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Karl Marx is best known for which two writings? 

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Karl Marx is best known for which two writings? 

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he is best known for the communist Manifesto and the Das kapital (1967-1983) Marx's political and philosophical thought had enormous influence on subsequent intellectual economic and political history with the assistance of Friedrich Engels, it was published in london by a group of german born revolutionary socialists known as the communist league

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10. What role did the Russian church play under Tsar Nicholas?

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10. What role did the Russian church play under Tsar Nicholas?

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Official Church stated that the Tsar was appointed by God. Any challenge to the Tsar was said to be an insult to God. The Church was very influential among the large population. It made sure this message was changed regularly to them.

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z6rjy9q/revision/3#:~:text=Official%20Church%20doctrine%20stated%20that,was%20conveyed%20regularly%20to%20them.
Cole L.

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3.How did Karl Marx strongly influence the Russian Revolution?

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3.How did Karl Marx strongly influence the Russian Revolution?

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all though he died a long time befor the reoloition his idea to over throw the goverment and his belifes helped in geting poeple to agree with overthrowing the goverment

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21. What was Great Britain’s  relationship with Russia during WWII?

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21. What was Great Britain’s  relationship with Russia during WWII?

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On July 12, 1941, Great Britain’s and Russia signed the Anglo-soviet Agreement an alliance against Nazi Germany. The alliance lasted through out the war.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_Agreement Jackson W.

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The Anglo-Soviet Agreement was a formal military alliance that was signed by the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union against Nazi Germany on July 12, 1941, shortly after the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. Both powers pledged to assist each other and not to make a separate peace with Germany. The military alliance was to be valid until the end of World War II.

The agreement was signed on 12 July 1941 by Sir Stafford Cripps, British Ambassador to the Soviet Union, and Vyacheslav Molotov, the Soviet People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs, and it did not require ratification.

The agreement contained two clauses:

(1) The two Governments mutually undertake to render each other assistance and support of all kinds in the present war against Hitlerite Germany.

(2) They further undertake that during this war they will neither negotiate nor conclude an armistice or treaty of peace except by mutual agreement.

The Arctic convoys from Britain to the Soviet Union began the following month as did the joint Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran which opened up a supply route to the USSR. Rezā Shāh was removed from power and the new Shah, Crown Prince Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, signed a Tripartite Treaty Alliance with Britain and the Soviet Union in January 1942, to aid in the allied war effort in a non-military way.

The agreement was broadened to include a political alliance by the Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942.

According to Lynn Davis, the United States perceived the agreement to mean that the Soviet Union intended to support the postwar re-establishment of independence of Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.[citation needed ]

1. Chubarov, Alexander. ^ Russia's Bitter Path to Modernity: A History of the Soviet and Post-Soviet Eras, pg. 119

2. ^ Slusser, Robert M.; Triska, Jan F. (1959). A Calendar of Soviet Treaties 1917-1957. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 144.

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The Anglo-Soviet Agreement was a formal military alliance that was signed by the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union against Nazi Germany on July 12, 1941, shortly after the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. Both powers pledged to assist each other and not to make a separate peace with Germany.

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what was the relationship between Stalin and Trotsky and Stalin and Lenin 

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what was the relationship between Stalin and Trotsky and Stalin and Lenin 

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Stalin had a hateful relationship with Trotsky, to the point of him having Trotsky killed. Stalin had a rivalry with Lenin, but not a violent one

https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/trotskys-struggle-against-stalin

https://www.history.com/news/lenin-stalin-differences-soviet-union

matthew s

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What happened to the nobility after the Russian Revolution?

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What happened to the nobility after the Russian Revolution?

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The noble people and classes lost their social status. They also either died in the purges or survived by keeping and saving their origin.

Chris Ernst

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ussian aristocrats were still a stiff-necked and arrogant lot at the beginning of the 20th century. The days when they could buy and sell serfs were long over but most still drew their money from land which they did not manage well. They lived, often beyond their income, in luxurious townhouses and on magnificent country estates. Some worked in the state bureaucracy and the army. Others were mere playboys. Most clustered around the sadly incompetent and obstinate Tsar Nicholas II, and shared his limited views about the destiny of the nation. By any reckoning they were already becoming an anachronism that would be swept aside as their country developed. Unlike the British aristocracy, they never learned that it was better to bend than to break.

Behind them a new class was emerging, people they despised, the merchants and the former serfs who were the embryo of a modern entrepreneurial bourgeoisie. If other things had been equal, it would have been these people, not the aristocrats, who would have carried the future of their country.

But other things were not equal. Revolution and civil war brought the Bolsheviks to power, men who were determined to wipe out anybody who might conceivably oppose them and their Manichaean ideology. Neither the aristocracy nor the new bourgeoisie survived the reign of terror that Lenin unleashed upon them.

In his well-researched, fluent and substantial account, Douglas Smith describes what happened to the aristocrats, and especially to the numerous Sheremetevs and even more numerous Golitsyns, two of Russia's grandest and oldest families. Through memoirs, diaries, letters, interviews and documents he builds a detailed picture of these people both before and after their lives were changed for ever by revolution and a barbaric civil war.

In these tumultuous events all sides behaved with equal savagery. But it was the victorious Bolsheviks who institutionalised terror as they tightened their grip on a devastated country. Many aristocrats were killed or driven into exile. Many who stayed behind - the "former people", as the Bolsheviks called them - perished in the purges or survived by concealing their origin. Some saw what was happening as a just retribution for their own sins of commission and omission. Prince Vladimir Golitsyn, who had been a liberal mayor of Moscow, wrote in his memoirs: "We, the people of the present century, are paying for the sins of our forefathers, and particularly for the institution of serfdom, with all its horrors and perversions... Who is to blame that the Russian people, the peasant and the proletarian, proved to be barbarians? Who, if not all of us?"

But however blind the aristocracy as a class may have been to the consequences of their selfishness and political ineptitude, the fate they suffered as individuals went beyond all measure. Their fall from privilege to desperate poverty and worse was steep and final. By concentrating on them Smith perhaps gives the unintended impression that the quality of their suffering was unique. It was not, of course. As Lenin was followed by Stalin, millions of their fellow countrymen - the bourgeoisie, the intelligentsia, the workers and peasants in whose name the new regime had been proclaimed - suffered at least as badly, and in far greater numbers.

With the decline and fall of the Soviet regime, the survivors began to emerge from hiding, to reassemble their scattered families and to reassert their place in the history of their country. In the new Russia it became respectable, even snobbishly desirable, to be able to call yourself a Russian aristocrat. There was even some passing talk about restoring the monarchy. But the aristocrats, unlike the reconstituted bourgeoisie, never had a hope of resuming a role in the new body politic. It was a poor substitute for a happy ending.

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Former People: The Last Days of the Russian Aristocracy by Douglas Smith - review

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ussian aristocrats were still a stiff-necked and arrogant lot at the beginning of the 20th century. The days when they could buy and sell serfs were long over but most still drew their money from land which they did not manage well. They lived, often beyond their income, in luxurious townhouses and on magnificent country estates.

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What was Trotsky’s connection to Vladimir Lenin?

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What was Trotsky’s connection to Vladimir Lenin?

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He allied with Lenin to take down other Bolshevik Central Committee members to stop them from sharing power with another socialist party. And after that two people wanted to start up different political groups at a time but Trotsky interfered and that made the other leaders including Stalin side with Lenin and Trotsky's was made to seem that he was disloyal to his people.

https://www.biography.com/scholar/leon-trotsky

Ayden B

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Quick Facts
"The end may justify the means, as long as there is something that justifies the end.""Learning carries within itself certain dangers because out of necessity one has to learn from one's enemies.""Ideas that enter the mind under fire remain there securely and forever."

Name

Leon Trotsky

Birth Date

November 7, 1879

Death Date

August 21, 1940

Place of Birth

Yanovka, Ukraine

Place of Death

Mexico City, Mexico

AKA

Leon Trotsky

Full Name

Lev Davidovich Bronshtein

Who Was Leon Trotsky?

Leon Trotsky's revolutionary activity as a young man spurred his first of several ordered exiles to Siberia. He waged Russia's 1917 revolution alongside Vladimir Lenin. As commissar of war in the new Soviet government, he helped defeat forces opposed to Bolshevik control. As the Soviet government developed, he engaged in a power struggle against Joseph Stalin, which he lost, leading to his exile again and, eventually, his murder.

Early Life

Leon Trotsky was born Lev Davidovich Bronstein in Yanovka, Ukraine - in the Russian Empire - on November 7, 1879. His parents, David and Anna Bronstein, were prosperous Jewish farmers. When he was 8 years old, Trotksy went to school in Odessa, then moved in 1896 to Nikolayev, Ukraine, for his final year in school. While there, he became enthralled with Marxism.

In 1897, Trotsky helped found the South Russian Workers' Union. He was arrested within a year and spent two years in prison before being tried, convicted and sent to Siberia for a four-year sentence. While in prison, he met and married Alexandra Lvovna, a co- revolutionary who had also been sentenced to Siberia. While there, they had two daughters.

In 1902, after serving only two years of his sentence, Leon Trotsky escaped exile, abandoning his wife and daughters. On forged papers, he changed his name to Leon Trotsky, a moniker he would use the rest of his life. He managed to make his way to London, England, where he joined the Socialist Democratic Party and met Vladimir Lenin. In 1903, Trotsky married his second wife, Natalia Ivanovna. The couple had two sons.

Provisional Government and Soviet Leadership

During the early years of the Social Democratic Party, there were often disputes among the party's leadership over its form and strategy. Lenin argued for a small party of professional revolutionaries who would lead a large contingent of non-party supporters. Julius Martov advocated for a larger, more democratic organization of supporters. Trotsky tried to reconcile the two factions, resulting in numerous clashes with both groups' leaders. Many of the Social Democrats, including the ambitious Stalin, sided with Lenin. Trotsky's neutrality was seen as disloyal.

On January 22, 1905, unarmed demonstrators marching against the Russian Tsar were killed by the Imperial Guard. When word reached Leon Trotsky, he returned to Russia to support the uprisings. By the end of 1905, he had become a leader of the movement. In December, the rebellion was crushed, and Trotsky was arrested and once again sent to Siberia. At his trial, he put on a spirited defense and increased his popularity among the party's elite. In January 1907, Trotsky escaped prison and traveled to Europe, where he spent 10 years in exile in various cities, including Vienna, Zurich, Paris and New York, spending much of the time writing for Russian revolutionary journals, including Pravda, and advocating an anti-war policy.

After the overthrow of Russian Tsar Nicholas II, in February 1917, Trotsky set out for Russia from New York. However, Okhrana (the Tsar's secret police) persuaded British authorities to have him detained at Halifax, Canada. He was held there for a month, before the Russian provisional government demanded his release. After he arrived in Russia in May 1917, he quickly addressed some of the problems forming in post-revolutionary Russia. He disapproved of the provisional government because he felt it was ineffectual. The new prime minister, Alexander Kerensky, saw Trotsky as a major threat and had him arrested. While in jail, Trotsky was admitted to the Bolshevik Party and released soon after. He was elected chairman of the Petrograd Soviet, a strong hold of dissent against the provisional government.

In November 1917, the provisional government was overthrown and the Soviet Council of People's Commissars was formed, with Vladimir Lenin elected chairman. Leon Trotsky's first role in the new government was serving as commissar for foreign affairs and making peace with the Germans. Talks began in January 1918, and Germany had a long list of demands for territory and reparations. Trotsky wanted to wait out the German government, in hopes that it would be defeated by the Allies or suffer internal insurrection. However, Lenin felt that peace with Germany needed to be made so they could concentrate on building a communist government in Russia. Trotsky disagreed and resigned from this post.

After the Bolsheviks took control of the Soviet government, Lenin ordered the formation of the Red Army and appointed Leon Trotsky its leader. The army's first orders were to neutralize the White Army (Socialist revolutionaries opposed to Bolshevik control) during the Russian Civil War. Trotsky proved to be an outstanding military leader, as he led the army of 3 million to victory. The task was difficult, as Trotsky directed a war effort that was at times on 16 different fronts. It also didn't help that some members of the Soviet leadership, including Lenin, became involved in military strategy, redirecting the Red Army's efforts and countermanding some of Trotsky's orders. In late 1920, the Bolsheviks finally won the Civil War, ensuring Bolshevik control of the Soviet government. After the White Army surrendered, Trotsky was elected a member of the Communist Party central committee. He was clearly positioned as the Soviet Union's number-two man, next to Lenin.

During the winter of 1920-21, as the Soviet government moved from war to peace-time operations, an increasingly acrimonious debate grew over the role of trade unions. Believing that the workers should have nothing to fear from the government, Trotsky advocated the state control the trade unions. He reasoned that this would give officials a tighter control over labor and facilitate a greater integration between government and the proletariat. Lenin criticized Trotsky, accusing him of harassing the unions and abandoning his support for the proletariat. A breach between the two developed and other officials, including Joseph Stalin, took advantage, siding with Lenin to gain favor. As Trotsky dug in and refused to modify his position, the dissention grew and Lenin feared the conflict would splinter the party. At a meeting at the Tenth Party Congress in March 1921, the issue came to a head when several of Trotsky's supporters were replaced by Lenin's lieutenants. Trotsky finally dropped his opposition and, to show his allegiance to Lenin, ordered the suppression of the Kronstadt Rebellion (an uprising of sailors and longshoremen protesting heavy-handed Bolshevik tactics). But the damage was done, and Trotsky had lost much of his political influence over the dispute.

By 1922, the pressures of revolution and injuries from an earlier assassination attempt had taken their toll on Lenin. In May, he suffered his first stroke and questions arose over who would succeed him. Trotsky had a stellar record as a military leader and administrator and seemed the obvious choice among the rank and file membership of the Communist Party. But he had offended many in the Politburo (the Communist Party's executive committee), and a group of Politburo members, led by Stalin, joined forces to oppose him. The previous month, Lenin had appointed Stalin to the new post of Central Committee General Secretary. Though not a significant post at the time, it gave Stalin control over all party-member appointments. He quickly consolidated his power and started lining up allies against Trotsky.

Between 1922 and 1924, Lenin tried to counter some of Stalin's influence and support Trotsky on several occasions. However, a third stroke virtually silenced Lenin and Stalin was free to completely push Trotsky out of power. Lenin died on January 21, 1924, and Trotsky was isolated and alone, outmaneuvered by Stalin. From that point on, Trotsky was steadily pushed out of important roles on Soviet government and, eventually, pushed out of the country.

Between 1925 and 1928, Trotsky was gradually pushed from power and influence by Stalin and his allies, who discredited Trotsky's role in the Russian Revolution and his military record. In October 1927, Trotsky was expelled from the Central Committee and exiled the following January to the very remote Alma-Ata, located in present-day Kazakhstan. Apparently, that was not far enough for Stalin, so in February, 1929, Trotsky was banished entirely from the Soviet Union. Over the next seven years, he lived in Turkey, France and Norway, before arriving in Mexico City.

Trotsky continued to write and criticize Stalin and the Soviet government. During the 1930s, Stalin conducted political purges and named Trotsky, in absentia, a major conspirator and enemy of the people. In August 1936, 16 of Trotsky's allies were charged with aiding Trotsky in treason. All 16 were found guilty and executed. Stalin then set out to assassinate Trotsky. In 1937, Trotsky moved to Mexico, eventually settling in Mexico City, where he continued to criticize Soviet leadership.

Assassination and Legacy

In the early months of 1940, Trotsky's health was failing and he knew he was a marked man. In February, he wrote a testament expressing his final thoughts for posterity and forcibly denied Stalin's accusations. On August 20, 1940, Trotsky was sitting at his desk in his study in Mexico City. Ramon Mercader, an undercover agent for the Soviet Union's secret police, attacked Trotsky with a mountaineering ice ax, puncturing his skull. He was taken to the hospital, but died a day later, at the age of 60.

For decades, Trotsky was discredited in the Soviet Union, the result of Stalin's hatred and his totalitarian control. However, 10 years after the collapse of the Soviet government, in 2001, Trotsky's reputation was officially "rehabilitated" by the Russian government. His legacy of being the most brilliant intellect of the Communist Revolution and his reputation as a tireless worker, rousing public speaker and decisive administrator was restored. Some historians believe if he had not subordinated himself to Lenin during the Bolshevik Revolution, the history of the Soviet Union might have been very different. However, Trotsky had allowed his intelligence and arrogance to antagonize those less able than himself, and in the end, alienated many around him, allowing deceitful men like Stalin to take advantage.

Fact Check

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"The end may justify the means, as long as there is something that justifies the end." "Learning carries within itself certain dangers because out of necessity one has to learn from one's enemies." "Ideas that enter the mind under fire remain there securely and forever."

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Who were the Russian Nobility and what did they do before the Russian Revolution?

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Who were the Russian Nobility and what did they do before the Russian Revolution?

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The Russian Nobility were dvoryanstvo (nobles). Before the Russian Revolution, they staffed most of the Russian government and controlled most of Russia. They also had about 1.9 million members.
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/nov/18/former-people-russian-smith-review
Jadiel N

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18. What agreement did Hitler make with Stalin during WWII 

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18. What agreement did Hitler make with Stalin during WWII 

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The agreement Hitler made with Stalin during WWII was the “german-soviet nonaggression pact" which is when two countries agree to not take any military action against each other for the next 10 years.

https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/german-soviet-nonaggression-pact#:~:text=On%20August%2023%2C%201939%E2%80%93shortly,for%20the%20next%2010%20years.
Sydney W

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What were some of the titles that he gave himself while he was in power and why?

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What were some of the titles that he gave himself while he was in power and why?

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Stalin changed his name so that it would mean man of steel. Some other names he had was koba the red tsar and dear father. Stalin gave himself these names to intimidate people.

Liam Easteadt

https://www.rbth.com/history/332806-joseph-stalin-nicknames

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Where did Trotsky go once Stalin took power and what did Stalin do about it?

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Where did Trotsky go once Stalin took power and what did Stalin do about it?

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After surviving multiple attempts on his life, Trotsky was assassinated in August 1940 in Mexico City by Ramón Mercader, who was a  Soviet agent. He was assassinated because he supposed that a violent disagreement with Trotsky had led to him wanting to murder Trotsky.
https://www.history.com/news/the-trotsky-assassination-75-years-ago
-Brooke W

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Karl Marx is best known for his writings which are the communist manifesto, and das kapital. they influenced history, economics, and politics.

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What was Tsar Nicholas 2 Nickname and how did he get it?

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What was Tsar Nicholas 2 Nickname and how did he get it?

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Tsar Nicholas (2) got his nickname "Krovavyi Bloodstained" because of how cruel he was. There was a thing called the Bloody Sunday because there were about 1389 people killed and that grim has been marked or his last region.

- Jasmine

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Groznyi ("The Terrible"), or, more correctly translated from Old Russian, "The Strong/The Menacing," was an epithet that in the 15-16 centuries, didn't carry negative connotations.

Grand Prince Ivan III of Moscow (1440-1505), the founder of the Moscow state and Ivan the Terrible's grandfather, was the first man to be called "Ivan the Terrible" in Russia. With time, he came to be known as Ivan the Great, while "Ivan the Terrible" in reference to Ivan Vasilyevich IV of Moscow, the first Russian tsar (1530-1584) started appearing, Russian scholars say, in the second half of the 16th century (probably during Ivan's lifetime) in Russian folk songs composed by unknown authors.

Ivan Vasilyevich gained his famous nickname, that noted his exceptional power as a ruler, after his conquests of the Kazan and Astrakhan Khanates, the Muslim states on the Russian borders that menaced the Russian lands. Later in Russian history, his nickname came to be associated with his alleged cruelty.

2. Alexey Mikhailovich the Humblest - for piety

Alexei Mikhailovich (1629-1676), known as Alexis of Russia, is still remembered by his moniker Tishayshiy ("The Most Quiet"), which, in Old Russian, meant "The Humblest," "The Most Pious."

Indeed, this tsar was famed for his strictest adherence to the Russian Orthodox rituals. He kept fast on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, spent hours daily in prayers, regularly made pilgrimages to the holy cloisters of the land with his family, and sent generous alms to churches and priests.

However, his temper was fierce, his mind curious and inventive, contrary to his overall piety. It was Tsar Alexei who really turned Russia to the West and laid the foundations of the major reforms his son, Peter the Great, introduced in Russia.

3. Peter and Catherine - the Greats, by the decision of the government

Tsar Peter (1672-1725) became the first Russian Emperor on October 22, 1721, after decisively winning the Great Northern War over Sweden. The Governing Senate and the Most Holy Governing Synod, the governing bodies of civil and religious powers in Russia of the time, ceremonially "presented" the Emperor's title, and the moniker "The Great" to Peter in a way the Roman Senate honored their Emperors. Since that moment, Russia has also become the Russian Empire.

For Catherine II (1729-1796), the title "The Great" was given officially by the All-Russian Legislative Commission convened in 1767 for the purpose of replacing the mid-17th-century Muscovite code of laws with a modern law code. Although the Commission didn't reach its goal and was dissolved about a year later, Catherine, in fact, didn't object being dubbed "The Great" by her aides and servants, since that title connected her to Peter the Great, a monarch she said she modeled her way of governing after.

However, in reply to the Legislative Commission's address which declared her "The Great," Catherine wrote: "Let the time and the posterity judge my deeds impartially."

4. Alexander I the Blessed - for the victory over Napoleon

In a fashion similar to the presenting of "The Great" titles to Peter and Catherine, in 1814, the Governing Senate of the Russian Empire officially bestowed the title of Blagoslovennyi ("The Blessed") on Emperor Alexander I (1777-1825). His full honorary title was "The Blessed, The Magnanimous Restorer of the States," because it was given to honor the victory over Napoleon Bonaparte and the restoration of the European monarchies subdued by Napoleon.

However, during the War of 1812, Alexander didn't take up the position of the Commander in Chief, trusting it first to Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly (1761-1818) and then to Mikhail Kutuzov (1745-1813). Nevertheless, in public opinion, he was rightfully perceived as the victor of Napoleon.

5. Alexander II the Liberator - for the liberation of the Balkans, NOT for the liberation of serfs!

The liberation of serfs in Russia that happened in 1861 during the reign of Alexander II (1818-1881) wasn't, however, a very popular and effective reform - it pauperized the peasantry and caused multiple riots. By the end of the 1870s, the country was bustling with protests and terrorist attacks.

In 1877-1878, Russia opposed the Ottoman Empire in the war to liberate the peoples of the Balkan states (Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro) from the oppressive Ottoman regime. Russia won decisively. According to the Treaty of Berlin (1878), that finalized the war and was signed by the major European powers, a part of Bulgaria, and also Montenegro, Serbia, and Romania became independent from the Ottomans, which were pushed from Europe. In the Balkans, Alexander II of Russia became then known as the Liberator, and this title was also widely propagated in the Russian Empire.

Three years later, Alexander II was murdered by the terrorists, because in domestic policy, he definitely failed.

6. Alexander III the Peacemaker - for not engaging in wars during his reign

Alexander II's son, Alexander III (1845-1894) took the throne after one of the most disastrous events in the history of the Romanov dynasty in general - his father was blown up by the terrorists. He imposed a harsh internal policy and conservative measures aimed to calm, control, or violently suppress any protests.

In the foreign policy accordingly, Alexander stopped the practice of clandestine two-party treaties with European countries because such treaties inevitably lead to international conflicts. By employing a non-interference foreign policy, Alexander III saved a great lot of Russian lives that had not been lost to wars. He was named "The Peacemaker" during the last years of his reign.

7. Nicholas II the Bloodstained - for his cruelty

The coronation of Nicholas II (1868-1918) in Moscow in May 1896 was to be followed by a mass celebration on the Khodynka field, where thousands gathered and stampeded each other to death in the rush for free giveaways. Stupidly organized by the Moscow authorities, the Khodynka tragedy later named the Bloody Sunday resulted in the death of 1389 people. This grim event marked the beginning of the last tsar's reign, but Nicholas became the Krovavyi ("Bloodstained") not because of that.

The Revolution of 1905 in Russia began shortly after Bloody Sunday, January 9, 1905, when peaceful protesters were fired at by the soldiers of the Imperial Guard, killing dozens. Vladimir Lenin called Nicholas "The Bloodstained" right after that in 1905, in his articles in the revolutionary Russian press (published abroad) and agitational leaflets.

But after the Revolution, Nicholas II was dubbed "The Bloodstained" even by his own supporters. Nicholas further strengthened the regime, giving more absolute power to local authorities and judges, which led to a great number of totally illegitimate and government-biased court processes. In December 1910, Vladimir Purishkevich, an ultra-right pro-monarchist politician, called Nicholas II "The Bloodstained'' in his speech at the State Duma, ignited by the violent suppression of a student riot in the St. Petersburg University.

The next day, the newspapers that published Purishkevich's words were confiscated; but through the press, the nickname inevitably leaked into the masses, much wider than the audience of Lenin's articles; since 1910, "The Bloodstained" has stuck as a nickname used by Nicholas II's fierce enemies and made it on into the 20th century because it was widely used by the Communist anti-monarchist historical propaganda.

If using any of Russia Beyond's content, partly or in full, always provide an active hyperlink to the original material.

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Groznyi ("The Terrible"), or, more correctly translated from Old Russian, "The Strong/The Menacing," was an epithet that in the 15-16 centuries, didn't carry negative connotations. Grand Prince Ivan III of Moscow (1440-1505), the founder of the Moscow state and Ivan the Terrible's grandfather, was the first man to be called "Ivan the Terrible" in Russia.

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4. What mistakes did Tsar Nicholas make during WWI?

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4. What mistakes did Tsar Nicholas make during WWI?

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involved with Russia and Japan's war, refused to share power with Duma, entered WWI, and moved his headquaters to the front

https://quizlet.com/42516081/russian-revolution-4-mistakes-of-czar-nicholas-ii-flash-cards/

Jaiden w

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How was religion regarded under Communism? 

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How was religion regarded under Communism? 

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Stalin tried to take out religions and he executed a lot of religious leaders. They would try to burn churches and they would tell lies about the churches to the people. He did this because he thought that religion was something in the past and he didn't think it would help anyone and he was also an atheist
https://www.history.com/news/joseph-stalin-religion-atheism-ussr
James Z

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What were the NKVD’s responsibilities under Stalin’s rule?

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What were the NKVD’s responsibilities under Stalin’s rule?

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The  purpose of the NKVD was national security, and they made sure their presence was well known. People were arrested and sent to work camps for the most mundane things. Individuals would report on their friends and neighbors because they feared that the NKVD would come for them if they did not report suspicious activity.

https://www.crimemuseum.org/crime-library/international-crimes/stalins-security-force/

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How did Hitler fool Lord Chamberlain at the beginning of WWII?

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How did Hitler fool Lord Chamberlain at the beginning of WWII?

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They had a meeting. They decided Hitler gets Sudetenland in exchange for Germany. Later came WWII which screwed Chamberlain over because Germany wasn't as ready as the other countries because it overran the past few years wearing the country out.

https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/chamberlain-and-hitler/#:~:text=At%20Munich%2C%20Chamberlain%20got%20an,demands%20to%20make%20in%20Europe.

Addison Moser

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22 How did Churchill help Great Britain survive WWII

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22 How did Churchill help Great Britain survive WWII

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he rallied the British troops during World War II and led his country from almost defeat to victory. after the break of the alliances the British had, he alerted the West to the threat of the Soviet Union
.https://www.britannica.com/biography/Winston-Churchill

Austin Snyder

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15.What was Trotsky’s role during the Russian Revolution?

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15.What was Trotsky’s role during the Russian Revolution?

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Trotsky helped organize the failed Russian revolution of 1905 after which he was soon arrested again and sent to Siberia. As chairman of Petrograd Soviet, he played a key role in the October revolution in 1917 that overthrew the government.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leon-Trotsky/Role-in-Soviet-government
Chase Ulrich

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6. What happened to the Tsar and his family after the revolution? 

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6. What happened to the Tsar and his family after the revolution? 

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Tsar and his family along with a few servants were assassinated by Vladimir Lenin, the new leader, after Tsar relinquished his leadership. The family and servants were set up thinking they were taking a photo when twelve men barged in and started shooting up the place.

https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/romanov-family-executed

Alex S.

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How did Hitler break his agreement with Stalin during WWII and what was the result?

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How did Hitler break his agreement with Stalin during WWII and what was the result?

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HE broke it by invading the ussr in 1941 called Operation Barbarossa. It resulted in war between Hitlers Germany and Stalins USSR. Its result ended in hitler committing suicide and brought the Entire Germany Army onto its knees. Ending the war in the eastern front.

Link:https://www.history.com/news/the-secret-hitler-stalin-nonagression-pact

Aidyn Tingler

Aidyn Tingler

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On the night of August 20, 1939, German Chancellor Adolf Hitler reached out to a bitter foe with a desperate plea. Time was running short on preparations for his planned invasion of Poland on September 1, and Hitler needed the Soviet Union to stay out of his war. In a telegrammed letter rushed to Joseph Stalin, Hitler asked the Soviet dictator to arrange for a meeting between German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop and his Soviet counterpart, Vyacheslav Molotov, as soon as possible.

For months, the USSR had been in negotiations with Britain and France, who had pledged to defend Poland if Germany invaded, to form a three-way alliance against Nazi aggression. Germany and the USSR, however, had signed an economic agreement the day before. Now Hitler wanted a political pact as well, an idea Molotov said he "warmly welcomed." With battle preparation plans on hold as the European powers considered forming a united front against Germany, Hitler could not hide his urgency. "The tension between Germany and Poland has become intolerable," he warned Stalin. "A crisis may arise any day."

Stalin's response finally arrived 27 hours later: Send Ribbentrop to Moscow.

On August 23, 1939, Ribbentrop arrived with written orders in hand from Hitler to make the deal. Such a diplomatic foray would have been unthinkable only months before. The Nazis and Soviets had been mortal enemies on the opposite sides of the ideological spectrum who used hatred of one another to fuel their political purges and murderous regimes. Now, however, Realpolitik trumped ideology. After the Germans occupied Czechoslovakia earlier in the year in violation of the Munich Agreement, Stalin questioned the resolve of the British and French to fight the Nazis. The Soviets, meanwhile, found a peace deal with the Germans attractive given that they were already engaged in a fierce battle on their eastern front with the Japanese and the Red Army was still weakened from Stalin's purge of its top commanders in 1937 and 1938.

So sudden was the thaw between the strange bedfellows that the five swastika flags rushed to the airport to greet Ribbentrop upon his arrival had to be taken from Soviet movie studios producing anti-Nazi propaganda films. Once seated at the negotiating table inside the Kremlin, the German foreign minister proposed a lofty preamble about the countries' warm relations, but even a totalitarian dictator knew that the truth could only be bent to a certain degree before it snapped. "The Soviet government could not suddenly present to the public assurances of friendship after they had been covered with pails of manure by the Nazi government for six years," Stalin said, according to William Shirer's The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich.

While Soviet negotiations with the British and French had dragged on for months, it took mere hours to hammer out a deal with the Germans. The meeting "began and ended briskly, just to show how businesslike these dictators are," the New York Times editorialized. Officially called the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact but also known as the Hitler-Stalin Pact, the nonaggression agreement was simple and straightforward. Both countries pledged for 10 years "to desist from any act of violence, any aggressive action and any attack on each other, either individually or jointly with other powers."

As a large framed photograph of Vladimir Lenin gazed down sternly upon the smoke-filled room, Ribbentrop and Molotov affixed their signatures to the agreement. A smiling Stalin was as bubbly as the Crimean sparkling wine that he raised in a spontaneous toast to Hitler. "I know how much the German nation loves its Fuhrer," he said. "I should therefore like to drink to his heath."

The agreement took effect the moment pen touched paper, an unusual diplomatic clause that reflected just how rushed Hitler felt. Ribbentrop phoned an anxious Hitler at his mountain retreat in Bavaria with the news. "That will hit like a bombshell," said an ecstatic Hitler, who could now invade Poland without fear of a Soviet intervention and a two-front war that had doomed German in World War I.

"The sinister news broke upon the world like an explosion," Winston Churchill later wrote. And that was just the news the world knew about, for in addition to the non-aggression pact, the Nazis and Soviets entered into a secret protocol that only came to light after the conclusion of World War II. The two countries took a carving knife to Poland with the Germans taking the larger western slice. The Soviets were given a free hand in Bessarabia in southeast Europe and the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Finland, while Lithuania fell into the German sphere of influence.

Before Ribbentrop left the Kremlin, Stalin pulled him aside. "The Soviet Government take the new pact very seriously," the dictator said, and he could guarantee on his "word of honor that the Soviet Union would not betray its partner." Stalin must have wondered if Hitler felt the same, given the chancellor's willingness to agree to all Soviet demands as well as his serial habit of breaking treaties.

"Our pact means that the greatest European powers have agreed to eliminate the threat of war and to live in peace," Molotov told the Supreme Soviet before it unanimously ratified the pact on the evening of August 31. Hours later, more than a million German troops crossed the border with Poland. World War II had begun. Within weeks, the Soviets occupied eastern Poland under the guise of protecting its residents from the Germans. Months later, Stalin's troops marched into the Baltics and Bessarabia.

Before the signing of the non-aggression pact, President Franklin D. Roosevelt warned Stalin that "it was as certain as that the night followed the day that as soon as Hitler had conquered France he would turn on Russia and it would be the Soviets' turn next." The words proved prescient when on June 22, 1941, Hitler unilaterally broke his deal with Stalin and launched the largest surprise attack in the history of warfare.

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How a Secret Hitler-Stalin Pact Set the Stage for WWII | HISTORY

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The Nazis and Soviets were mortal enemies. Why did they sign a nonaggression pact-and why didn't it last?