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Homelessness in Los Angles county “increased by about 12%” (Holland) from July 2018 to July 2019.

One strategy to decrease the homelessness population was Police Cheif William J. Bratton’s Broken Windows campaign. In order to clear the streets, the police issued “thousands of tickets to homeless people for minor offenses” which resulted in homeless people being “arrested for unpaid tickets” (Holland).

The homeless population has grown to “just under 59,000 people” (Purdam) within the past year.

Surprisingly, some of the pushback to stop laws that make it hard to set up affordable housing have been from homeless advocates. Many feared that it would “benefit developers but not create more affordable housing.” (Purdam).

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Latin American Cultural Expectations for Women

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Latin American Cultural Expectations for Women

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Machismo is a culture that judges a man's power on how masculine he is. In Machismo culture women are seen as weak and in need of protection, and men are expected to be in control of everything from financial decisions to what their wife is expected to do and not do. This can be argued as sexist culture because it infers that women are weak and unable to make their own decisions. In Latino culture “‘ Sexism is bad… but machismo isn’t’” (Watson) because machismo is perceived as protecting and providing rather than degrading and belittling women.

Although an aspect of machismo culture is to protect women, because men have more power it may create the opposite effect. When a woman claims she  has been wronged by a man,  the wrongdoing can be seen as deserved punishment used to put the woman back in her place. Machismo culture is embedded in the Mexican government, and in turn “Violence against women... [is investigated] with indifference and impunity” (Whelan).

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Elizabeth Booton (2B) - Catholicism in Latin America

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Elizabeth Booton (2B) - Catholicism in Latin America

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Religion plays a very key role in culture, the decline of Catholicism as the majority religion in Latin America, even dropping to “be only 59 per cent Catholic” (Chesnut), is a statistical fact that can not be forgotten.

More impressive is the change in Catholic percentage since a Latin American Pope was elected, the number of Catholic Latin Americans has “dropped by eight points since Francis was elected.” (Chesnut)

Catholicism in Latin America has a very unique and beautiful appearance, due to the fact that when Spaniards were conquering Latin America, they “accepted a blending of Christianity with the religious traditions of the Indians.” (Riding)

Mexico tried to loosen the power the Catholic Church in 1917, when the government “established that only Mexican nationals could be priests, banned religious processions and forbade clergy from appearing in public in cassocks, from voting or discussing politics, from owning property and from involvement in education.” (Rider)

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Melisa Varol (2B)- The Semantics/Origins of Mexican and White Slurs

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Melisa Varol (2B)- The Semantics/Origins of Mexican and White Slurs

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Mexican slurs, such as wetback and beaner, have “...long and often controversial...” histories, and “...[have] never been acceptable...” (Korte).

“Wetback” is a derogatory term towards Mexicans meaning an “...illegal Mexican immigrant..,” and is meant to reference immigrants who “...[swam] across the Rio Grande...” (Korte) to reach the United States.

Some politicians have also used the term “wetback” in political speeches saying that “‘...the term was used commonly when [they] were younger’” and others just have “‘thin skin’” (Korte).

“Gabacho” is a common Mexican slur meaning someone who is foreign to Mexico, and more specifically white.  “Gabacho” and “gringo” both have the same denotation, someone who is white, but the difference between them is that “gringo” has been turned into a “...harmless term...” by white people, while “gabacho” still “...maintains its sting” (Arellano).

“Spic’s” origin cannot be pinpointed to one place or time, but was originally used as a “...derogatory term for Mexican men…” (Vidal).  In the 1990’s, around the same time The Tortilla Curtain was written, the term began to lose its negative connotation and turned into “...a badge of honor”, due to “...a wave of Latino pride movements…” (Vidal).

Although anti-white slurs -such as the word “cracker”- are not as often brought to the spotlight, they have “roots [that] go back even further than the seventeenth century” (Demby).  King John used the word cracker in a play he wrote to mean “...an obnoxious obliviator” (Demby).

In the 1990s, around the time that The Tortilla Curtain was written, the meaning of cracker switched from poor, “Southern Homesteaders”, to “biggoted white folks” (Demby).

The word “cracker” can be traced all the way back to Celtic Immigrants who coined the term as a badge of honor, as other racial groups have done with their own racial slurs (Demby).

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Wayne Williams (2B) - United States Citizenship Application Process

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Wayne Williams (2B) - United States Citizenship Application Process

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The United States Citizenship and Immigration Services is an agency of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. This agency is responsible for controlling and administering naturalization and immigration within the country. For many people in the U.S. wishing to make the country their permanent home, applying for citizenship in their next step. Having a United States citizenship is important to residents in the nation because it “is the common thread that connects all Americans” (10 Steps to Naturalization: Understanding the Process of Becoming a U.S. Citizen). Possessing a U.S. citizenship gives one the right to vote, run for office, benefit from tax laws, and more more joined to their community. Although having a citizenship is ideal for many in the U.S., obtaining one may cause problems to some green card holders or illegal immigrants. These risks exist because the past is examined, and troublesome or criminal acts may be discovered. People applying for citizenship may not just get their naturalization rejected but also placed in “removal (deportation) proceedings and perhaps strips you of your status as a U.S. permanent resident.” (Bray). Fraud involved in getting your green card or long periods of time stayed in another country will cause problems for eligibility for citizenship.

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Tommy Oldham (2B) - People Smuggling across the Central America/North America Border (Coyotes)

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Tommy Oldham (2B) - People Smuggling across the Central America/North America Border (Coyotes)

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There are multiple perspectives on the situation regarding illegal immigration on the Southern United States border. President Trump uses the words ‘“ruthless’’ and “vicious” to describe the coyotes, people who smuggle humans across international borders. When immigrants agree to ferry drugs across borders, the “‘Cartels’ are taking advantage of thousands of [immigrants]...” (Daniels). Alternatively, the Rand study found that human traffickers “rely on corruption to protect [their business, trafficking drugs, woman, and children] in the form of bribes to officials.” (Daniels).
The United States Government is trying to target cartels and human trafficking businesses with, “sanctions or other measures effectively.” (Daniels), but these operations are “often independent and without ‘formality and strict hierarchical structures,”’ (Daniels), causing some human traffickers to work through the loopholes of the system. This is because the U.S. government cannot put restrictions on individuals as easily as they can bigger organizations like cartels.
In The Tortilla Curtain, many families move away from the cities to the rural and safe and gated communities, like where the Mossbachers live, in Arroyo Blanco Estates. Most of the people who are able to move away from “the hordes of immigrants” (Boyle 107) in the cities agree with Donald Trump and most likely voted for him because of, “...promising a wall.” (Vick and Poole).
Americans depending on their political opinions believe in different reasons why people immigrate illegally to the United States. Republican Americans believe that humans are being trafficked to the United States against their will and/or immigrants are bringing violence and drugs across the border to justify their support of the border wall. On the contrary, Democratic Americans believe that illegal immigrants are trying to acquire a better life and/or they are fleeing war in their country so they think the U.S. government should allow them to live in the United States. In reality,  there is a combination of many different reasons people illegally enter the United States, but “The vast majority of humans in migration are not trafficked.” As well as, “Most are not fleeing war.” (Vick and Poole).

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Titus de Jong(2B)- The History of the Border Between the USA and Mexico

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Titus de Jong(2B)- The History of the Border Between the USA and Mexico

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Before the Mexican Revolution, the border between Mexico and the United States was almost imaginary. People flooded both sides with this ‘open gate’ system. “For years Mexicans and Americans crossed the border regularly to do business, shop, socialize and celebrate the holidays of both nations,”(St.John).

Attempts to cross the border, especially during times of conflict, can result in disastrous consequences. After some conflicts, the entirety of nations can go to war.“Conflict broke out when an unidentified man attempted to cross into Mexico… at least 12 Mexicans and Americans had been killed,”(St. John)

Over the decades, more and more fences were erected in towns and eventually across the entirety of the US/Mexican Border.  “By the 1920s, fences were a fixture in most border towns… In the 1940s, the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service… to erect chain-link barriers on the border,”(St. John).

The fences did not stop the attempts of illegal immigrants from trying to cross into the USA. It only increased the mortality rate. “The U.S. expansion of the fencing in the 1990s doubled-down on this strategy, leading to a dramatic increase in the number of migrants who died attempting the treacherous crossing,”(St. John)

The Mexican/American border is the defense between the USA and the world. It represents the control over immigration and the security of the country.“ ‘It [The Mexican/American border] has become a symbolic boundary between the United States and a threatening world… its enforcement has become… signal their concern for citizens' safety and security in a hostile world,’ ” (Miller).

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Isabella Manzanares (2A) - Latin American Cultural Expectations of Women

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Isabella Manzanares (2A) - Latin American Cultural Expectations of Women

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The attitudes Latinos have about the women in their society is surprisingly open minded and positive "agreeing that the rise of women in the workforce is a positive development for society" (Halpin, John and Ruy Texieria).
As we progress farther into the days of modern american life it seems that the attitudes both men and women Latinos have positively progressed with the times. In 2010 when this survey was published it was found that, "Both Latino men and women welcome the increased participation of women in business and public life" (Halpin, John and Ruy Texieria).
Even though the attitudes Latinos have about the women roles in society were found to be positive, in The Tortilla Curtain, there is a scene in which America is about to be raped by multiple men, and a survey taken in 2018 showed an entirely different view possibly giving insight of how her attackers thought, "Two in every five teenage boys in eight countries in Latin America and the Caribbean believe a drunk woman is to be blamed for getting raped" (Moloney).

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Olivia Koo (2A) - California Homeless Population (20th & 21st Centuries)

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Olivia Koo (2A) - California Homeless Population (20th & 21st Centuries)

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In the 1990s, the amount of homelessness had “flared again with the crack epidemic” (Holland).
In the 1990s, Los Angeles established containment policies for the homeless, where they “were expected to enter shelters... [and] earn permanent housing through good behavior” (Holland). However, this attempt at policy “is now considered a failure” (Holland).
There has always been a much larger amount of homelessness in California compared to the rest of the country. The homelessness crisis in California has continued to today: In 2018, “California had an estimated 129,972 experiencing homelessness on any given day” (“California Homelessness Statistics”). This is about 40,000 people more than the next highest number of homeless people in a state: New York with 91,897 homeless people (“California Homelessness Statistics”).

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Nina Johnson (2A) - People Smuggling across the Central America/North America Border (Coyotes)

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Nina Johnson (2A) - People Smuggling across the Central America/North America Border (Coyotes)

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There are many different roles of illegal immigrants, ranging from Independent operators to loose and even formal networks. Immigrants “fleeing poverty and violence or seeking to reunite with family members in the United States”(Semple) may run into more trouble searching for a better life. It is more than likely that along the way they were in contact with drug trafficking. Transnational criminal organizations, including organizations of drug-trafficking “do control primary smuggling corridors [over the U.S.-Mexican border]...”(Greenfield et al.) This means that, for example, the two illegal immigrants in the novel The Tortilla Curtain, America and Candido may have crossed the border paying taxes, also known as Pisa, to the drug traffickers. Oftentimes these drug-trafficking organizations will even “recruit or coerce some [unlawful immigrants] to carry drugs.”(Greenfield et al.)

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Kamaya Ronning (2A)- INS/ La Migra, United States Border Debate

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Kamaya Ronning (2A)- INS/ La Migra, United States Border Debate

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La Migra is the organization in charge of keeping the illegal immigrants out of the US.  According to the Council on Foreign Relations, roughly 11 million undocumented immigrants live in the United States, a number that has leveled off since the 2008 economic crisis, most of them coming through the US-Mexico border (Felter et. al.).

Currently, a large debate over the way “‘to obtain complete operational control’ of the U.S. border with Mexico,” (Felter et. al.) is taking up a lot of time in Congress. Donald Trump has proposed a border wall to obtain control. Others are staunchly opposed because it makes the United States seem like a closed off country (Felter et. al.).
Many people view Hispanics as foreign or a threat merely because of a surname, the color of their skin or a few words spoken in a different language, “... if they speak Spanish, they’re perceived as being unassimilated, new to the country or uneducated” (Gamboa). They are then more likely to be targeted by the INS, or La Migra, the United States immigration programs.

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Christina Nisoli (2A) - Undocumented immigrants pay taxes. 

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Christina Nisoli (2A) - Undocumented immigrants pay taxes. 

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Undocumented workers pay approximately "$1.1 billion in state income taxes" which support important infrastructure such as "public schools, garbage collection, and other city services." (Campbell).
In order to pay for their taxes, illegal immigrants use a method called Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN). Though ITIN needs some basic information, "...proof of work authorization and legal immigration status is not required" (Mueller).
Not only are undocumented workers paying for taxes, many of the federal taxes are ones that they are unable to use not being registered. ...they can’t access, like Social Security and Medicare" (Campbell).

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First Name Last Name (Block)- Research Topic

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First Name Last Name (Block)- Research Topic

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Gather evidence from your two sources that:

1. you think your peers would be less likely to know and

2. will help the class understand the context of the novel.

I suggest that you group your sentences in a way that makes sense for your topic. I am not giving you a minimum number for the pieces of evidence because I do not want to encourage you to do the bare minimum. Be thorough in your evidence gathering.

While helping the class understand the context of the novel, you will also practice:

1. gathering relevant evidence,

2. embedding this evidence into your own sentence smoothly, and

3. creating content for the evidence.

This is NOT a research paper, and you do NOT need to analyze these quote. I am simply looking at how you embed and if you make the evidence understandable with context.

For this purpose, you don’t need to analyze this evidence, so no E in ICE. You do, however, need to cite your evidence. Use your teal In-Text MLA Citation Cheat Sheet to help you create correct in-text citations.

Edit and revise your evidence. Use your ICE notes, Hayakawa’s levels of word choice cheat sheet, power verbs cheat sheet, and I in ICE and E in ICE cheat sheets. You can edit with a peer, an ASC tutor, and/or Ms. E at AT.

Don't forget to attach your annotated bibliography with the paperclip symbol below.