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This is padlet

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Could the pathway on the left be involved in learning songs or storing memories

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Could the pathway on the left be involved in learning songs or storing memories

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If one kindly lesions the LMAN or Area X in juvenile zebrafinches, this prevents them from learning to sing.
However, if one lesions the LMAN or Area X in adult zebrafinches who can already sing, there is no effect. (Bottjer)

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WH Thorpe’s birdsong experiment (1954, 1958)

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WH Thorpe’s birdsong experiment (1954, 1958)

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Chaffinch raised with normal songs:

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Song motor pathway (SMP) & anterior forebrain pathway (AFP) regions

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Damaging nerve 12 disrupts singing (Nottebohm, 1976)

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Anterior fore-brain pathway (anterior vocal pathway)

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Soha and Peters:
Similar regions to that used in the human brain, when humans learn languages
Similarities in development
Auditory feedback when learning how to make the sound
Both need experience
Difference: birdsong is not as complex in communication as language

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Lesioning of the higher vocal centre disrupts song production

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Birds have sensitive/critical periods when they can form memories of the songs they learn 

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Birds have sensitive/critical periods when they can form memories of the songs they learn 

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Konishi 1963

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There is an innate predisposition to sing the basic songs but sometimes require experience to learn tutor song. 

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There is an innate predisposition to sing the basic songs but sometimes require experience to learn tutor song. 

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Carew, 2000; Brainard and Doupe, 2002

Marler and Slabbekoorn 2004

** Don't forget about the neuroscience/neurobiology behind the behaviour **

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Implications of research I.e. Development of human language acquisition

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innate in that all birds will produce some sort of song. Even if they've never  been exposed to a song. Even birds who have been experimentally manipulated to being deaf (konishi), produce some sort of song although it's not coherent. Learnt behaviour because if you expose a bird to a tutor song, it will learn it. But birds also have a preference to songs of their own species. 

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innate in that all birds will produce some sort of song. Even if they've never  been exposed to a song. Even birds who have been experimentally manipulated to being deaf (konishi), produce some sort of song although it's not coherent. Learnt behaviour because if you expose a bird to a tutor song, it will learn it. But birds also have a preference to songs of their own species. 

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Auditory feedback is important for learning songs and maintenance of song pattern

phases of song learning
SENSORY- critical period listening to other birds, forming memories and templates
SENSORI-MOTOR- motor patterns for singing behaviour. learning to produce sound (song motor/production pathway (posterior vocal pathway)
CRYSTALLISED- song has characteristic volume, duration, syllables, phrase. song doesnt change after this

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Brainard and Doupe 2002. Nature review: What songbirds tell us about learning

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the ability or inclination to sing is innate in birds but the song that is sung is learnt

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the ability or inclination to sing is innate in birds but the song that is sung is learnt

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There is an innate predisposition to sing a song whether the bird is in isolation or not

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There is an innate predisposition to sing a song whether the bird is in isolation or not

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intro on
-what innate and learnt behaviour is
-why studying birdsong is important
-3 neuronal pathways of birdsong

Argument for innate

Argument for learnt

Overall conclusion

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Thorpe 1956
Nelson and Marler 1993