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happens every 10 years after the Census HOR seats are reapportioned (reallocated)

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A tactic by which a senator asks to be informed before a particular bill is brought to the floor.   This parliamentary procedure stops a bill from coming to the floor until the hold is removed.

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The Filibuster Explained: American Government Review

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1) protects incumbents & discourages challengers
2. Makes the majority party stronger while weakening the opposition party

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Congressional Leadership: Crash Course Government and Politics #8

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vote trading; voting to support a colleague’s bill in return for a promise of future support.

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Incumbents usually able to raise more campaign contributions than their challengers

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Incumbents are better known to voters than their challengers
Incumbents have opportunities in highly visible activities that are covered by local newspapers & TV

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members of Congress can mail newsletters to their constituents at government's expense
(means its free for them)

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How a Bill Becomes a Law: Crash Course Government and Politics #9

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Congressional Elections: Crash Course Government and Politics #6

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This week Craig Benzine talks about the importance of elections. But he isn't going to focus on presidential elections, but instead those of the strongest part of our government: congressional elections. Craig will talk about the frequency of elections in the Senate and House, typical characteristics of a candidate, and the motivating factors our congresspeople follow to get re-elected.

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Role played by an elected representative who votes the way constituents would want, regardless of his/her own opinion

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Role played by an elected representative who listens to constituents’ opinions and then uses his/her best judgment to make a final decision.

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Role played by an elected representative who acts as a trustee or as a delegate depending on the issue.

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A way of delaying or preventing action on a bill by using long speeches and unlimited debate to "talk a bill to death"

Filibusters can be stopped only if 60 senators vote for cloture to cut off debate.

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Close link between constituent service & reelection.
Members of Congress able to win supporters by performing casework for their constituents & by bringing HOME MONEY & JOBS (PORK) for their district.

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consists of helping individual constituents often by cutting through red tape.  Examples
helping a voter get Social Security benefits, or a veteran get services, or helping some with tax problems out with the IRS.

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a procedure that allows consideration of controversial issues affecting the budget by limiting debate to 20 hours, thereby ending threat of a filibuster.

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a custom in which presidents, when selecting federal judges, defer to the senators in whose state the vacancy occurs.

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Districts are required to be equal or almost equal in population. There are 435 Representatives means each one represents an average of 700,000 people.

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Gerrymandering: Crash Course Government and Politics #37

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A full committee session in which committee members offer changes to a bill before it goes to the floor. They then vote on the bill, and if it passes, it goes to the full house.  If this occurs in the HOR it goes to the Rules Committee.

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-vote to end debate ( a filibuster) means that an effective majority in the Senate is really 60 not 51

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Funds that an appropriations bill designates for specific projects within or a state or congressional district.

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legislation that allows representatives to bring money and jobs to their districts or states in form of public works programs, military bases, or programs.
Alot of the time it is a provision snuck into the bill without a committee

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What is the difference between pork and earmarks?

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What is the difference between pork and earmarks?

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An earmark is simply apiece of legislation that directs funds to be spent on a specific project. It in no way applies the project is a bad idea or poor value for money.

Pork is a term applied to

pork barrel projects & are more likely to benefit a smaller group generally benefits the lawmaker who is writing the bill & seen as poor value for the money.
Example  Alaska's  ‘bridge to nowhere’

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Example of Pork Barrel Project Alaska's Bridge to Nowhere

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Example of Pork Barrel Project Alaska's Bridge to Nowhere

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The bridge in Alaska that would connect the town of Ketchikan (population 8,900) with its airport on the Island of Gravina (population 50) at a cost to federal taxpayers of $320 million