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The people of Bugis were originally the residents of South Sulawesi, Indonesia

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Cultural Determinants In The Design of Bugis - Limas house

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Cultural Determinants In The Design of Bugis - Limas house

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1.  The Minangkabau ethnic group (also known as Minang or Padang) is indigenous to the highlands of West Sumatra, in Indonesia.

2. The world's largest matrilineal society, with a complex social structure based on matrilineal clans, and property, such as land and houses, inherited through female
3. The Minangkabau are strongly Islamic, but still follow adat, which was derived from animistic beliefs before the arrival of Islam

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1. The Minangkabau ethnic group (also known as Minang or Padang) is indigenous to the central highlands of West Sumatra, in Indonesia.

2.  The Minangkabau call their homeland the Alum Minangkabau or “the world of the Minangkabau

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The name Minangkabau is thought to be a conjunction of two words, minang ("victorious") and kabau ("buffalo")

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1. The roofline of traditional houses in West Sumatra as well as Negeri Sembilan in Malaysia is called rumah gadang (Minangkabau, "big house"), curve upward from the middle and end in points, in imitation of the water buffalo's upward-curving horns.

·2.  Rumah gadang (Minangkabau: 'big house') are the traditional matriarchal homes (Indonesian: rumah adat) of the Minangkabau

3. The architecture, construction, internal and external decoration, and the functions of the house reflect the culture and values of the Minangkabau

4.  Serves as a residence, as well as a hall for family meetings and ceremonial activities

5.  Is owned by the women of the family who live there; ownership is passed from mother to daughter.

6. · The houses have dramatic curved roof structures with multi-tiered, upswept gables

7.  Shuttered windows are built into walls incised with profuse painted floral carvings

8. The term rumah gadang usually refers to the larger communal homes; however, smaller single residences share many of the same architectural elements.

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- Gonjong hornlike roof structure

- Singkok triangular wall under the ends of gonjong

- Pereng, shelf under the singkok

- Anjuang raised floor at the end of one style of rumah gadang
- Dindiang ari, the walls on the side elevations

- Dindiang tapi, the walls on the front and back elevations

- Papan banyak, front façade

- Papan sakapiang, a shelf or middle band on the periphery of the house

- Salangko, wall enclosing space under a house that has been built on stilts

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1. The upward-curved finials, or gonjong, on the peaks of the roof symbolize reaching to Heaven. The dindiang tapi, traditionally made of plaited strips of bamboo, symbolizes the strength and utility of the community which is formed when individual Minangkabau become part of the larger whole instead of standing alone.

2. The pillars of the ideal rumah gadang are arranged in five rows which run the length of the house. These rows divide the interior into four long spaces called lanjar. The lanjar at the rear of the house is divided into bedrooms (ruang). According to adat, a rumah gadang must have at least five ruang, and the ideal number is nine. The other lanjar are used as a common area, called the labuah gajah (elephant road), for living and ceremonial events

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1. The Minangkabau traditionally embellish the wooden walls, pillars, and ceilings of the rumah gadang with bas-relief carved wooden motifs that reflect and symbolize their adat

2. Motifs consists of profuse floral designs based on a simple underlying geometric structure, and are similar to those of the Minangkabau woven songket textiles, with colors thought to have been derived from Chinese brocades

3. Motifs do not show animals or humans in a realistic form, although some may represent animals, human beings, or their activities or behavior

4. Motifs are based on the Minangkabau concept of aesthetics, part of their view of their world (Alam Minangkabau), in which aesthetic expression is always based upon the natural environment.

5.

Ninety-four motifs have been observed on rumah gadang

-          Thirty-seven of them refer to flora ( KALUAK PAKU, PUCUAK RABUANG)

-          Twenty-eight motifs refer to fauna ( TUPAI TATAGUN, ITIAK PULANG PATANG)

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The door of a Rumah Gadang with its carving @ ormentations

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The door of a Rumah Gadang with its carving @ ormentations

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The Minangkabau House - A vision of sustainable culture and architecture

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The Minangkabau House - A vision of sustainable culture and architecture

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1.  Peranakans, also referred to as Straits Chinese or Baba Nyonya, are descendants of mainly Hokkien Chinese traders from Fujian Province who settled in Melaka and coastal areas of Java and Sumatra as early as the 15th century. They married into local Southeast Asian communities, as Chinese women were then not legally able to leave China.

2. During the 19th century, many Peranakans relocated to the thriving ports of Penang and Singapore during British colonial expansion. Highly enterprising, many were successful as merchants involved in the spice trade, rubber, and tin mining, or as professionals

3.Three terms are commonly used to describe this community: the Peranakan,
the Straits Chinese, and the Babas and Nyonyas.

4.The word Peranakan is derived
from the Malay word ‘anak’ which means ‘child’. The term refers to the localborn
as well as the offspring of foreigner-native union. Frank Swettenham
explained that the term Baba was used for Straits-born males, whether children
of English, Chinese or Eurasian parents, and was of Hindustani origin

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Food tiffin and pots in Baba Nyonya House (Kitchen)

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Food tiffin and pots in Baba Nyonya House (Kitchen)

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1. The architectural styles of Baba-Nyonya shophouses in Malaysia are usually associated with Straits Eclectic Style.

2. In the early 20th Century, shophouses in the Straits Settlements began to adopt Western architectural styles with an emphasis on full-length French windows with a pair of full-length timber shutters, an arched or rectangular transom over the window opening, pilasters of classical orders; and plaster renderings. In the early 1900, reinforced concrete was used to allow wider roof overhangs and more elaborate cantilevered brackets which sprung from above the pilasters.

3.Unlike the early and traditional shophouses which have a continuous row of windows, the Straits Eclectic style developed with the breaking of the facade into two or three moulded openings

4.the pilasters placed between openings, the spaces above the arched transom and below the openings were decorated with plaster renderings such as bouquets of flowers, fruits, mythical figures and geometrical shapes.

5.some of the window or door panels were beautifully carved

6.These decorations among other things reflect not only the wealth of the owners or tenants but also their status or position in the local community.

7.One of the main differences between a Peranakan Cina shophouse and a pure Chinese shophouse is the presence of these highly intricate ornaments and carvings

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https://youtu.be/bATEnKMNvMA

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1. The simplicity of interior space of the house or a shophouse of Baba Nyonya included multiple ideas, philosophy and meanings.

2. Under those circumstances, the interior space of the shophouse and the house included items and elements of design represent the culture identity of the group through the complexity.

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1. The Iban, formerly known as Sea Dayaks, are famous for their head-hunting past, their massive ironwood longhouses, their ornate body tattooing, their wonderful weaving skills, and of course their potent rice wine, tuak, which is always offered to visitors.

2. Iban hospitality is legendary, and visitors are guaranteed a good time.

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1. A longhouse is basically a terraced street of separate dwellings covered by one roof, under the authority of a headman, or tuai rumah.

2.Each family lives in its separate apartment, or bilik, and communal activities take place outside on the verandah, or ruai

3.This is also where single male visitors spend the night.  Female visitors and couples will be invited to stay inside the bilik with the family.

4.Most longhouses are busy, modern farming communities, and people wear practical clothes like jeans and T-shirts when they are at work.

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1. The longhouse is normally made out of woods. Some parts of the house are also constructed using bamboos instead of normal logs.

2. Logs such as Belian and Mahogany are often used to build Longhouse.

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1. The interior design of an Iban Longhouse is often seen to be wide and spacious.

2. Iban people do not indulge themselves in the need of furniture. Therefore, every longhouse has limited presence of furniture.

3.The spacious hall in every Longhouse of Iban People is used to conduct a meeting, death rituals or even festival.

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Below is a plan of an Iban Longhouse. Through this, we can see that there are a few sections in the house.

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1. The Melanau people make up 5.8% of Sarawak 's population, mostly living in the central coastal region

2.The Malanaus used to live close to sea and as a result were exposed to many pirate attacks, hence they built sturdy houses some 40ft above ground

3.Although most Melanaus are now Muslims or Christians, their forefathers' religion was Liko, which means 'people of the river'. The religion advocated that life and environment are one and believed in the spritual world.

4.  The Melanaus used effigies of sickness spirits in healing processes called berbavoh and beravun.

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Melanau's Architecture (Melanau Tall House)

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Melanau's Architecture (Melanau Tall House)

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1. This type of house is usually built about 40 feet above the ground

2. The reason why it is built 40 feet above the ground is the coastal areas where the Melanau live are prone to frequent pirate attacks from the sea, hence the tall house is some sort of protection against these perpetrators.

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Melanau stairs of the tall house is made out of a log called "Belian". It is preferred out of any other logs due to the strength and stability of figure that it offers.

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1. In Tall House, the interior design is big and spacious, with minimal use of furniture of either in rooms or the hall.

2. There are carvings on the wall as well as around the window. The carvings are normally floras.

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The river delta that the people call home is also subjected to occasional flooding that having a house with the floors raised considerably above ground is a necessity rather than a cosmetic pursuit.

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1. There are staircases provided for visitors to enter the tall house

2. The first staircase will lead you to the first floor of the house where all the utensils used by Melanau are displayed.

3.Behind the house, there is a sago-making outlet where Melanau people normally spend their time making the staple food of the tribe

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1. Referring to a traditional swing of the Melanau People

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https://youtu.be/gdwytyqRSuY

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https://youtu.be/2UO22jRIybw

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https://youtu.be/J_gb6HZ2hXc

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Early 20th Century Baba Nyonya House in Malaysia

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Early 20th Century Baba Nyonya House in Malaysia

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https://youtu.be/XCoMUil4DmI

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https://youtu.be/9sLRG9kcFEQ

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https://youtu.be/Kxh-2pKo94I

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https://youtu.be/_6z2BK13JZQ

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https://youtu.be/gfqsCjF3gGM

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https://youtu.be/eRyKdjh4eXc

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https://youtu.be/5R-F7h_Z40s