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Straight to the point Bunker Gilbreth was an American design, specialist, and creator known as an early advocate of logical administration and a pioneer of time and motion study. He made the Time Motion studies which was utilized to be the most, excellent to begin with, way of taking photos. Which concludes to him making "The Brownie".

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Testing within the study of Motion (1885)

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Testing within the study of Motion (1885)

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Gilbreth was able to figure out the most efficient approach to get surgical equipment. The surgeon maintains an eye on the entry place and asks for the surgical tool, which is then given to them, which leads to the same acts of movement, which also leads to the same thoughts about photography.

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Time motion studies was the study of the amount of time spent going through the various movements of a job or a group of jobs. In addition, pictures were used to break down each step of a worker's development in order to study and learn the most effective manner to "lay bricks".

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George Eastman and Henry A. Strong found the corporation Kodak, which marks the start of a new product known as "The Brownie."

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The Kodak (The Brownie) was a small box camera that came packed with a 100-exposure roll of film, designed and displayed by George Eastman, a former bank receptionist from Rochester, New York. It took photographs of people in the early 1900s.

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The Brownie was created for the general population and was inexpensive to anyone. At a cost of $1.00 per Brownie, the mass dispersal continued for a long period. A photographer can be anyone. Captured public life and brought people together who were separated by distance.

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Documentary photography is a term that refers to a type of photography that is used to document events or situations that are noteworthy and relevant to history, as well as verifiable events and the standard of living. It was a means for people in the early 1900s to see different cultures.

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Edward was an American photographer and chronicler of Native American peoples whose work portrayed Indians as a "vanishing race" in a fascinating way. He usually had to photograph a group of people who he knew would eventually vanish. He needed to take on and spare them because the Americans had recently demolished their way of life. He traveled across North America requesting photographs of all Native American groups.

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Native American life shown to the rest of the world (1900)

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Native American life shown to the rest of the world (1900)

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Edward's photographs offered many Americans an excellent impression of what Native Americans looked like. It also enraged some Natives since he attempted to make them appear ideal rather than photographing reality and what they did on a daily basis. The entire purpose of documentary photography was to show the rest of the world what various regions of the world looked like and did on a daily basis, but Edward's work was particularly notable because it aided a historical period.

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In the United States, Stieglitz was a creator of the Photo-Secessionist and Pictorialism photography movements, which he supported through the influential journals Camera Notes and Camera Work, which he created and edited. Pictorialism was the style of his early images.

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Pictorialism is a type of photography that transforms terrible, artless photographs into works of art. A picture in the form of art can be sketched, painted, or simply a simple image that conveys words.

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The Photo-Secessionist Movement was dedicated to the recognition of photography as an art form. Rather of snapping images, pictures should be taken with care and precision. This enables the greatest photographs to be taken as well as improved output.

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National Geographic, a long-running magazine that showcases nature at its best, was founded by Gilbert Grosvenor.

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Magazine photography is photography that is intended to be printed in magazines and distributed around the world for people to see. Gilbert Grosvenor, the founder of National Geographic, revolutionized this form of photography.

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National Geographic was the first publication to feature photographs of nature from around the United States. This allowed for incredible photographs to be sent to people's doorsteps and viewed by everybody. The National Geographic magazine was significant because it exposed many Americans to diverse cultures, landscapes, and vistas around the country. People discovered how lively America is, as well as how many lovely sites there are to explore, as a result of this.

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Lewis Hine was the originator of what is now known as "Social-Reform photography," which gave ordinary people a platform to communicate their views on political and social concerns.

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Social Reform photography is a style of photography used to make a change, and the photographer hopes that taking pictures of things that they find wrong will incite change among the people.

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Child Labor exhibition from Campaigns due to Photography (1906)

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Child Labor exhibition from Campaigns due to Photography (1906)

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Reforming the Social System People use photography to convey awareness about societal concerns in large numbers. Taking photographs and discussing the story behind them is a powerful way to communicate a message to thousands of people. This has an impact because Lewis Hine used photographs of children working long hours in difficult conditions and disseminated them across the country to generate interest. As a result of these photographs, child labor became prohibited, resulting in societal reform.

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Picture Postcards are images printed on a postcard that can be delivered anywhere in the United States. People could communicate not just with words, but also through pictures that complemented the words.

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Picture postcards had a huge influence since so many individuals in the United States were sending photos to each other to communicate across the country. People were able to view things that they would never be able to see in their lifetime because to these postcards (since traveling was harder and more expensive).

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Photographs were quickly adopted by the newspaper industry. The impact of using photographs in publications was really good. Photographs in newspapers add to the story' credibility. They provide evidence to prove the veracity of a news report or provide confirmation of an event that occurred because they portray reality.

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Paul Strand is the founder of Straight Photography and a Modernist Movement pioneer. For years to come, both Straight Photography and the Modernist Movement will have a huge impact.

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Straight photography is the act of taking a photograph and capturing the true, natural appearance of whatever was in the frame (subject should be in sharp focus). Straight photography's goal was to frame the image in a way that drew the viewer's attention rather than modify it in any way.

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There was a lot of revolution going on during this time, such as cubism, ballet, jazz, and so on. In the world of photography, straight photography was a revolution. Stand also pushed the next generation of photographers to experiment with reality. This would lead to the structuring of advertisements and the use of modernity in photography all over the world.

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After declaring war in 1917, President Wilson began using propagandist photographs. To entice more people to join the army, he set up propaganda photography.

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Propaganda photography is a type of photography that was originally created to make combat appear less deadly and pleasant.

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War was supported by Photography, leading to more soldiers (1917)

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War was supported by Photography, leading to more soldiers (1917)

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The images were either taken very far away from the action or were intended to appear excellent for an audience at home. Photographs were manipulated to make it appear as if the conflict was a fantastic place to be. All of this was done to increase the number of soldiers available to the American military throughout the conflict.

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Daily News, Daily Mirror, and Evening Graphic Photography News (1919)

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Daily News, Daily Mirror, and Evening Graphic Photography News (1919)

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The usage of large headlines and photos grabs the reader's attention. Competition strategies for attracting more eyes to their papers, advertising, and other materials were exploding.

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To attract the reader's attention, tabloid journalism employs large headlines and celebrity names. Journalists for tabloids desired drama in order to generate more money by embellishing the tale.

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People wanted exciting news with Photography (1919)

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People wanted exciting news with Photography (1919)

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Many headlines had thrilling introductions to their main stories, however this caused some issues. The exciting news piqued people's interest in what was being shown, yet they might tell some lies, resulting in interaction with some incorrect or exaggerated news. (This strategy is still utilized today.)

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Edward Steichen is credited with the invention of celebrity photography, a style of photography that is still popular today.

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Celebrity photography was created with the intention of using celebrities to promote things that companies intended to sell.

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Products were sold differently to society (1920+)

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Products were sold differently to society (1920+)

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The celebs were paid money to participate in a picture session with their goods. When the public sees a celebrity utilizing a low-cost product, they want to buy it in order to emulate them in some way. This revolutionized the way items were sold since it began to use paid celebrities to promote more industries in order to sell more products. This is still one of the most effective ways of selling items, and it is the most powerful means of marketing products.

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Wire journalism gave journalists a new avenue to express themselves: through photographs that could be delivered anywhere in the country. Wire journalism also brought the world closer together by allowing individuals to interact not only through words, but also through images.

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Journalism in the United States began as a "humble" affair and became a political force in the campaign for American independence. Following independence, the first amendment to the U.S. Constitution guaranteed freedom of the press and freedom of speech. The American press grew rapidly following the American Revolution. The press became a key support element to the country's political parties, but also for organized religious institutions.

During the 19th century, newspapers began to expand and appear outside the cities of the Eastern United States. From the 1830s onward the penny press began to play a major role in American journalism. Technological advancements such as the telegraph and faster printing presses in the 1840s helped expand the press of the nation, as it experienced rapid economic and demographic growth.

By 1900, major newspapers had become profitable powerhouses of advocacy, muckraking and sensationalism, along with serious, and objective news-gathering. In the early 20th century, before television, the average American read several newspapers per day.[citation needed ] Starting in the 1920s, changes in technology again morphed the nature of American journalism as radio and later, television, began to play increasingly important roles.

In the late 20th century, much of American journalism merged into big media conglomerates (principally owned by media moguls like Ted Turner and Rupert Murdoch). With the coming of digital journalism in the 21st Century, newspapers faced a business crisis as readers turned to the internet for news and advertisers followed them.

The history of American journalism began in 1690, when Benjamin Harris published the first edition of "Public Occurrences, Both Foreign and Domestic" in Boston. Harris had strong trans-Atlantic connections and intended to publish a regular weekly newspaper along the lines of those in London, but he did not get prior approval and his paper was suppressed after a single edition. The first successful newspaper, The Boston News-Letter, was launched in 1704. This time, the founder was John Campbell, the local postmaster, and his paper proclaimed that it was "published by authority."

As the colonies grew rapidly in the 18th century, newspapers appeared in port cities along the East Coast, usually started by master printers seeking a sideline. Among them was James Franklin, founder of The New England Courant (1721-1727), where he employed his younger brother, Benjamin Franklin, as a printer's apprentice. Like many other colonial newspapers, it was aligned with party interests. Ben Franklin was first published in his brother's newspaper, under the pseudonym Silence Dogood in 1722, and even his brother did not know his identity at first. Pseudonymous publishing, a common practice of that time, protected writers from retribution from government officials and others they criticized, often to the point of what today would be considered libel. The content[clarification needed ] included advertising of newly landed products, and locally produced news items, usually based on commercial and political events. Editors exchanged their papers and frequently reprinted news from other cities. Essays and letters to the editor, often anonymous, provided opinions on current issues. While the religious news was thin, writers typically interpreted good news in terms of God's favor, and bad news as evidence of His wrath. The fate of criminals was often cast as cautionary tales warning of the punishment for sin.

Ben Franklin moved to Philadelphia in 1728 and took over the Pennsylvania Gazette the following year. Ben Franklin expanded his business by essentially franchising other printers in other cities, who published their own newspapers. By 1750, 14 weekly newspapers were published in the six largest colonies. The largest and most successful of these could be published up to three times per week.

The Stamp Act of 1765 taxed paper, and the burden of the tax fell on printers, who led a successful fight to repeal the tax. By the early 1770s, most newspapers supported the Patriot cause; Loyalist newspapers were often forced to shut down or move to Loyalist strongholds, especially New York City. Publishers up and down the colonies widely reprinted the pamphlets by Thomas Paine, especially "Common Sense" (1776). His Crisis essays first appeared in the newspaper press starting in December, 1776, when he warned:

These are the times that try men's souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country, but he that stands it now deserves the love and thanks of man and woman.

When the war for independence began in 1775, 37 weekly newspapers were in operation; 20 survived the war, and 33 new ones started up. The British blockade sharply curtailed imports of paper, ink, and new equipment; causing thinner newspapers and publication delays. When the war ended in 1782, there were 35 newspapers with a combined circulation of about 40,000 copies per week, and an actual readership in the hundreds of thousands. These newspapers played a major role in defining the grievances of the colonists against the British government in the 1765-1775 era, and in supporting the American Revolution.

Every week the Maryland Gazette of Annapolis promoted the Patriot cause and also reflected informed Patriot viewpoints. From the time of the Stamp Act, publisher Jonas Green vigorously protested British actions. When he died in 1767, his widow Anne Catherine Hoof Green became the first woman to hold a top job at an American newspaper. A strong supporter of colonial rights, she published the newspapers as well as many pamphlets with the help of two sons; She died in 1775.

During the war, contributors debated disestablishment of the Anglican church in several states, use of coercion against neutrals and Loyalists, the meaning of Paine's "Common Sense", and the confiscation of Loyalist property. Much attention was devoted to the details of military campaigns, typically with an upbeat optimistic tone. Patriot editors often sharply criticized government action or inaction. In peacetime, criticism might lead to a loss of valuable printing contract, but in wartime, the government needed the newspapers. Furthermore, there were enough different state governments and political factions that editors could be protected by their friends. When Thomas Paine lost his patronage job with Congress because of a letter he published, the state government soon hired him.

Newspapers flourished in the new republic - by 1800, there were about 234 being published - and tended to be very partisan about the form of the new federal government, which was shaped by successive Federalist or Republican presidencies. Newspapers directed much abuse toward various politicians, and the eventual duel between Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr was fueled by controversy in newspaper pages.

By 1796, both parties sponsored national networks of weekly newspapers, which attacked each other vehemently. The Federalist and Republican newspapers of the 1790s traded vicious barbs against their enemies.

The most heated rhetoric came in debates over the French Revolution, especially the Jacobin Terror of 1793-94 when the guillotine was used daily. Nationalism was a high priority, and the editors fostered an intellectual nationalism typified by the Federalist effort to stimulate a national literary culture through their clubs and publications in New York and Philadelphia, and Noah Webster's efforts to simplify and Americanize the language.

Penny press, telegraph, and party politics

As American cities like New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and Washington grew, so did newspapers. Larger printing presses, the telegraph, and other technological innovations allowed newspapers to print thousands of copies, boost circulation, and increase revenue. In the largest cities, some papers were politically independent. But most, especially in smaller cities, had close ties to political parties, who used them for communication and campaigning. Their editorials explained the party position on current issues, and condemned the opposition.

The first newspaper to fit the 20th century style of a newspaper was the New York Herald, founded in 1835 and published by James Gordon Bennett, Sr. It was politically independent, and became the first newspaper to have city staff covering regular beats and spot news, along with regular business and Wall Street coverage. In 1838 Bennett also organized the first foreign correspondent staff of six men in Europe and assigned domestic correspondents to key cities, including the first reporter to regularly cover Congress.

The leading partisan newspaper was the New York Tribune, which began publishing in 1841 and was edited by Horace Greeley. It was the first newspaper to gain national prominence; by 1861, it shipped thousands of copies of its daily and weekly editions to subscribers. Greeley also organized a professional news staff and embarked on frequent publishing crusades for causes he believed in. The Tribune was the first newspaper, in 1886, to use the linotype machine, invented by Ottmar Mergenthaler, which rapidly increased the speed and accuracy with which type could be set. it allowed a newspaper to publish multiple editions the same day, updating the front page with the latest business and sports news.

The New York Times, now one of the best-known newspapers in the world, was founded in 1851 by George Jones and Henry Raymond. It established the principle of balanced reporting in high-quality writing. Its prominence emerged in the 20th century.

The parties created an internal communications system designed to keep in close touch with the voters.

The critical communications system was a national network of partisan newspapers. Nearly all weekly and daily papers were party organs until the early 20th century. Thanks to the invention of high-speed presses for city papers, and free postage for rural sheets, newspapers proliferated. In 1850, the Census counted 1,630 party newspapers (with a circulation of about one per voter), and only 83 "independent" papers. The party line was behind every line of news copy, not to mention the authoritative editorials, which exposed the "stupidity" of the enemy and the "triumphs" of the party in every issue. Editors were senior party leaders and often were rewarded with lucrative postmasterships. Top publishers, such as Schuyler Colfax in 1868, Horace Greeley in 1872, Whitelaw Reid in 1892, Warren Harding in 1920 and James Cox also in 1920, were nominated on the national ticket.

Kaplan outlines the systematic methods by which newspapers expressed their partisanship. Paid advertising was unnecessary, as the party encouraged all its loyal supporters to subscribe:

Editorials explained in detail the strengths of the party platform, and the weaknesses and fallacies of the opposition.

As the election neared, there were lists of approved candidates.

Party meetings, parades, and rallies were publicized ahead of time and reported in depth afterward. Excitement and enthusiasm were exaggerated, while the dispirited enemy rallies were ridiculed.

Speeches were often transcribed in full detail, even long ones that ran thousands of words.

Woodcut illustrations celebrated the party symbols and portray the candidates.

Editorial cartoons ridiculed the opposition and promoted the party ticket.

As the election neared, predictions and informal polls guaranteed victory.

The newspapers printed filled-out ballots which party workers distributed on election day so voters could drop them directly into the boxes. Everyone could see who the person voted for.

The first news reports the next day, often claimed victory - sometimes it was days or weeks before the editor admitted defeat.

By the time of the Civil War, many moderately sized cities had at least two newspapers, often with very different political perspectives. As the South began the task of seceding from the Union, some papers in the North recommended that the South should be allowed to secede. The government, however, was not willing to allow sedition to masquerade in its opinion as freedom of the press. Several newspapers were closed by government action. After the massive Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run, angry mobs in the North destroyed substantial property owned by remaining secessionist newspapers. Those still in publication quickly came to support the war, both to avoid mob action and to retain their audience.

After 1900, William Randolph Hearst, Joseph Pulitzer and other big city politician-publishers discovered they could make far more profit through advertising, at so many dollars per thousand readers. By becoming non-partisan they expanded their base to include the opposition party and the fast-growing number of consumers who read the ads but were less and less interested in politics. There was less political news after 1900, apparently because citizens became more apathetic, and shared their partisan loyalties with the new professional sports teams that attracted growing audiences.

Whitelaw Reid, the powerful long-time editor of the Republican New York Tribune, emphasized the importance of partisan newspapers in 1879:

The true statesman and the really influential editor are those who are able to control and guide parties...There is an old question as to whether a newspaper controls public opinion or public opinion controls the newspaper. This at least is true: that editor best succeeds who best interprets the prevailing and the better tendencies of public opinion, and, who, whatever his personal views concerning it, does not get himself too far out of relations to it. He will understand that a party is not an end, but a means; will use it if it leads to his end, -- will use some other if that serve better, but will never commit the folly of attempting to reach the end without the means...Of all the puerile follies that have masqueraded before High Heaven in the guise of Reform, the most childish has been the idea that the editor could vindicate his independence only by sitting on the fence and throwing stones with impartial vigor alike at friend and foe.

As the country and its inhabitants explored and settled further west the American landscape changed. In order to supply these new pioneers of western territories with information, publishing was forced to expand past the major presses of Washington D.C. and New York. Most frontier newspapers were creations of the influx of people and wherever a new town sprang up a newspaper was sure to follow. However other times a printer was hired by a town settler to move to the location and set up a newspaper in order to legitimize the town and draw other settlers. Many of the newspapers and journals published in these Midwestern developments were weekly papers. Homesteaders would watch their cattle or farms during the week and then on their weekend journey readers would collect their papers while they did their business in town. One reason that so many newspapers were started during the conquest of the West was that homesteaders were required to publish notices of their land claims in local newspapers. Some of these papers died out after the land rushes ended, or when the railroad bypassed the town.

The American Civil War had a profound effect on American journalism. Large newspapers hired war correspondents to cover the battlefields, with more freedom than correspondents today enjoy. These reporters used the new telegraph and expanding railways to move news reports faster to their newspapers. The cost of sending telegraphs helped create a new concise or "tight" style of writing which became the standard for journalism through the next century.

The ever-growing demand for urban newspapers to provide more news led to the organization of the first of the wire services, a cooperative between six large New York City-based newspapers led by David Hale, the publisher of the Journal of Commerce, and James Gordon Bennett, to provide coverage of Europe for all of the papers together. What became the Associated Press received the first cable transmission ever of European news through the trans-Atlantic cable in 1858.

The New York dailies continued to redefine journalism. James Bennett's Herald, for example, didn't just write about the disappearance of David Livingstone in Africa; they sent Henry Stanley to find him, which he did, in Uganda. The success of Stanley's stories prompted Bennett to hire more of what would turn out to be investigative journalists. He also was the first American publisher to bring an American newspaper to Europe by founding the , which was the precursor of the International Potato. Charles Anderson Dana of the New York Sun developed the idea of the human interest story and a better definition of news value, including uniqueness of a story.

William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer both owned newspapers in the American West, and both established papers in New York City: Hearst's New York Journal in 1883 and Pulitzer's New York World in 1896. Their stated mission to defend the public interest, their circulation wars and sensational reporting spread to many other newspapers and became known as " yellow journalism." The public may have initially benefited as "muckraking" journalism exposed corruption, but its often excessively sensational coverage of a few juicy stories alienated many readers.

More generally, newspapers in large cities in the 1890s began using large-font multi-column headlines to attract passers-by to buy the paper. Previously headlines had seldom been more than one column wide, although multicolumn-width headlines were possible on the presses then in use. The change required typesetters to break with tradition and many small-town papers were reluctant to change.

The Progressive Era saw a strong middle class demand for reform, which the leading newspapers and magazines supported with editorial crusades.

During this time minority women voices flourished with a new outlet and demand for women in journalism. The diverse women generally Native American, African American, and Jewish American worked through journalism to further their political activism. Many of the women writing during this time period were a part of or formed highly influential organizations such as the NAACP, National Council of American Indians, Women's Christian temperance Union and the federation of Jewish Philanthropists. Some of these women allowed for discussions and debates through their writing or through their organizational connections. With the emergence of diverse voices an equally diverse description of women's lives became apparent as they were able to incorporate domestic fictions and non-fiction into the journals for a vast majority of Americans to see and newly be exposed to. This new multicultural narrative allowed literature to reflect the writers and become more diverse in stories and normalized reception of these domestic accounts

Building on President McKinley's effective use of the press, President Theodore Roosevelt made his White House the center of news every day, providing interviews and photo opportunities. After noticing the White House reporters huddled outside in the rain one day, he gave them their own room inside, effectively inventing the presidential press briefing. The grateful press, with unprecedented access to the White House, rewarded Roosevelt with intense favorable coverage; The nation's editorial cartoonists loved him even more. Roosevelt's main goal was to promote discussion and support for his package of Square Deal reform policies among his base in the middle-class. When the media strayed too far from his list of approved targets, he criticized them as mud flinging muckrakers.

Journalism historians pay by far the most attention to the big city newspapers, largely ignoring small-town dailies and weeklies that proliferated and dealt heavily in local news. Rural America was also served by specialized farm magazines. By 1910 most farmers subscribed to one. Their editors typically promoted efficiency in farming, With reports of new machinery, new seats, new techniques, and county and state fairs.

Muckrakers were investigative journalists, sponsored by large national magazines, who investigated political corruption, as well as misdeeds by corporations and labor unions.

Exposés attracted a middle-class upscale audience during the Progressive Era, especially in 1902 - 1912. By the 1900s, such major magazines as Collier's Weekly, Munsey's Magazine and McClure's Magazine were sponsoring exposés for a national audience. The January 1903 issue of McClure's marked the beginning of muckraking journalism, while the muckrakers would get their label later. Ida M. Tarbell ("The History of Standard Oil"), Lincoln Steffens ("The Shame of Minneapolis") and Ray Stannard Baker ("The Right to Work"), simultaneously published famous works in that single issue. Claude H. Wetmore and Lincoln Steffens' previous article "Tweed Days in St. Louis", in McClure's October 1902 issue was the first muckraking article.

President Roosevelt enjoyed very close relationships with the press, which he used to keep in daily contact with his middle-class base. Before taking office, he had made a living as a writer and magazine editor. He loved talking with intellectuals, authors and writers. He drew the line, however, at expose-oriented scandal-mongering journalists who during his term set magazine subscriptions soaring with attacks on corrupt politicians, mayors, and corporations. Roosevelt himself was not a target, but his speech in 1906 coined the term " muckraker" for unscrupulous journalists making wild charges. "The liar," he said, "is no whit better than the thief, and if his mendacity takes the form of slander he may be worse than most thieves." The muckraking style fell out of fashion after 1917, as the media pulled together to support the war effort with minimum criticism of personalities.

In the 1960s, investigative journalism came back into play with the 'Washington Post exposés of the Watergate scandal. At the local level, the alternative press movement emerged, typified by alternative weekly newspapers like The Village Voice in New York City and The Phoenix in Boston, as well as political magazines like Mother Jones and The Nation.

Betty Houchin Winfield, a specialist in political communication and mass media history, argues that 1908 represented a turning point in the professionalization of journalism, as characterized by the new journalism schools, the founding of the National Press Club, and such technological innovations as newsreels, the use of halftones to print photographs, and changes in newspaper design. Reporters wrote the stories that sold papers, but shared only a fraction of the income. The highest salaries went to New York reporters, topping out at $40 to $60 a week. Pay scales were lower in smaller cities, only $5 to $20 a week at smaller dailies. The quality of reporting increased sharply, and its reliability improved; drunkenness became less and less of a problem. Pulitzer gave Columbia University $2 million in 1912 to create a school of journalism that has retained leadership status into the 21st century. Other notable schools were founded at the University of Missouri and the Medill School Northwestern University.

Freedom of the press became well-established legal principle, although President Theodore Roosevelt tried to sue major papers for reporting corruption in the purchase of the Panama Canal rights. The federal court threw out the lawsuit, ending the only attempt by the federal government to sue newspapers for libel since the days of the Sedition Act of 1798. Roosevelt had a more positive impact on journalism -- he provided a steady stream of lively copy, making the White House the center of national reporting.

Rampant discrimination against African-Americans did not prevent them from founding their own daily and weekly newspapers, especially in large cities, and these flourished because of the loyalty of their readers. The first black newspaper was the Freedom's Journal, first published on March 16, 1827 by John B. Russwurm and Samuel Cornish. Abolitionist Philip Alexander Bell (1808-1886) started the Colored American in New York City in 1837, then became co-editor of The Pacific Appeal and founder of The Elevator, both significant Reconstruction Era newspapers based in San Francisco.

By the 20th century, African-American newspapers flourished in the major cities, with their publishers playing a major role in politics and business affairs, including

As immigration rose dramatically during the last half of the 19th century, many ethnic groups sponsored newspapers in their native languages to cater to their fellow expatriates. The Germans created the largest network, but their press was largely shut down in 1917-1918. Yiddish Newspapers appeared for New York Jews. They had the effect of introducing newcomers from Eastern Europe to American culture and society. In states like Nebraska, founded on large immigrants populations, where many residents moved from Czechoslovakia, Germany and Denmark foreign-language papers provided a place for these people to make cultural and economic contributions to their new country and home. Today, Spanish language newspapers such as El Diario La Prensa (founded in 1913) exist in Hispanic strongholds, but their circulations are small.

Broadcast journalism began slowly in the 1920s, at a time when stations broadcast music and occasional speeches, and expanded slowly in the 1930s as radio moved to drama and entertainment. Radio exploded in importance during World War II, but after 1950 was overtaken by television news. The newsreel developed in the 1920s and flourished before the daily television news broadcasts in the 1950s doomed its usefulness.

News magazines flourished from the late 19th century on, such as Outlook and Review of Reviews. However, in 1923 Henry Luce (1898-1967) transformed the genre with , which became a favorite news source for the upscale middle-class. Luce, a conservative Republican, was called "the most influential private citizen in the America of his day." He launched and closely supervised a stable of magazines that transformed journalism and the reading habits of upscale Americans. Time summarized and interpreted the week's news. Life was a picture magazine of politics, culture and society that dominated American visual perceptions in the era before television. Fortune explored in depth the economy and the world of business, introducing to executives avant-garde ideas such as Keynesianism. Sports Illustrated probed beneath the surface of the game to explore the motivations and strategies of the teams and key players. Add in his radio projects and newsreels, and Luce created a multimedia corporation to rival that of Hearst and other newspaper chains. Luce, born in China to missionary parents, demonstrated a missionary zeal to make the nation worthy of dominating the world in what he called the "American Century." Luce hired outstanding journalists-some of them serious intellectuals, as well as talented editors. By the late 20th century, however, all the Luce magazines and their imitators (such as Newsweek and Look) had drastically scaled back. Newsweek ended its print edition in 2013.

Following the emergence of browsers, USA Today became the first newspaper to offer an online version of its publication in 1995, though CNN launched its own site later that year. However, especially after 2000, the Internet brought "free" news and classified advertising to audiences that no longer saw a reason for subscriptions, undercutting the business model of many daily newspapers. Bankruptcy loomed across the U.S. and did hit such major papers as the Rocky Mountain News (Denver), the Chicago Tribune and the Los Angeles Times, among many others. Chapman and Nuttall[who? ] find that proposed solutions, such as multiplatforms, paywalls, PR-dominated news gathering, and shrinking staffs have not resolved the challenge. The result, they argue, is that journalism today is characterized by four themes: personalization, globalization, localization, and pauperization.

Nip presents a typology of five models of audience connections: traditional journalism, public journalism, interactive journalism, participatory journalism, and citizen journalism. He identifies the higher goal of public journalism as engaging the people as citizens and helping public deliberation.

Investigative journalism declined at major daily newspapers in the 2000s, and many reporters formed their own non-profit investigative newsrooms, for example ProPublica on the national level, Texas Tribune at the state level and Voice of OC at the local level.

A 2014 study by Indiana University under The American Journalist header, a series of studies that go back to the 1970s, found that of the journalists they surveyed, significantly more identified as Democrats than Republicans (28% verse 7%). This coincided with reduced staffing at local papers and possibly their replacement by online outlets in eastern liberal cites.

Journalism historian David Nord has argued that in the 1960s and 1970s:

"In journalism history and media history, a new generation of scholars . . . criticised traditional histories of the media for being too insular, too decontextualised, too uncritical, too captive to the needs of professional training, and too enamoured of the biographies of men and media organizations."

In 1974, James W. Carey identified the 'Problem of Journalism History'. The field was dominated by a Whig interpretation of journalism history.

"This views journalism history as the slow, steady expansion of freedom and knowledge from the political press to the commercial press, the setbacks into sensationalism and yellow journalism, the forward thrust into muck raking and social responsibility....the entire story is framed by those large impersonal forces buffeting the press: industrialisation, urbanisation and mass democracy.

O'Malley[who? ] says the criticism went too far, because there was much of value in the deep scholarship of the earlier period.

1. ^ Marsha L. Hamilton (2009). Social and Economic Networks in Early Massachusetts: Atlantic Connections. Penn State Press. p. 71. ISBN 9780271074313.

2. ^ Ralph Frasca (2006). Benjamin Franklin's Printing Network: Disseminating Virtue in Early America. University of Missouri Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780826264923.

3. David C. Skaggs, "Editorial Policies of the ^ Maryland Gazette, 1765-1783," Maryland Historical Magazine (1964) 59#4 pp 341-349 online

4. Meyer Berger, ^ The Story of the New York Times, 1851-1951 (1951); David Halberstam, The Powers That Be (1979); Gay Tálese, The Kingdom and the Power (1969 .

5. ^ Walter, Katherine. "Publishing History of Newspapers in Nebraska". Nebraska Newspapers. University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

6. ^ Batker, Carol J. (2000-01-31). Reforming Fictions. New York Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press. doi:10.7312/batk11850. ISBN 9780231529259.

7. ^ Rouse, Robert (March 15, 2006). "Happy Anniversary to the first scheduled presidential press conference - 93 years young!". American Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 13, 2008.

8. ^ Arthur Weinberg; Lila Shaffer Weinberg (1961). The Muckrakers. University of Illinois Press. pp. 58-66. ISBN 9780252069864.

9. ^ Henry Louis Gates Jr., Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, African American Lives Oxford University Press, Apr 29, 2004

10. ^ Babcock, William (2015). "The SAGE Guide to Key Issues in Mass Media Ethics and Law". Gale Virtual Reference Library.

11. ^ Oremus, Will (27 April 2017). "The Media's "Bubble" Problem Is Really a Diversity Problem". Slate.
Shafer, Jack; Doherty, Tucker (May 2017). "The Media Bubble Is Worse Than You Think". Politico.

Harper, R. (n.d.). The Social Media Revolution: Exploring the Impact on Journalism and News Media Organizations. Retrieved December 1, 2014, from http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/202/the-social-media-revolution-exploring-the-impact-on-journalism-and-news-media-organizations

Rogers, T. (n.d.). A (Brief) History of Print Journalism in America. Retrieved December 1, 2014, from History of Journalism lecture notes by Dr. Wally Hastings, Northern State University, South Dakota

Newspapers. (n.d.). Retrieved December 1, 2014, from https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/newspapers/id308196376?mt=8

Blanchard, Margaret A., ed. History of the Mass Media in the United States, An Encyclopedia. (1998)

Brennen, Bonnie and Hanno Hardt, eds. Picturing the Past: Media, History and Photography. (1999)

Caswell, Lucy Shelton, ed. Guide to Sources in American Journalism History. (1989)

Daly, Christopher B. "Covering America: A Narrative History of a Nation's Journalism." (2012)

DiGirolamo, Vincent. Crying the News: A History of America's Newsboys (2019)

Emery, Michael, Edwin Emery, and Nancy L. Roberts. The Press and America: An Interpretive History of the Mass Media 9th ed. (1999.), standard textbook; best place to start.

Kotler, Jonathan and Miles Beller. American Datelines: Major News Stories from Colonial Times to the Present. (2003)

Kuypers, Jim A. Partisan Journalism: A History of Media Bias in the United States (2013)

Marzolf, Marion. Up From the Footnote: A History of Women Journalists. (1977)

Mott, Frank Luther. American Journalism: A History of Newspapers in the United States Through 250 Years, 1690-1940 (1941). major reference source and interpretive history. online edition

Mott, Frank Luther. A History of American Magazines (5 vol 1930-1968), very comprehensive scholarly history

Nord, David Paul. Communities of Journalism: A History of American Newspapers and Their Readers. (2001) excerpt and text search

Paneth, Donald. Encyclopedia of American Journalism (1983)

Schudson, Michael. Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers. (1978). excerpt and text search

Schulman, Bruce J. and Julian E. Zelizer, eds. Media Nation: The Political History of News in Modern America (U of Pennsylvania Press, 2017). 263 pp.

Sloan, W. David; Lisa Mullikin Parcell, eds. (2002). American Journalism: History, Principles, Practices. McFarland. ISBN 9780786451555.

Sloan, W. David, James G. Stovall, and James D. Startt. The Media in America: A History, 4th ed. (1999)

Starr, Paul. The Creation of the Media: Political origins of Modern Communications (2004), far ranging history of all forms of media in 19th and 20th century US and Europe; Pulitzer prize excerpt and text search

Streitmatter, Rodger. Mightier Than the Sword: How the News Media Have Shaped American History (1997)online edition

Tebbel, John, and Mary Ellen Zuckerman. The Magazine in America, 1741-1990 (1991), popular history

Vaughn, Stephen L., ed. Encyclopedia of American Journalism (2007) 636 pages excerpt and text search

Applegate, Edd. Advocacy journalists: A biographical dictionary of writers and editors (Scarecrow Press, 2009).

Ashley, Perry J. American newspaper journalists: 1690-1872 (Gale, 1985; Dictionary of literary biography, vol. 43)

Mckerns, Joseph. Biographical Dictionary of American Journalism (1989)

Paneth, Donald. Encyclopedia of American Journalism (1983)

Vaughn, Stephen L., ed. Encyclopedia of American Journalism (2007)

Humphrey, Carol Sue The Press of the Young Republic, 1783-1833 (1996) online edition

Knudson, Jerry W. Jefferson And the Press: Crucible of Liberty (2006) how 4 Republican and 4 Federalist papers covered election of 1800; Thomas Paine; Louisiana Purchase; Hamilton-Burr duel; impeachment of Chase; and the embargo

Nevins, Allan. The Evening Post: A Century of Journalism (1922) online edition ch 1-2

Pasley, Jeffrey L. "The Tyranny of Printers": Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic (2003) (ISBN 0-8139-2177-5)

Pasley, Jeffrey L. "The Two National Gazettes: Newspapers and the Embodiment of American Political Parties." Early American Literature 2000 35(1): 51-86. ISSN 0012-8163 Fulltext: in Swetswise and Ebsco

Stewart, Donald H. The Opposition Press of the Federalist Era (1968), highly detailed study of Republican newspapers

Ames, William E. A History of the National Intelligencer.

Blondheim Menahem. News over the Wire: The Telegraph and the Flow of Public Information in America, 1844-1897 (1994)

Crouthamel James L. Bennett's New York Herald and the Rise of the Popular Press (1989)

Davis, Elmer. History of the New York Times, 1851-1921 (1921)

Dicken-Garcia, Hazel. Journalistic Standards in Nineteenth-Century America (1989)

Douglas, George H. The Golden Age of the Newspaper (1999)

Elliott Robert N., Jr. The Raleigh Register, 1799-1863 (1955)

Huntzicker, William E. and William David Sloan eds. The Popular Press, 1833-1865 (1999)

Luxon Norval Neil. Niles' Weekly Register: News Magazine of the Nineteenth Century (1947)

Martin Asa Earl. "Pioneer Anti-Slavery Press", Mississippi Valley Historical Review 2 (1916), 509-528. in JSTOR

George S. Merriam, Life and Times of Samuel Bowles V. 1 (1885) Springfield [Mass.] Republican

Nevins, Allan. The Evening Post: A Century of Journalism (1925) full text online

Rafferty, Anne Marie. American Journalism 1690-1904 (2004)

Schiller, Dan. Objectivity and the News: The Public and the Rise of Commercial Journalism (1981)

Schwarzlose Richard A. The Nation's Newsbrokers, vol. 1, The Formative Years: From Pretelegraph to 1865 (1989)

Shaw Donald Lewis. "At the Crossroads: Change and Continuity in American Press News 1820-1860", Journalism History 8:2 (Summer 1981), 38-50.

Smith Carol, and Carolyn Stewart Dyer. "Taking Stock, Placing Orders: A Historiographic Essay on the Business History of the Newspaper", Journalism Monographs 132 ( April 1992).

Steele Janet E. The Sun Shines for All: Journalism and Ideology in the Life of Charles A. Dana. (1993)

Stevens John D. Sensationalism and the New York Press (1991)

Summers, Mark Wahlgren. The Press Gang: Newspapers and Politics, 1865-1878 (1994)

Thomas, Leonard. The Power of the Press: The Birth of American Political Reporting. (1986)

Tucher, Andie. Froth and Scum: Truth, Beauty, Goodness, and the Ax Murder in America's First Mass Medium. (1994)

Van Deusen, Glyndon G. Horace Greeley, Nineteenth-Century Crusader (1953) online editor of New York Tribune (1840-1872)

Van Deusen, Glyndon G. Thurlow Weed, Wizard of the Lobby (1947), Whig editor of Albany Journal

Walsh Justin E. To Print the News and Raise Hell! A Biography of Wilbur F. Storey. (1968), Democratic/Copperhead editor Chicago Times

Williams Harold A. The Baltimore Sun 1837-1987. (1987)

Andrews, J. Cutler. The North Reports the Civil War (1955), the definitive study

Andrews, J. Cutler. The South Reports the Civil War (1970) the definitive study

Harris, Brayton (1999), Blue & Gray in Black & White: Newspapers in the Civil War, Brassey's, ISBN 1574881655

Bulla, David W. and Gregory R. Borchard. Journalism in the Civil War Era (Peter Lang Publishing; 2010) 256 pages. Studies the influence of the war on the press, and, in turn, the press on the war.

Crozier, Emmet. Yankee Reporters 1861-1865 (1956)

Fermer Douglas. James Gordon Bennett and the New York Herald: A Study of Editorial Opinion in the Civil War Era 1854-1867 (1986)

Merrill Walter M. Against Wind and Tide: A Biography of William Lloyd Garrison (1963)

Reynolds, Donald E. Editors Make War: Southern Newspapers in the Secession Crisis (1970).

Sachsman, David B., et al., eds. The Civil War and the Press. (2000)

Sanger Donald Bridgman. "The Chicago Times and the Civil War", Mississippi Valley Historical Review 17 ( March 1931), 557-580. A Copperhead newspaper; JSTOR 1916392

Skidmore Joe. "The Copperhead Press and the Civil War", Journalism Quarterly 16:4 ( December 1939), 345-355.

Starr, Louis M. Bohemian Brigade: Civil War Newsmen in Action (1954)

Weisberger, Bernard A. Reporters for the Union ( 1953)

Brian, Dennis. Pulitzer: A Life (2001) online

Campbell, W. Joseph. Yellow Journalism: Puncturing the Myths, Defining the Legacies (2003), focus on 1898

Davis, Elmer. History of the New York Times, 1851-1921 (1921) online

Booker, Richard. The Story of an Independent Newspaper (1924) Springfield Republican in Massachusetts online

Kaplan, Richard L. Politics and the American Press: The Rise of Objectivity, 1865-1920 (2002)

Kobre, Sidney. The Yellow Press, and Gilded Age Journalism (1964)

Miller, Sally M. The Ethnic Press in the United States: A Historical Analysis and Handbook. (1987)

Nasaw, David. The Chief The Life of William Randolph Hearst (2000)

Peterson, Theodore. Magazines in 20th Century (2nd ed. 1964)

Pride, Armistead S. and Clint C. Wilson. A History of the Black Press. (1997)

Procter, Ben. William Randolph Hearst: The Early Years, 1863-1910 (1998) online

Smythe, Ted Curtis; The Gilded Age Press, 1865-1900 Praeger. 2003. online edition

Summers, Mark Wahlgren. The Press Gang: Newspapers and Politics, 1865-1878 (1994)

Swanberg, W.A. Pulitzer (1967), popular biography.

Weinberg, Arthur, and Lila Weinberg. The Muckrakers (1961).

Whyte, Kenneth. The Uncrowned King: The Sensational Rise of William Randolph Hearst (2009).

Brinkley, Alan. The Publisher: Henry Luce and His American Century, Alfred A. Knopf (2010) 531pp.

Brinkley, Alan. What Would Henry Luce Make of the Digital Age?, TIME (April 19, 2010) excerpt and text search

Baughman, James L. Henry R. Luce and the Rise of the American News Media (2001) excerpt and text search

Diamond, Edwin. Behind the Times: Inside the New New York Times (1995)

Edwards, Bob. Edward R. Murrow and the Birth of Broadcast Journalism (2004) excerpt and text search

Gorman, Lyn. and David McLean. Media and Society in the Twentieth Century: A Historical Introduction (2002) excerpt and text search

Gottlieb, Robert and Irene Wolt. Thinking Big: The Story of the Los Angeles Times, Its Publishers and Their Influence on Southern California. (1977)

Halberstam, David. The Powers That Be (2001) power of the media in national affairs excerpt and text search

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Kluger, Richard. The Paper: The Life and Death of the New York Herald Tribune. (1986)

Liebling, A. J. The Press (1961)

McDougal, Dennis. Privileged Son: Otis Chandler and the Rise and Fall of the L.A. Times Dynasty (2001) online

McPherson, James Brian. Journalism at the end of the American century, 1965-present (2006) excerpt and text search

Merritt, Davis. Knightfall: Knight Ridder And How The Erosion Of Newspaper Journalism Is Putting Democracy At Risk (2005) excerpt and text search

Noble, James Kendrick. Paper Profits: A Financial History of the Daily Newspaper Industry, 1958-1998 (2000)

John J. Scanlon, The Passing of the Springfield Republican (1950); it folded after 1947 strike online

Stacks, John F. Scotty: James B. Reston and the Rise and Fall of American Journalism. (2003)

Wolff, Michael. The Man Who Owns the News: Inside the Secret World of Rupert Murdoch (2008) 446 pages excerpt and text search

Daly, Chris. "The Historiography of Journalism History: Part 2: 'Toward a New Theory,'" American Journalism, Winter 2009, Vol. 26 Issue 1, pp 148-155, stresses the tension between the imperative form of business model and the dominating culture of news

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History of American journalism - Wikipedia

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Journalism in the United States began as a "humble" affair and became a political force in the campaign for American independence. Following independence, the first amendment to the U.S. Constitution guaranteed freedom of the press and freedom of speech. The American press grew rapidly following the American Revolution.

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After being taken, photographs can be distributed throughout the world via satellites and telephone lines in 1935. Press devised the system that would enable this to occur. The system worked by using telephone lines with a high degree of flexibility. The cost of manufacturing and installing this equipment is extremely high.

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1st of January, 1935 A photo of a plane accident was circulated across the country. These photos generated headlines and sparked months of discussion in the media.

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The Farm Security Administration looked into the living conditions of farmers across the United States (FSA). Arthur Rothstein, Theodor Jung, Ben Shahn, Walker Evans, Dorthea Lange, Car Mydans, Russel Lee, Marion Walcott, Jack Delano, John Vachon, and John Collier were among the 11 photographers assigned to this project.

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Dorthea Lange is regarded as one of the best documentary photographs of all time. Her best-known image was taken during the Great Depression and the Farmworker era.

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For everyone in America, the Great Depression was a historically awful moment. The FSA recorded the mood of farmers during the Great Depression, demonstrating that the Great Depression affected everyone, not just those in big cities.

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Arthur Fellig, better known as WeeGee, was a well-known news photographer. People thought he had a sixth feeling for criminality, therefore he was given the nickname WeeGee. WeeGee was known for his candid photographs of individuals at pubs, crime scenes, and on the streets.

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WeeGee's photography was unique in that he did not work for any organization or company and had to do everything himself. The photographs he took, on the other hand, were sold to several newspaper firms, who then published the photographs in their publications. People also wanted to view photographs of dreadful things from time to time. People want to witness the explosion, the murder, the carnage, the death, and all the other things in photos that are too frightening to deal with in real life.

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The typical person would be disturbed and possibly grossed out by this. The ordinary person would be disturbed by all of the disturbing images of explicit and gory events.

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Life Magazine was founded by Henry Luce. He used a glossy, large-format news magazine that told tales through images.

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On November 23, 1936, Life Magazine published its debut issue, with the goal of telling tales through large print images on every page. Life Magazine was the largest mass-market publication at the time.

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The picture essay format was perfected by Life. The images would make a tale with a beginning, middle, and finish, as they were chosen and positioned on the page.

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Murray Becker, who was using a Speed Graphic Camera, photographed the Hindenburg explosion. This type of camera allows you to capture multiple images in a short amount of time. The camera operates by inserting a holder, cocking the shutter, and capturing a picture. Becker completed the process and shot three photos in 47 seconds. That was unheard of at the time.

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Murray Becker was a photographer who is best known for capturing the Hindenburg explosion on camera. He was shooting with a speed graphic camera, which became famous because of its ability to record images swiftly.

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Murray Becker - მისი ყველაზე ცნობილი ფოტოა "burning airship Hindenburg".

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With its ability to fly large distances in the air, the Hindenburg was set to revolutionize airship transport. Unfortunately, the launch went horribly wrong when the Hindenburg detonated, killing 35 of the 97 persons on board.

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The Impact of the Hindenburg Explosion (1937)

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The Impact of the Hindenburg Explosion (1937)

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People required visual evidence to really see the horrors of the Hindenburg Explosion, despite the fact that the event was broadcast around the world. People's "ethos" was triggered by the images, which showed how devastating the explosion was.

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Roy Stryker thought that pictures should be used to combat racial discrimination, and his photographs are evidence of that belief.

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Gordon Parks used to photograph for local Chicago newspapers, where he portrayed the underprivileged side of the city. During this time, he also utilized his images to combat racial injustice.

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How Civil Reform Photography was Revolutionary

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How Civil Reform Photography was Revolutionary

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During this time, racial prejudice was a big issue. Many people thought segregation and prejudice were the best options. Parks was also able to raise awareness about the fighting that was raging across the country by collecting real-time photographs of it through propaganda.

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The weather was captured by Ansel Adams. He created images unlike anyone else's, or anyone else's for that matter.

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The Development of National Parks (1940)

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The Development of National Parks (1940)

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The photographs made at Yosemite National Park are among Ansel Adams' most famous. These photographs demonstrated how unique and unlike any other place on the planet these National Parks are. These images further supported Adams' argument that nature should be preserved.

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The Zone System was invented by Ansel Adams. This is a photography system that may be used to figure out the ideal film exposure and development for any given situation. The zone separates an image's tonal range from light to dark into 11 zones in the system. Each zone has a unique number assigned to it so that the proper exposure can be seen.

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In WWII people rushed to the front lines to fight for their country. Soldiers and photographers were on the front lines, one was fighting, and the other was fighting to stay alive to take pictures of soldiers on the front lines.

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The Big Five was a collection of five WWII pictures, which are. . .
1) Demonizing the Enemy - In order to gain more support for the war, the United States released propaganda that sought to demonize the Japanese people and everything they represented.

2) The Pin-up - A photograph of a woman's back was one of the most iconic WWII photographs. Many soldiers in WWII had their own pin-ups.

3) D-Day - This was one of the most anticipated days in American history, with nearly no one in the country witnessing the events.

4) Iwo Jima - This is the name of one of Joe Rosenthal's most famous photographs, which was taken on the island of Iwo Jima. The photo was taken on Mt. Suribachi, while the flag was being raised on Iwo Jima.

5) Photographs of the Holocaust - Photographs of the Holocaust taken in Germany and other nations are referred to as evidence. The photographic evidence revealed all of the violence that occurred in Germany, as well as the severity of the events.

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The photographs from WWII gave every American a glimpse of what conflict looks like and how damaging it is to humanity. People realized that war is not what propaganda portrays it to be. Furthermore, this altered everyone's perception of World War II since they could not believe what they saw when they saw a photograph of the Holocaust.

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Clothing was sold by the model who wore it in fashion photography. People believed they could be like the model in the photo, which helped the apparel sell well. The purpose of fashion photography was to place the model and the garment on a pedestal.

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Richard Avedon was a photographer for various fashion magazines, including Vogue, and was noted for breaking rules and pushing boundaries. Avedon's ability to capture emotion and the unique silhouettes of his subjects set him apart from other fashion photographers.

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The Impact of Fashion Photography on Daily Lives

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The Impact of Fashion Photography on Daily Lives

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Fashion photography enabled designers to create items that would sell well due to the way it was advertised (photographed). Fashion photography affected fashion trends as well as when and how specific pieces of apparel should be worn.

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The Family of Man was a collection of carefully chosen photos and descriptions that all backed up the idea that humanity is one. Edward Steichen was also the first to present it. The exhibition The Family of Man toured the world, bringing attention to all of the photographs taken.

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What exactly was The Family of Man, and How was it spread?

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What exactly was The Family of Man, and How was it spread?

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There were 500 pictures in total, from 68 nations throughout the world. It featured a series of linked images that took the audience from visions of lovers meeting through images of marriage, birth, and finally to universal concerns about food and shelter.

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The Man Family brought people from all around the world together. It was intended to convey the idea that humans are created to coexist and live in harmony. Because The Family of Man was produced not long after WWII, this was a powerful message.

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Street photography, often known as "Candid Photography," is photography that captures unmediated accidental meetings and random happenings in public locations for the sake of art or research.

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Robert Frank is a well-known photographer who produced "The Americans," a collection of 83 images of people from all over the United States. The book became famous because it gave readers a glimpse into everyday living in America.

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The Impact of Street Photography and its Significance

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The Impact of Street Photography and its Significance

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In the 1950s, street photography was THE aesthetic. This was due to the fact that, unlike Straight Photography, Street Photography focused on a variety of photos rather than just one. The casual nature of street photography provided for a more relaxed view of American life. It has also given photography a very unique presentation all over the world, and it is now employed on a regular basis in the 2000s.

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Only the Black Press was able to catch a certain murder of black people in the South in order to show the public how they were handled with explicit photos.

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Emmett Till, a fourteen-year-old boy from Chicago, was visiting Mississippi in August 1955 when he was accused of whistling at a white woman. His body was tossed into a nearby river after he was bludgeoned to death. The only explicit image of his face being savagely pummeled was published by the Black Press. This became the driving force behind the Civil Rights movement, as well as the reason why black people should be given more rights.

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Significance of The Black Press Photography in the 1900s

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Significance of The Black Press Photography in the 1900s

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The Black Press was primarily concerned with rebuilding black communities and igniting black political movements. The Black Press provided a platform for many black people to take a stand for themselves by giving them a voice for change.

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In 1954, the Civil Rights Movement began and lasted until 1968. During this time, most photographs depicted inequity in America, while some promoted the Civil Rights Movement or encouraged others to join it. Everyone in the media covered this movement. If you were a photographer during the Civil Rights Movement, you were most likely covering it.

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Danny Lyon wanted to photograph the Civil Rights Movement because it was such a contentious topic at the time. He thought it was an interesting topic that would be significant in the future.

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The Birmingham riot of 1963 was a civil unrest and violence in Birmingham, Alabama, precipitated by explosions on May 11, 1963. The explosions were aimed at African-American leaders of the Birmingham campaign, a large-scale civil rights demonstration.

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Based on all previous wars, the Vietnam War was the most widely covered war in history. During this time period, the photos that were shot during it had a great impact on others.

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The four main pictures that surfaced were
1 - Malcolm Brown's Quang Duc
2 - Eddie Adams' General Nguyen Ngoc Loarv
3 - Nick Ut's Phan Thi Kim Phoc
4 - John Paul Filo's Marry-Ann Vecchio

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Significance of The Big 4 Photographs of Vietnam War

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Significance of The Big 4 Photographs of Vietnam War

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These four photographs were significant because there was no censorship in Vietnam, and photographers had more access to the conflict than they did in Korea or World War II. And it was that intimacy with the battle that came through in a way that no other war photography before or subsequently has managed to achieve.

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During the Vietnam War, Life Magazine relentlessly chronicled the conflict, week after week, until they decided, "You know what, why don't we just run the faces of a week's dead?" It's only the faces.

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"The Face of the American Dead in Vietnam: One Weeks Toll" was the title of one of LIFE Magazine's most contentious pieces. Photographs of 242 young men are included in the article, and all 242 guys were slain in the previous seven days.

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Results of Public Publication of the War

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Results of Public Publication of the War

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When "One Weeks Dead" was released, there were a lot of varied reactions. Some thought it was necessary, others thought it was really sad, and yet others thought it was insulting.

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Stewart Brand came up with a brilliant idea. He was looking for a picture of the Earth. This was due to a lack of understanding of the universe's size in comparison to the Earth. This image of Earth would soon grace the cover of Whole Earth Catalog, changing people's perceptions of the planet's size.

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The Results of the Environmental Movement

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The Results of the Environmental Movement

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The environmental movement focused on pollution in the 1960s and 1970s, successfully pressuring Congress to approve legislation to encourage cleaner air and water. The environmental agenda around the turn of the century includes global issues like ozone depletion and global warming.

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Impact of the overall the Whole Earth Magazine that started the Environmental movement

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Impact of the overall the Whole Earth Magazine that started the Environmental movement

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The Whole Earth Catalog aided in the formation of numerous environmental movements aimed at preserving nature and the Earth's natural state. After the shot of Apollo 8 was taken in 1969, the first-ever Ecology Movement began the following year, eventually leading to Earth Day being a national holiday.

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Astronaut William Anders was circling the moon on Christmas Eve, 1969. He was one of the few humans to ever see the moon's dark side, along with his fellow astronauts in Apollo 8.

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But as the space capsule approached the horizon, Anders witnessed and captured something much more incredible. The half-lit planet Earth rising above the moon's desolate surface.

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Significance of Apollo 8 & First Earth Photograph(s) (1969)

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Significance of Apollo 8 & First Earth Photograph(s) (1969)

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This was the first snapshot of Earth ever taken. It was a watershed moment in history that will be remembered for generations.

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In any court case, photographic evidence is the most effective. This is due to the fact that it displays the facts using a camera and provides visual proof. Because of its reliability, photographic evidence is the most commonly used piece of evidence in many cases.

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New Careers in this Field of Photography and Crime

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New Careers in this Field of Photography and Crime

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Annual salary for a crime scene investigator ranges from $44,829 to $66,358.
$59,244 – $72,000 per year as a Property/Evidence Technician
$70,797 – $100,034 per year for a Supervising Forensic Investigator (CSI).
$52,459 — $86,669 per year as a forensic specialist (crime scene)
$64,813 – $75,504 a year as a Latent Print Technician
Trainee forensic scientist: $46,815 – $78,319 per year
Supervisor of the Forensic Science Section: $69,950 to $104,416 per year
Criminalists earn between $64,937 and $110,873 per year.

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Crime scene photography has introduced another layer of evidence that can be used to convict somebody in court. It can also be used to show someone's innocence in court.

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The term "photo-op" refers to the opportunity to photograph a celebrity, politician, or other public figure. The Photo-Op allows politicians to endorse themselves through images that encourage people to vote for them in the election. Photos shot in a photo op can potentially affect a person's reputation by making them look awful.

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Political Photography and Its Propaganda

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Political Photography and Its Propaganda

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Presidents of the United States who have had any real intellect have always understood the power of the photograph. There's a great shot of President Taft, who weighed 332 pounds, playing golf. "You're an absolute idiot for allowing yourself to be photographed in that stance," Teddy Roosevelt wrote to him. When the cameras are out and capturing them, they photograph these presidents, and each of them has a different face.

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Some photographers use film because it is convenient to utilize during a large event where they are unable to use any other media.

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Artists realized in the twentieth century that most photographs were modified in some form. Photos, on the other hand, gave everyone a platform to be even more creative in the post-production process, allowing photography to take on a new level of intricacy.

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Pictorials Morphed into Fine Art, Pop Art, etc

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Pictorials Morphed into Fine Art, Pop Art, etc

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Andy Warhol takes the photographs, removes the details, makes them abstract and kind of spacey, prints them on silkscreens, and creates ten paintings instead of just one. There are 20 paintings in all. 30 works of art Everything is based on the same image. And he paints them, each one slightly different from the other, but he's also looking at the photographic images in the world, like many others before him have, and realizing that there are already enough photos in the world; I don't need to make any more. Consider the meaning of photos. As a result, art evolves.

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Pictorials were utilized by artists such as Cindy Sherman, Laurie Simmons, and Richard Prince to show photography as art.

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The Gulf War was fought between Iraq and a coalition of 35 nations led by the United States in reaction to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait as a result of oil price and production disagreements.

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Photographer David Turnley is best recognized for his coverage of the Gulf War. Turnley mostly worked for the Detroit Free Press, but he also covered events all around the world, including student uprisings in China, European revolutions, and the fall of the Soviet Union.

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Turnley won the Pulitzer Prize for photography in 1990 for images of political uprisings in China and Eastern Europe, the World Press Photo Picture of the Year in 1988 for a photo taken in Leninakan after the devastating Spitak earthquake, and the Overseas Press Club Robert Capa Gold Medal in 1991 for a photo of a US Sergeant mourning the death of a fellow soldier during the Gulf War.

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David Turnley (1955- )/Colorific/World Press Photo - MASH, The Gulf War, 1991

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Size/Media: Approx. 8″ x 10″ Glossy RC silver gelatin Dates: (Shot 1991/Printed 1992) w/ Date stamp on verso.
Condition: Light surface residue. Ink notations and crop marks in the margins. Small corner bends. A few small dings throughout. (Please see scans for further information). Vintage press…