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Excessive feeding of the shrimp may also result in feed waste which contains phosphorus and nitrogen, fish excretion may also contain these nutrients which algae are able to feed on so if the water are not treated properly before being released to the surroundings, the concentration of phosphorus and nitrogen will increase, resulting in algae bloom from occuring

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Most of the sedimentation came from the water before it entered the shrimp farm, this is likely due to the absence of the mangroves which will prevent soil erosion from the land, therefore without the mangrove trees as it was cleared to make space for the hatchery, soil erosion occurs easily, resulting in the sedimentation of the water to increase

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- loss of stock for farms
- Financial loss for farms and generally in local region
- Reduction of usage of water due to pollution
- Increase competition between different industries
- General environmental impacts
- Resources are being damage

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Reduce stream depth and obstruct water flow, increase potential for flooding

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Algae bloom occur when there is a high amount of phosphorus and nitrogen level in the water which the algae are able to feed on, allowing them to reproduce greatly. Fertilisers are added into the shrimp ponds in order to facilitate the growth of phytoplankton in the pond which the shrimp larvae feeds on, however the fertilisers also contain nitrogen and phosphorus which will increase the amount of these 2 components in the water which are released from the pond into the surrounding waters, thus algae bloom is likely to occur and cause mass mortality to the fishes living in the surrounding waters.

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Waste from the agricultural industry. Water pollution is largely caused by waste from livestock and food farms, including shrimp farming. Agricultural industries are also the biggest consumers of freshwater. Rain transports fertilizer, insecticides, and animal waste from fields to bodies of water like lakes and rivers.

Environmental concerns: Poor water quality unquestionably affects the environment in a negative way because it impacts plant and animal life. Plants rely on clean groundwater to sustain life, but pollutants lower the quality and kill plants. Additionally, animals drink freshwater from ponds, lakes, rivers, and the like. Those animals contract any disease in the water. This leads to the spread of illness in animals and death.

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- developed by Camara Nacional de Acuacultura (CNA) &  Global Aquaculture Alliance (GAA)
- promoted greater environmental awarness within the industry
- protected mangrove forests from adverse impacts of coastal aquaculture

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adoption of better management practices 

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adoption of better management practices 

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- protection of mangrove areas around shrimp farms
- small-scale reforestation efforts
- Changes in hydrological conditions:  re-growth of mangrove areas

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- new entities created to coordinate efforts to protect mangrove and define annual management plan

however,
:( laws are extremely confusing and amended often
:( entities have little resources / lack of effective regulation

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other shrimp farms discharge water in the same place

areas with agricultural or urban contamination

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Low water exchange

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Low dissolved oxygen levels

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Hatcheries are also built on tidal flats which are mudflats at intertidal areas, hatcheries were also chosen to build in this area due to tidal flow

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Mangrove forest are cleared in order to make space for shrimp hatcheries as tidal flow was the main criteria during site selection. Mangroves are also rich in detritus that the shrimp larvae feed on

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Describe the environmental issues for your case study, and what are the possible causes for these environmental issues

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Describe the environmental issues for your case study, and what are the possible causes for these environmental issues

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The degradation of mangrove forests in coastal wetlands has resulted in a significant reduction in the amount of natural tannins in the water, exposing surrounding coral reefs to excessive UV radiation. In effect, the reefs are getting sunburned, which leads to coral bleaching.

Tannic acid is a naturally occurring chemical obtained from plants that discolors water and contributes in the preservation of coral reefs due to its structure in water.

Coral bleaching may be devastating, with the potential to wipe out entire ecosystems, as fauna around the coral loses their ability to find food and migrates or dies, leaving empty underwater landscapes.

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Effects on humans with  land conversion and degradation 

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Effects on humans with  land conversion and degradation 

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- Lost of traditional industries like fisheries, causes financial lost in local community due to reduction of jobs and employment
- Increased competition for space within community or area
- Visual impact for scenic areas may affect tourism if community is based on that industry too.

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Effects on humans with loss of  wetland areas 

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Effects on humans with loss of  wetland areas 

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- Degradation of water quality affects farms and other human activity that requires water, financially and resource wise
- Farms to increase competition with other recreational activity
- Depletion for other fisheries in area causing  financial loss for fisheries and other sources of stocks
-  Erosion of land may lead to increase nutrients released in water sources may lead to eutrophication, deadly algae blooms. Lost of stock and increased management required causes financial loss
- Flooding may occur in those areas due to wetland loss. Impacts local region with damages and potential catastrophes
- Degradation of coastlines increase rates of erosion, heighten pollution  and effects sea levels

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- Increased nutrient  produced by farm's effluent discharge  may lead to eutrophication that would lead to harmful algae blooms  causing death of stock and lost of revenue
- Increase sedimentation causes filters to be less efficient which leads to higher cost for maintenance  and  better filtration systems , loss of profit and higher start up cost  potentially
- Sediments reduces stream depth may cause flooding to area, impacts local region with damages and potential catastrophes
- Pollution effecting other activities like recreational, local navigation and fisheries(fishing)
- effluent water may cause disease transfer to other farms causing farms to lose stock due to necessary culling

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Evaluate the cost of the impact to the environment, in terms of how it would affect humans in the long term.

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Evaluate the cost of the impact to the environment, in terms of how it would affect humans in the long term.

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Before entering ponds, some farm intake water already had significant quantities of tested factors. This was particularly true for farms located near estuaries.

Compliance with effluent water quality criteria established by the Global Aquaculture Alliance (GAA) will be difficult if the intake water is already polluted.

Sedimentation zones for both intake and discharge waters, erosion management in supply and discharge canals, and the use of seawater when available are all design and construction approaches for lowering effluent pollution potential. Less water exchange, improved fertilization processes, good feed management, and the installation of measures to prevent mechanical aerators from eroding pond bottoms and sides are all good pond management practices for enhancing effluent quality.

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Tidal flats are constructed on mangrove areas. This increases the loss of mangroves due to shrimp farming.

The continued degradation of mangrove resources is most likely due to a lack of efficient regulation of the resources.

Despite the passage of legislation, a combination of exclusions for small-scale exploitation and a lack of enforcement gave the false impression that mangrove forests were effectively free resources.

Fortunately, the problem is becoming more widely recognized, and effective steps are being done to prevent harmful consequences.

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What is the extent of the impact of these issues on the environment? 

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What is the extent of the impact of these issues on the environment? 

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Identify the environmental issues associated with your case study

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Identify the environmental issues associated with your case study