# data[].attributes.headline
Indonesia-Guillermina Marchan (JC-Fantastic coverage of leaders and methods. Box could use proofreading for spelling and grammar as several sentences don't read well).

# data[].attributes.subject
Indonesia-Guillermina Marchan (JC-Fantastic coverage of leaders and methods. Box could use proofreading for spelling and grammar as several sentences don't read well).

# data[].attributes.body
Issues-
Indonesia started to crumble under the power of the Dutch, onset WW2. Japan  invaded Indonesia and although were forced to leave, destroyed colonial rule.  After losing the support of the United Nations and the United States, the Dutch granted Indonesia independence in 1949.
Leaders-  Sukarno and Suharto
Sukarno- In 1945 Sukarno claimed Indonesia's independence and named himself president. He attempted to guide the nation towards Democracy.
Suharto- In 1967 Suharto was named president after he put down rebellion but caused a bloodbath. Under his rule he had little tolerance for religious freedom.
Methods-
Sukarno attempted to guide Indonesia towards democracy after he appointed himself president. But he was not successful. Economy went down, foreign banks refused to lend money to help.This resulted in many coups attempted by army officers. But then Suharto put an end to these rebellions but caused a bloodbath, he killed about 500,000 to 1 million Indonesians. But under the rule of Suharto, economy improved and he enforced frequent periods of martial law. But economy boost didn't last long, in 1997-1998 the nation suffered one of the worst financial crisis in history. This caused turmoil in the country.The crisis made Suharto step down in 1998. This caused democracy to slowly reach Indonesia.
Lingering Problems-
Although all the economic and political problems that were occurring the East Timorese did not stop pushing for freedom. They pushed for independence without violence. After having a vote in 1999, on independence, pro-indonesians forces were angered. they went on a bloody rampage, they killed hundreds and forced thousands into refugee camps. But the UN finally brought peace to the area. Although East Timorese gained independence, there is still plenty of violence and struggling. The need for resources for the country is still a problem.

# data[].attributes.headline
Vietnam - Christian Sanchez (JC-Great work Christian. Liked your coverage of the leaders that went above and beyond the requirement. Could use more proofreading for spelling and grammar errors, especially in the last section. However, overall your content covers the topic well).

# data[].attributes.subject
Vietnam - Christian Sanchez (JC-Great work Christian. Liked your coverage of the leaders that went above and beyond the requirement. Could use more proofreading for spelling and grammar errors, especially in the last section. However, overall your content covers the topic well).

# data[].attributes.body
Issues: During the 1900s France controlled most of resource- rich Southeast Asia. (Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam.)
Nationalist independence movements have also began to develop.
A person named Ho Chi Minh turned to the Communists for help. Ho's Indochinese communist party led revolts against France.
The french responded by jailing protesters.
Leaders:
Ho Chi Minh:
Ho Chi Minh which means "He who enlightens" originally started off as a cook in a french steamship and all though he learned about American customs and ideals he turned to the communist party  to help declare independence for Vietnam from France.He declared "All men are created equal" but he did not put these democratic ideals to practice. He ruled as ruler of North Vietnam.
Ngo Dinh Diem:
Vietnam was divided at 17 degrees latitude. The North was ruled by Ho Chi Minh while the South was ruled by Ngo Dinh Diem. In the South the United States and France set up an anti- communist movement. Diem ruled the South as a dictator.In 1963 South Vietnamese generals had him assassinated.
Method's used:
Ho Chi Minh visited the Soviet Union in order to study revolutionary tactics and took an active role in the communist international.He brought these teachings as he took control of North Vietnam during the peace negotiations along the 17th parallel at a conference in Geneva. In the late 1950s, Ho Chi Minh organized a communist guerrilla movement in the South known as Viet Cong. It successfully opposed a series of North Vietnamese regimes. Ho Minh methods recaptured South Vietnam and united the North and South once again under a communist rule.
Lingering Problems
Vietnam still has quite a few problems that we still see today. These include many things even the health of its citizens. During a war between the North and the South which was known as the Vietnam War the US Air force sprayed 20 million gallons of agent orange and other herbicides that were contaminated with dioxin which was a deadly compound that caused many illnesses. (Ex. Birth defects, cancer, etc.) Vietnam also had problems politically. The communist party of Vietnam (CPV) started to loose its state of power by loosing it's support from its citizens. Its people started becoming unhappy because of the lack of basic freedoms. They had a denial of rights and even corruption was noticed. This caused a problem in Vietnam's political and economic progress.

# data[].attributes.headline
India-Jiovanny Villarreal (JC-You had a complicated topic I know, but there were several issues not covered such as the partition, Jinnah, and Kashmir).

# data[].attributes.subject
India-Jiovanny Villarreal (JC-You had a complicated topic I know, but there were several issues not covered such as the partition, Jinnah, and Kashmir).

# data[].attributes.body
Main Issues:
Britain had massacred many Indians in a protest leading to millions of Indian subjects to become nationalists and demand peace. Britain was not being judicially fair by failing to punish the officers responsible for the massacre. They're rewards from their civil disobedience caused much more tension between Hindus and Muslims from their view of how they want the Future of India.
Nationalist Leader:
Mohandas K. Gandhi (Mahatma(Great spirit). Gandhi had gone to study law in London but came back to India, unsuccessfully becoming a lawyer . Then he had joined the INC and rose through the ranks.
Methods Used:
Gandhi told Indians to refuse to buy British goods, attend government school, pay British taxes, or vote in elections. Gandhi boycotted British cloth telling Indians to weave their own cloth. Gandhi had arranged strikes and demonstrations , at times riots broke out despite Gandhi's pleas.Gandhi and his followers walked 240 miles or so to the sea coast where they began to make their own salt to defy the salt act which made Indians buy salt from no other source than the government.
Lingering Tension:
Pakistan divided, separated by 1,000 miles and different in culture, language, history, geography economics and ethnic backgrounds, having only the Islamic religion to unite them. India's tense relationship with its neighbors is an even bigger problems now that they have nuclear capability. India's religious tensions still occasionally result in episodes of violence and reprisal. India's population continues steadily increasing. Maoist rebels in the nations eastern area pose a serious military threat to the government's authority.

# data[].attributes.headline
GHANA -JZ (JC-excellent work; covered all key content well. Could use proofreading of spelling and grammar in several spots, especially under "main issues.")

# data[].attributes.subject
GHANA -JZ (JC-excellent work; covered all key content well. Could use proofreading of spelling and grammar in several spots, especially under "main issues.")

# data[].attributes.body
Main Issues: Decolonization & ethnic conflicts between tribes

After WWII African Soldiers experience of WWII made them unwillingly to accept colonial rule when they got back home.

For countries who owned colonies found it costly to maintain them.

Creation of artificial borders usually had little to do with the areas where ethnic groups actually lived.

Tribes of similar culture were  separated which later began to cause fights with one another & even after independence occurred.

Leaders: Kwame Nkrumah

Became Ghana's first prime minister & later its president for life.

Constructed new roads, new schools, & expanded health places/buildings.

His efforts/projects that were democratic brought the economy down & brought more opposition to him. Although in his efforts for Independence he was usually imprisoned for it.

Methods: "The Negritude Movement," non-violent resistance to British, Westernization.

The Negritude Movement was a movement to celebrate African culture, heritage, & values.

In this movement, inspired by Kwame Nkrumah, the people organized strikes & boycotts.

The people of Ghana gained their independence because of the idea of nationalism that they adopted from the West which brought many people together despite their tribes. They all decided to fight for one cause, Independence.

Lingering Problems: Conflicts between military control of government vs. Democratic Forces

In 1966 while Nkrumah was in China, Ghana's military force (army & police force) took over & fully controlled Ghana.

Since that day Ghana has gone back & forth between civilian & military control.

Ghana's current economy is very low due to high spending in things such as schools, hospitals, etc. which is one factor of why they keep switching.

Another factor is the continuation of conflict between the land/ borders between tribes.

At this time Ghana's government is a multi- democracy in which anyone has the full capacity to gain control of government offices, separately or in coalition.

The image below resembles the Negritude Movement in which the people of Ghana showed their culture & nationalism.

# data[].attributes.headline
South Africa - Gabriela Huerta (JC-excellent work; covered all key content well. See my note in the last section about a minor error of word use).

# data[].attributes.subject
South Africa - Gabriela Huerta (JC-excellent work; covered all key content well. See my note in the last section about a minor error of word use).

# data[].attributes.body
Main Issues:
National Party came to power in 1948 and instituted a policy of apartheid which was a complete separation of races (whites and colored). A small white minority ruled over the black majority. Schools, hospitals, etc. were segregated and black people lived in reserves. Black people were also not allowed to have any social contact with white people.
Leaders:
African National Congress (ANC)
Nelson Mandela -  He grew interested in politics when he heard elders talk about how freely his people (colored people) lived before South Africa became colonized by the British. He then trained to become a lawyer and became an ANC official to help fight for his people's freedom before he became imprisoned for 27 years.
Bishop Desmond Tutu - A  religious leader that led an economic boycott against apartheid.
National Party (against ANC)
F.W. de Klerk - Born into an Afrikaner family with close links to the National Party . He was elected into the Parliament in 1972. He was a supporter of apartheid, but negotiated with ANC to end the economic isolation of South Africa.

Methods:
Economic Boycott - Desmond Tutu organized an economic boycott in which he told foreign nations to stop trading with South Africa and he also asked ANC supporters to stop purchasing items from white people. This led to F.W. Klerk to legalize the ANC and negotiate with them in order to end South Africa's economic isolation. In 1991 apartheid laws were abolished and in 1996 South African lawmakers made a democratic constitution that guaranteed equals rights for everyone.

Lingering Problems:
In 1999 the ANC official was elected president, Thabo Mbeki faced high crime rates which included rape and murder. There was a high unemployment rate with 60% living under the poverty level. This economic turn down (JC-the proper term here in relationship to economics is "downturn." So you'd say "economic downturn" when referring to a recession or depression). discouraged foreign investment. There was also an AIDS epidemic going on with 6 million people expected to die by 2010.

# data[].attributes.headline
Cuba-Christian Calbillo (JC-excellent work; covered all key content well.)

# data[].attributes.subject
Cuba-Christian Calbillo (JC-excellent work; covered all key content well.)

# data[].attributes.body
Issues-
A rebellion in 1953 leads to Fidel Castro imprisoned. (Rebel=Jail Time)
Cuba's dictator Fulgencio Batista, was supported by the U.S.
U.S. provides military and economic assistance to anti-communist dictators.
Leaders-
Fidel Castro was born in 1926 and died in November of 2016.  Fidel was a young lawyer that led the revolution. He overthrew Batista in January 1959. Castro becomes prime minister of Cuba in 1959 and rules as minister until 1976. Later Castro rules as "president" until 2008. Castro at first creates social reforms and improves economy, but as well eliminated elections, jailed/ killed  opponents, and controlled the press.
Methods-
Castro's method to get independence was to persuade the Cuban people to rise against the "harsh" Batista, who was doing nothing for the poor. He convinced the people that socialism (communism) was the way to get independence. The Cuban people led the revolution which Castro himself fought, Guerillas (group of people fighting larger forces) later attacked the Havana (capital of Cuba) to overthrow the dictator. Castro took over sugar mills/ refineries which lead Eisenhower to order an embargo. Cuba becomes strong allied of the U.S.S.R.
Lingering problems-
The Bay of pigs makes Cuba and the Soviet Union stronger allies. Soviets agree to support (economically/military) Cuba as long as Cuba supported revolutions in Latin America and parts of Africa. Cuba becomes totally dependent of the Soviets which suffers economically when the Soviets fell in 1991. Cuba to this day is very poor. Cuba creates other relationships with other countries in order to survive.

# data[].attributes.headline
Turkey- Henry Becerra (JC-good work for most content. Westernization methods could use more work. Spelling and grammar need proofreading)

# data[].attributes.subject
Turkey- Henry Becerra (JC-good work for most content. Westernization methods could use more work. Spelling and grammar need proofreading)

# data[].attributes.body
Main issue: After World War One ended and the treaty of Versailles had been made as well as others, the league of nations had broken up lands and territories which were later then called "Mandates". This process had broken up the Ottoman empire and had reduced the original empire down to modern day Turkey. As time continued these mandates had begun to become restless and wanted independence which would then happen after the second world war breaks out, many of the nations that where under the rule as mandates the treaties as "A peace built on quicksand."
Leaders: Mustafa Kemal 1881-1938
Mustafa Kemal had rose to power after leading the Turkish nationalist fight back Greek soldiers who where backed up by the British, after this victory he used the help of the nationalist to overthrow the last Ottoman sultan. Kemal had become president of turkey in 1923 which had made the country the first republic of in Southwest Asia. One of Kemals goals was that he wanted to modernize turkey, to do this one of the things he had done was ban the use of the fez for all government workers instead they had to use Western-style business suits.
Methods: Some of the methods that Kemal had used to was westernization, he tried to make turkey more like Europe, and another thing that he had done was join N.A.T.O.
Lingering problems: Some of the lingering problems that turkey has is the Kurds, the Kurds are a muslin ethnic minority in thee middle east. The reason why they are a problem to Turkey and the other surrounding countries like Iraq, Iran, etc. is that they want their own country which would regroup the entire Kurdish population together, but that nation would be cutting into the borders of all the countries around them. Some of the ways that the Kurd's will try to "establish" their power is by doing bombings or "terrorist acts of violence" which depends on who's side of view you decide to go with.

# data[].attributes.headline
Kenya- Orlando Sepulveda (JC-Limited development of the methods section. For example, what happened during the Mau Mau uprising? What methods of westernization did the post-colonial government use to advance the economy?).

# data[].attributes.subject
Kenya- Orlando Sepulveda (JC-Limited development of the methods section. For example, what happened during the Mau Mau uprising? What methods of westernization did the post-colonial government use to advance the economy?).

# data[].attributes.body
Issues-
Kenya had to take arms against their European Rulers in order to win their freedom.
Divisions among the tribes who had different religions, language, customs, etc from each other. The tribes needed to be united to take up arms against their European rulers.
Leaders-
Jomo Kenyatta- 1st president of Kenya who viewed  independence as the only option for Africans. Was jailed by the British for not condemning the Mau Mau Movement.
Mau Mau Movement- Secret Society who sought to push out white farmers into leaving the highlands. Was made out of Kenyan Farmers and laborers.
Methods-
Negritude  Movement- a movement to celebrate African Culture, heritage, and values. Was used by Kenyan's to express their growing sense of black consciousness
Violent resistance- Violent oppression of British westernization in order to gain independence.
Lingering Problems-
Ethnic conflicts between tribes continues to this day since Kenya is a collection of multiple tribes who have different POVS, solutions, etc to the problems in the country.
Incompetent rulers have slowed Kenya's role in the global world. Rulers have allowed corruption to run amongst the government