weaver in 1948.  This concept came as a response to criticism of the linear nature of the approach which was illustrating the fact that the messages are only going one way.