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Physiological and Anatomical Signs of Female Receptivity

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Physiological and Anatomical Signs of Female Receptivity

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It is important to understand in companion, tame domestic dog breeding the signs the female is in estrus. The biggest anatomical sign is that the vulva will become swollen and release bloody discharge. The female will also show more interest in males and even try to mount them.

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After the male picks up on the females scent, from her urine, he then smells her. He smells her face, body and gentiles. He might also nudge the vulva with his nose and lick the vulva If the female has not tried to move away or made aggressive attempts towards the male, the male will then try to mount her. If the female stands to be mounted then mating

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The search and aggressive competitive nature are removed from courtship with tame, companion dogs due to their controlled scenario. These males do not have to search for miles to find a female and do not have to compete with other males for the female. We have (inadvertently) eliminated these courtship behaviors by utilizing artificial selection.

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The other factor that is minimized is the "window of opportunity" for tame dogs. If the tame female allows mounting of the male it is still only one male and fewer opportunities than if there were multiple males available as is the case in wild dogs. Increased opportunities are important for a female to get bred because she is monoestrous. She will experience only one estrous cycle at a time, and have usually two estrous cycles per year. (Principles and Applications of Domestic Behavior).

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In free-roaming and companion domestic dogs the mating procedure is the same. The male mounts the female multiple times until intromission is achieved. A trait unique to domestic dogs is called "tying". Tying occurs when the male genitalia is locked or stuck in the female genitalia. These reproductive organs become locked because the males bulbous glands swell inside the female as ejaculation is taking place. Tying is easily recognized by the body position of the dogs, their back ends are facing one another and their front ends are facing opposite one another. They may stay in this position for several minutes.

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Courtship Similarities: It All Starts With Urination

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Courtship Similarities: It All Starts With Urination

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Whether in the wild or in the back yard (or house) females will urinate to attract males. The pheromones secreted in their urine draw the male closer to them if they are a wide distance apart or simply signal to the male that the female is in estrus if proximity is not an issue.

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In both wild and tame domestic dogs the female still shows more preference than the male. The free-range female has the means to choose her mate or mates as she is presented with more than one at once. You would think that a tame female would not be choosy when she only has one choice of a mate however in controlled breeding scenarios there are still non-receptive females.

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Wild, free-roaming dogs are capable of covering wide areas while following the urine of a female in estrus. A female in estrus could have up to ten males courting her at once. Males often show aggression towards one another while courting a single female. Females also show preference to certain males and may move away from or act aggressive towards a male she does not find appealing. (S. K. Pal, “Mating System of Free-Ranging Dogs (Canis familiaris),” International Journal of Zoology, vol. 2011, Article ID 314216, 10 pages, 2011. doi:10.1155/2011/314216).

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Wild packs of dogs are mostly seen in other countries such as Australia and India. In the United States we are more familiar with the tame, companion, domesticated dog. Throughout further domestication of the dog to be our companions we have eliminated the opportunity for dogs to openly display courtship in a searching and finding matter. If we want to breed dogs we simply place a female and a male in a room and hope for the best.

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Free- range or free-roaming dogs are not a common sight in most cities and suburbs but they do exist. These dogs are considered to be domesticated because they live off of human scraps such as garbage, because human scraps are their food resource they are usually found in close proximity to humans. While domesticated, free-roaming dogs do not share a home with humans, research shows that a ratio of one dog to one home does exist (Sparkes, J., Körtner, G., Ballard, G., Fleming, P. S., & Brown, W. Y. (2014). Effects of Sex and Reproductive State on Interactions between Free-Roaming Domestic Dogs. Plos ONE, 9(12), 1-13. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116053) as if each family owned one dog.