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Fractional Distillation is a way to get the pure part of a chemical or liquid. Some reminders for Fractional Distillation (by Mr.Bonner):

1. Heat so that no liquid jumps across to the condensing tube. Don't allow the liquid to climb more than half way up the test tube.

2. If you heat too slowly, you will not complete fractional distillation in the one class period.

3. There are no liquids with boiling points over 105 oC. Do not allow the thermometer to go higher.

4. There is at least 10 oC difference between boiling points of any liquids placed in the sludge test.

5. Only collect and save for further testing the liquids during the plateaus since this is when you get pure liquids in the condensing tube.

6. Don't forget to add 4-5 boiling chips to the mixture of liquids.

7. Take temperature readings every minute. Indicate on your data sheet the time when you switched test tubes.

8. Control heat by: 1) Moving up ring stand before starting to heat. 2) Slide test tube up from burner screen. 3) Turn down Bunsen burner with silver gas valve. 4) Slide burner to the side.

9. Don't forget to check for your dissolved solid. There is ONE inside!!!

10. MAKE SURE THE HOSE IS REMOVED FROM ALL LIQUIDS BEFORE REMOVING THE HEAT.

11. You may stop when you feel you have enough of your last fraction to do all your tests.

12. Dissolved solid will affect the plateau temperatures during fractional distillation. Therefore the plateau temperatures during fractional distillation cannot be used to identify the liquids.

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Volume could be V=LxWxH (mostly for solids) or milliliters (ML).

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Density is Mass x Volume or D=MxV

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The way to find solubility for powders is to take powders and put them in water and alcohol (SEPARATE!) and see if it dissolves.

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Micro melting point is the temperature in which the small substance melts.

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Boiling point is the temperature point when the liquid starts to boil.

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This is Sludge. Sludge is a bottle filled with some type of solution that we have to figure out what the solute is.