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The Congress of Vienna ignored the nationalists who hoped to end centuries of foreign rule and achieve unity

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Frequent warfare and foreign ruling had led people to identify with local regions, also the people of Florence considered themselves Tuscans, those of Venice Venetians, those of Naples Neapolitans. There were many more names for the rest of the states, but as in Germany, the invasions of Napoleon had sparked dreams of national unity.

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They were not politically united since Roman times and ambitious foreign conquerers turned Italy into a battleground, they occupied parts or all of the peninsula.

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The main goal most people wanted was to unite Italy into an independent and republican nation.

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By 1860 Garibaldi had recruited a force of 1000 redshirted volunteers.
*Cavour provided weapons and allowed two ships to taian troops to deal with garibaldi. Instead the sardinians overran the papal states and link up with garibaldi and his forces in naples.
*in a patriotic movie garibaldi turned over naples and sicily to victor emmanuel.
*shortly afterward southern italy voted to approve the movie.tvictor was later crowned king.

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*In 1855, Sardinia, led by Cavour , joined Britain and France against Russia in the Crimean War. *Sardinia didn’t win territory, but gained attention of Napoleon lll.
*By 1858, Cavour negotiated a secret deal with Napoleon, who promised to aid Sardinia in case a War started with Austria. Later, Cavour provoked the War.
*With help from France, Sardinia defeated Austria. Nationalist groups overthrew their rulers in several other northern Italian states. *These states joined Sardinia.

Garibaldi’s “Red Shirts”:

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*The leadership of the Italian nationalist movement, passed to the kingdom Sardinia.
* It’s constitutional monarch, Victor Emmanuel ll, hoped to join other states to to his own, increasing his power.

*A Crafty Politician:

Victor Emmanuel made Count Camillo Cavour his prime minister. *Cavour came from a noble family but favored liberal goals was very crafty and practical politician.
*He improved agriculture, built railroads, and encouraged commerce by supporting free trade.
*He wanted to end Austrian power in Italy and annex the provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.

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Attention shifted to the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in southern Italy. Giuseppe Garibaldi (a nationalist), and an ally of Mazzini, were ready for action.

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*two areas remained outside in new italian nation rome and venetia.
*Cavor died in 1861 but his successors completed his dream. *Italy was formed into ke garibaldi and his redshirt south to sicily. *Garibaldi forces won control of sicily crossed the mainland and matched north to naples. *Garibaldi success alarmed cavour who feared that the nationalist hero woro would set up his own republic in the south.
*cavour urged victor emmanuel to send sardina alliance with prussia in austro prussian war in the 1870.

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1.Italy had many new problems such as:

* Not many were loyal to Italy

* Rivals from other regions left Italy weak and not able to handle critical issues

* North and south had differences north was rich and had many cities flourished with businesses and culture

* South was poor and rural. They had a large population, but illiterate peasants could only make enough money to live and many farmed on not very fertile lands.

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4.Italy was a constitutional monarchy with a two-house monarchy. It had its political and social conflicts like:

* King appointed upper house members, who had right to veto lower house bills

* Lower house was elected representatives, but few could vote

* The Left struggled against conservatives, socialist had strikes against government, and anarchist sabotaged and turned to violence.
*Italy extended suffrage to more men, improved social conditions by passing more laws

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2.Economics later on improved but they still had their issues.

* Italy developed after 1900s and became a part of industrialization era

* They lacked natural resources but cities grew, and many moved to cities to work in factories.

* Many reformed for better education and working conditions like many other countries had during that time.

* Many Italians moved after industrialization to new countries such as America, and Canada. The country was better but not prepared for war in 1914.

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2.Disagreements with Roman Catholic Church also caused problems. The Catholics didn’t like how Italy limited their rights. They influenced many Italians to rebel against their government