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Impulse is a change in momentum. That can come from a change in velocity. The wheels are increasing the bobsled's velocity and changing it's momentum.

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There is work being done on the ride. The chain is pulling the ride up a distance. W=Fd.

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That object is at rest and will remain until acted on by an opposing force.

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This ride is slowing down so it has negative acceleration.

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This ride is speeding up so it is has positive acceleration.

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This ride has high kinetic energy due to it's high velocity. K=(1/2)mv^2.

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The only force acting on the seats is gravity so it is in free fall.

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As the ride goes around the loop, the cart has centripetal acceleration keeping it from shooting off the tracks.

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This has high potential energy due to it's height. Ug=mgh.

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This ride is a pendulum so it follows all the rules of simple harmonic motion.