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Commute- to grant a prisoner an early release from prison, with certain restrictions.

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Parole- Letting an inmate go free to serve the rest of his/her sentence from prison under probation.

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Regulatory Commissions- A type of independent agency that has the power to make rules and bring violations to court.

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Government Corporations- a company that operates with the same independence of a private business, except that the owner is the government.

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Executive Agency- an agency of the executive branch of government such as the FBI, FDA, etc.

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Cabinet- a government in which the real executive power rests with a cabinet of ministers who are individually and collectively responsible to the legislature.

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Merit System- the process of promoting and hiring government employees based on their ability to perform a job, rather than on their political connections.

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media On July 17, 2021, MSPB launched its redesigned and restructured web site. Some links to files that existed on legacy systems and databases may no longer work. You may find relevant information using the sitemap below, or use the search form to look for pages or files on this site.

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Spoils system- a practice in which a political party, after winning an election, gives government civil service jobs to its supporters, friends, and relatives as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party.

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Civil Service System- branches of public service concerned with all governmental administrative functions outside the armed services.

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Federal Bureaucracy- government characterized by specialization of functions, adherence to fixed rules, and a hierarchy of authority.

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Embargo- an order of a government prohibiting the movement of merchant ships into or out of its ports.

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Trade Sanction- laws passed to restrict or abolish trade with certain countries.

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National Security- a corporate term covering both national defense and foreign relations of the U.S. It refers to the protection of a nation from attack or other danger by holding adequate armed forces and guarding state secrets.

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Foreign Policy- consists of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve goals within its international relations milieu.

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Party Leader- Acts as the official representative of their political party. Typically responsible for managing the party's relationship with the general public.

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Economic Leader- Role of the president; deals with the political party, party helps get president re-elected, gives speeches to help raise money.

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Head of State- The highest representative of a sovereign state, who may or may not also be its head of government.

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Legislative Leader- the leader of the majority party in a legislative body, especially the party member who directs the activities of the majority party on the floor of either the Senate or the House of Representatives.

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Commander in Chief- the supreme commander of the armed forces of a nation or, sometimes, of several allied nations.

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Chief Diplomat- The role of the president in recognizing foreign governments, making treaties, and effecting executive agreements.

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Chief Executive- the president of the United States.

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Amnesty- A pardon extended by the government to a group or class of people, usually for a political offense

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Reprieve- a postponement of punishment for a crime.

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Pardon- a government decision to allow a person who has been convicted of a crime, to be free and absolved of that conviction, as if never convicted.

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Executive Privilege- the right of the president of the United States and other members of the executive branch to maintain confidential communications under certain circumstances.

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Executive Order- a directive handed down from a president or state governor without involvement from the legislative or judicial branches.

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25th Amendment- specified the process by which a president could be declared "unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office", thereby making the vice president an acting president, and how the president could regain the powers of his office.

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Presidential Succession Act- An Act To provide for the performance of the duties of the office of President in case of the removal, resignation, death, or inability both of the President and Vice President.

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Elector- a person who elects of may elect, especially a qualified voter.

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Electoral College- a body of electors established by the United States Constitution, constituted every four years for the sole purpose of electing the president and vice president of the United States.