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This tool is something that I have been looking for when it comes to using iPads in the classroom. This tool gives anyone the opportunity to share their screen on to the big SMARTboard which could be an awesome tool for sharing student work.

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This dictionary option can help EB's easily look up words and it brings up all the multiple meanings that could be connected to one word. This could help students when they have a question about a word and a teacher can't get to them right away. I think this tool would especially help Kindergarten teachers because students are constantly interested in what different words mean

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Back pain is pain felt in the back. It is divided into neck pain (cervical), middle back pain (thoracic), lower back pain (lumbar) or coccydynia (tailbone or sacral pain) based on the segment affected.[1] The lumbar area is the most common area for pain, as it supports most of the weight in the upper body.[2] Episodes of back pain may be acute, sub-acute, or chronic depending on the duration. The pain may be characterized as a dull ache, shooting or piercing pain, or a burning sensation. Discomfort can radiate into the arms and hands as well as the legs or feet, and may include numbness,[1] or weakness in the legs and arms.

Back pain can originate from the muscles, nerves, bones, joints or other structures in the spine. Internal structures such as the gallbladder, pancreas, aorta, and kidneys may also cause referred pain in the back.

Back pain is common, with about nine out of ten adults experiencing it at some point in their life, and five out of ten working adults having it every year.[3] Some estimate up to 95% of Americans will experience back pain at some point in their lifetime.[2]It is the most common cause of chronic pain, and is a major contributor of missed work and disability.[2] However, it is rare for back pain to be permanently disabling. In most cases of herniated disks and stenosis, rest, injections or surgery have similar general pain resolution outcomes on average after one year. In the United States, acute low back pain is the fifth most common reason for physician visits and causes 40% of missed days off work.[4] Additionally, it is the single leading cause of disability worldwide.[5]

Classification

Back pain may be classified by various methods to aid its diagnosis and management. The duration of back pain is considered in three categories, following the expected pattern of healing of connective tissue. Acute pain lasts up to 12 weeks, subacute pain refers to the second half of the acute period (6 to 12 weeks), and chronic pain is pain which persists beyond 12 weeks.[6]

In as many as 85% of cases, no physiological cause can be found.[7]

There are many causes of back pain, including blood vessels, internal organs, infections, mechanical, and autoimmune causes.[8]The spinal cord, nerve roots, vertebral column, and muscles around the spine can all be sources of back pain.[8] The anterior ligaments of the intervertebral disc are extremely sensitive, and even the slightest injury can cause significant pain.[9] In osteoporosis, the bones become weaker and can develop small cracks, or fractures, in the bones, resulting in pain.[10] Arthritis in the joints of the back can also result in discomfort.[10] The synovial joints of the spine (e.g. zygapophysial joints/facet joints) have been identified as the primary source of the pain in approximately one third of people with chronic low back pain, and in most people with neck pain following whiplash.[11]

Approximately 98 percent of people with back pain are diagnosed with nonspecific acute back pain in which there is no serious underlying pathology.[12] Less than 2 percent are attributed to secondary factors, with metastatic cancers and serious infections, such as spinal osteomyelitis and epidural abscesses, accounting for around 1 percent.[13]

Back pain can be divided into non-radicular pain and radiculopathy. Radiculopathy occurs when there is irritation in the nerve root, causing neurologic symptoms, such as numbness and tingling. Disk herniation and foraminal stenosis are the most common causes of radiculopathy.[8] Non-radicular back pain is most commonly caused by injury to the spinal muscles or ligaments, degenerative spinal disease, or a herniated disk.[8] Spondylosis, or spinal degeneration, occurs when the intervertebral disc undergoes degenerative changes, causing the disc to fail at cushioning the vertebrae. The space between the vertebrae becomes more narrow, resulting in compression and irritation of the nerves.[14]

Back pain can also be due to referred pain from another source. Referred pain occurs when pain is felt at a location different from the source of the pain. An abdominal aortic aneurysmand ureteral colic can both result in pain felt in the back.[8]

Another possible cause of chronic back pain in people with otherwise normal scans is central sensitization, where an initial injury or infection causes a longer-lasting state of heightened sensitivity to pain. This persistent state maintains pain even after the initial injury has healed.[15] Treatment of sensitization typically involves low doses of anti-depressants.[16]

Risk factors

Obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and lack of exercise can increase a person's risk of back pain.[2] People who smoke are more likely to experience back pain than others.[17] Poor posture and weight gain in pregnancy are also risk factors for back pain. In general, fatigue can worsen pain.[2]

A few studies suggest that psychosocial factors such as on-the-job stress and dysfunctional family relationships may correlate more closely with back pain than structural abnormalities revealed in X-rays and other medical imaging scans.[18][19][20][21]

In most cases of low back pain, medical consensus advises not seeking an exact diagnosis but instead beginning to treat the pain.[22] This assumes that there is no reason to expect that the person has an underlying problem.[22] In most cases, the pain goes away naturally after a few weeks.[22] Typically, people who do seek diagnosis through imaging are not likely to have a better outcome than those who wait for the condition to resolve.[22]

Laboratory testing may include white blood cell (WBC) count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP).[8]

Elevated ESR could indicate infection, malignancy, chronic disease, inflammation, trauma, or tissue ischemia.[8]

Elevated CRP levels are associated with infection.[8]

Imaging is not typically needed in the initial diagnosis or treatment of back pain. However, if there are certain "red flag" symptoms present plain radiographs (x-ray), CT scan, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be recommended. These red flags include:[23][8]

History of cancer

Unexplained weight loss

Immunosuppression

Urinary infection

Intravenous drug use

Prolonged use of corticosteroids

Back pain not improved with conservative management

History of significant trauma

Minor fall or heavy lift in a potentially osteoporotic or elderly individual

Acute onset of urinary retention, overflow incontinence, loss of anal sphincter tone, or fecal incontinence

Saddle anesthesia

Global or progressive motor weakness in the lower limbs

Prevention

There is moderate quality evidence that suggests the combination of education and exercise may reduce an individual's risk of developing an episode of low back pain.[24] Lesser quality evidence points to exercise alone as a possible deterrent to the risk of the onset of this condition.[24]

Management

The management goals when treating back pain are to achieve maximal reduction in pain intensity as rapidly as possible, to restore the individual's ability to function in everyday activities, to help the patient cope with residual pain, to assess for side-effects of therapy, and to facilitate the patient's passage through the legal and socioeconomic impediments to recovery. For many, the goal is to keep the pain to a manageable level to progress with rehabilitation, which then can lead to long-term pain relief. Also, for some people the goal is to use non-surgical therapies to manage the pain and avoid major surgery, while for others surgery may be the quickest way to feel better.[25]

Not all treatments work for all conditions or for all individuals with the same condition, and many find that they need to try several treatment options to determine what works best for them. The present stage of the condition (acute or chronic) is also a determining factor in the choice of treatment. Only a minority of people with back pain (most estimates are 1% - 10%) require surgery.

Non medical

Back pain is generally treated with non-pharmacological therapy first, as it typically resolves without the use of medication. Superficial heat and massage, acupuncture, and spinal manipulation therapy may be recommended.[26]

Heat therapy is useful for back spasms or other conditions. A review concluded that heat therapy can reduce symptoms of acute and sub-acute low-back pain.[27]

Regular activity and gentle stretching exercises is encouraged in uncomplicated back pain, and is associated with better long-term outcomes.[8] Physical therapy to strengthen the muscles in the abdomen and around the spine may also be recommended.[28] These exercises are associated with better patient satisfaction, although it has not been shown to provide functional improvement.[8] However, one study found that exercise is effective for chronic back pain, but not for acute pain. If used, they should be performed under supervision of a licensed health professional.[29]

Massage therapy may give short-term pain relief, but not functional improvement, for those with acute lower back pain.[30]It may also give short-term pain relief and functional improvement for those with long-term (chronic) and sub-acute lower pack pain, but this benefit does not appear to be sustained after 6 months of treatment.[30] There does not appear to be any serious adverse effects associated with massage.[30]

Acupuncture may provide some relief for back pain. However, further research with stronger evidence needs to be done.[31]

Spinal manipulation is a widely-used method of treating back pain, although there is no evidence of long-term benefits.[28]

"Back school" is an intervention that consists of both education and physical exercises.[32] A 2016 Cochrane review found the evidence concerning back school to be very low quality and was not able to make generalizations as to whether back school is effective or not.[32]

Medication

If non-pharmacological measures are not effective, medications may be tried.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are typically tried first.[26] NSAIDs have been shown to be more effective than placebo, and are usually more effective than paracetamol (acetaminophen).[33]

In severe back pain not relieved by NSAIDs or acetaminophen, opioids may be used. However, long-term use of opioids has not been proven to be effective at treating back pain.[34] Opioids have not always been shown to be better than placebo for chronic back pain when the risks and benefits are considered.[35]

Skeletal muscle relaxers may also be used.[26] Their short term use has been shown to be effective in the relief of acute back pain.[36] However, the evidence of this effect has been disputed, and these medications do have negative side-effects.[34]

In people with nerve root pain and acute radiculopathy, there is evidence that a single dose of steroids, such as dexamethasone, may provide pain relief.[8]

Epidural corticosteroid injection (ESI) is a procedure in which steroid medications are injected into the epidural space. The steroid medications reduce inflammation and thus decrease pain and improve function.[37] ESI has long been used to both diagnose and treat back pain, although recent studies have shown a lack of efficacy in treating low back pain.[38]

Surgery for back pain is typically used as a last resort, when serious neurological deficit is evident.[28] A 2009 systematic review of back surgery studies found that, for certain diagnoses, surgery is moderately better than other common treatments, but the benefits of surgery often decline in the long term.[39]

Surgery may sometimes be appropriate for people with severe myelopathy or cauda equina syndrome.[28] Causes of neurological deficits can include spinal disc herniation, spinal stenosis, degenerative disc disease, tumor, infection, and spinal hematomas, all of which can impinge on the nerve roots around the spinal cord.[28] There are multiple surgical options to treat back pain, and these options vary depending on the cause of the pain.

When a herniated disc is compressing the nerve roots, hemi- or partial- laminectomy or discectomy may be performed, in which the material compressing on the nerve is removed.[28] A mutli-level laminectomy can be done to widen the spinal canal in the case of spinal stenosis. A foraminotomy or foraminectomy may also be necessary, if the vertebrae are causing significant nerve root compression.[28] A discectomy is performed when the intervertebral disc has herniated or torn. It involves removing the protruding disc, either a portion of it or all of it, that is placing pressure on the nerve root.[40] Total disc replacement can also be performed, in which the source of the pain (the damaged disc) is removed and replaced, while maintaining spinal mobility.[41]When an entire disc is removed (as in discectomy), or when the vertebrae are unstable, spinal fusion surgery may be performed. Spinal fusion is a procedure in which bone grafts and metal hardware is used to fix together two or more vertebrae, thus preventing the bones of the spinal column from compressing on the spinal cord or nerve roots.[42]

If infection, such as a spinal epidural abscess, is the source of the back pain, surgery may be indicated when a trial of antibiotics is ineffective.[28] Surgical evacuation of spinal hematoma can also be attempted, if the blood products fail to break down on their own.[28]

About 50% of women experience low back pain during pregnancy.[43] Some studies have suggested women who have experienced back pain before pregnancy are at a higher risk of having back pain during pregnancy.[44] It may be severe enough to cause significant pain and disability in up to a third of pregnant women.[45][46] Back pain typically begins at around 18 weeks gestation, and peaks between 24 and 36 weeks gestation.[46] Approximately 16% of women who experienced back pain during pregnancy report continued back pain years after pregnancy, indicating those with significant back pain are at greater risk of back pain following pregnancy.[45][46]

Biomechanical factors of pregnancy shown to be associated with back pain include increased curvature of the lower back, or lumbar lordosis, to support the added weight on the abdomen.[46] Also, a hormone called relaxin is released during pregnancy that softens the structural tissues in the pelvis and lower back to prepare for vaginal delivery. This softening and increased flexibility of the ligaments and joints in the lower back can result in pain.[46] Back pain in pregnancy is often accompanied by radicular symptoms, suggested to be caused by the fetus pressing on the sacral plexus and lumbar plexus in the pelvis.[46][44]

Typical factors aggravating the back pain of pregnancy include standing, sitting, forward bending, lifting, and walking. Back pain in pregnancy may also be characterized by pain radiating into the thigh and buttocks, night-time pain severe enough to wake the patient, pain that is increased during the night-time, or pain that is increased during the day-time.[45]

Local heat, acetaminophen (paracetamol), and massage can be used to help relieve the pain. Avoiding standing for prolonged periods of time is also suggested.[47]

Although back pain is does not typically cause permanent disability, it is a significant contributor to physician visits and missed work days in the United States, and is the single leading cause of disability worldwide.[4][5] The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons report approximately 12 million visits to doctor's offices each year are due to back pain.[2] Missed work and disability related to low back pain costs over $50 billion each year in the United States.[2] In the United Kingdom in 1998, approximately £1.6 billion per year was spent on expenses related to disability from back pain.[2]

References

1. "Paresthesia Definition and Origin". dictionary.com.

2. ^ Church E, Odle T. Diagnosis and treatment of back pain. a Radiologic Technology [serial online]. November 2007;79(2):126-204. Available from: CINAHL Plus with Full Text, Ipswich, MA. Accessed December 12, 2017. b c d e f g h

3. ^ A.T. Patel, A.A. Ogle. "Diagnosis and Management of Acute Low Back Pain". American Academy of Family Physicians. Retrieved March 12, 2007.

4. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. "2010 Global Burden of Disease Study"

5. ^ a Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice. Walls, Ron M.,, Hockberger, Robert S.,, Gausche-Hill, Marianne, (Ninth ed.). Philadelphia, PA. ISBN 9780323354790. OCLC 989157341. b c d e f g h i j k l

6. Ferri, F. F. (2018). Patient Teaching Guides. In Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-323-28049-5

7. ^ "Back Pain". Archived from the original on May 6, 2011.

8. Lavelle, W. F., Kitab, S. A., Ramakrishnan, R., & Benzel, E. C. (2017). Anatomy of Nerve Root Compression, Nerve Root Tethering, and Spinal Instability. In ^ Benzel's Spine Surgery (4th ed., pp. 200-205). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-323-40030-5

9. ^ Woolf, Clifford J (2011-03-01). "Central sensitization: Implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain". 3268359 Pain. 152 (3 Suppl): S2-15. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.09.030. ISSN 0304-3959. PMC . PMID 20961685.

10. ^ * a Consumer Reports; American College of Physicians; Annals of Internal Medicine (April 2012), "Imaging tests for lower-back pain: Why you probably don't need them." (PDF), High Value Care, Consumer Reports b c d

American College of Physicians (September 2013), "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, American College of Physicians

National Collaborating Centre for Primary Care (May 2009), Low back pain: early management of persistent non-specific low back pain, National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence

National Collaborating Centre for Primary Care (January 13, 2011), "ACR Appropriateness Criteria low back pain", Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, American College of Radiology

Chou R, Qaseem A, Snow V, Casey D, Cross JT, Shekelle P, Owens DK (October 2007). "Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society". Annals of Internal Medicine. 147 (7): 478-91. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-7-200710020-00006. PMID 17909209.

"Low Back Pain". Occupational medicine practice guidelines : evaluation and management of common health. [S.l.]: Acoem. 2011. ISBN 978-0-615-45228-9.

11. ^ Patel ND, Broderick DF, Burns J, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria Low Back Pain. Available at https://acsearch.acr.org/docs/69483/Narrative/. American College of Radiology. Accessed Dec 12, 2017.

12. ^ Baron, R; Binder, A; Attal, N; Casale, R; Dickenson, AH; Treede, RD (July 2016). "Neuropathic low back pain in clinical practice". 5069616 European Journal of Pain. 20 (6): 861-73. doi:10.1002/ejp.838. PMC . PMID 26935254.

13. ^ a b c

14. ^ a Wall and Melzack's textbook of pain. McMahon, S. B. (Stephen B.) (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. 2013. ISBN 9780702040597. OCLC 841325533. b c d e f g h i

15. ^ a Furlan, Andrea D.; Giraldo, Mario; Baskwill, Amanda; Irvin, Emma; Imamura, Marta (2015-09-01). "Massage for low-back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (9): CD001929. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001929.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 26329399. b c

16. Sudhir, Amita; Perina, Debra (2018). Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. ClinicalKey: Elsevier, Inc. pp. 569-576.

17. ^ "Surgery For Back Pain".

18. ^ Burke, G.L., "Backache from Occiput to Coccyx" Chapter 9

19. High risk pregnancy : management options. James, D. K. (David K.), Steer, Philip J. (4th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Saunders/Elsevier. 2011. ISBN 9781416059080. OCLC 727346377.

20. ^ a b c

21. ^ a Practical management of pain. Benzon, Honorio T.,, Rathmell, James P.,, Wu, Christopher L.,, Turk, Dennis C.,, Argoff, Charles E.,, Hurley, Robert W., (Fifth ed.). Philadelphia, PA. ISBN 9780323083409. OCLC 859537559. b c d e f

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Back pain is pain felt in the back. It is divided into neck pain (cervical), middle back pain (thoracic), lower back pain (lumbar) or coccydynia (tailbone or sacral pain) based on the segment affected.[1] The lumbar area is the most common area for pain, as it supports most of the weight in the upper body.[2] Episodes of back pain may be acute, sub-acute, or chronic depending on the duration.

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This cool option for writing time is to make a comic. You can use this on many different devices and there are preplanned settings that would make it easier for EB's to use. This would be a form of communication that they could do with out having to share directly in front of everyone.

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Pixton EDU | Comic and storyboard maker for education

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Pixton EDU | Comic and storyboard maker for education

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Pixton is the world's most popular comic and storyboard creator for teachers and students. Create an account for free, create your avatar and start making a class photo today!

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This site is all about making a storyboard on a digital platform. It provides all of the necessities to create a movie type of storyboard from backgrounds and characters to add specific subject matter. This is a great option for the use of ipads during literacy time.

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Storyboard That: Free Online Storyboard Creator

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Storyboard That: Create free storyboards online with ease. Design visuals, comics, and graphic organizers. Try it now and start creating!

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Teachers Pay Teachers is a website that is all about providing teachers an opportunity to get paid for their work and help out other teachers. There are many freebies that teachers can find based on just searching about a topic.

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World's most popular online marketplace for original educational resources with more than four million resources available for use today.

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This blog provides teachers insight on a veteran teachers ideas and experiences. He talks about his different experiences in and out of the classroom that have provided him different outlooks on his experiences with students.

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The latest news and resources in education since 2007

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This specific website is for educational ted talks and shows many different forums for teachers to show their students. This could be a good way to hook students or provide as an introduction to a unit

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TED-Ed celebrates the ideas of teachers and students around the world. Discover hundreds of animated lessons, create customized lessons, and share your big ideas.

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The blog, When Tech Med Ed, talks about different ways to incorporate technology with student's learning. Allow with many options outside the classroom that could be relayed to parents, the site also offers ways for teachers to better connect their students interest in technology with learning.

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exploring tech as a tool for instructional purposes and professional development

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This blog has many different resources varying from things for teachers to educational opportunities for students. One thing that jumped out at me in this site is the options it has for ELL students regarding new tech for writing. It talks about allowing them voice record and then using that as their form of writing in some cases.

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EFL 2.0 Teacher Talk - "When one teaches, two learn"

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It's Valentine's time and a great opportunity to do a lesson about "love". Actually, any time of the year is a good opportunity to fashion a lesson on this universal theme! Here below are my most highly recommended video lessons (with materials) about "love". Please...

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The Cool Cat Teacher Blog has multiple articles that can help teachers with personal and professional things that revolve around teaching. The articles that caught my eye were about tech tools to help students, ways that you can better your mentality and new creative innovative ways to teach.

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A Real Classroom Teacher Blog for Remarkable Teachers Everywhere

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This site offers teachers and students ways to practice English in fun ways. There are a variety of worksheets, activities, games and videos that teachers can choose from for their students. There is also an option to do specific topics for subject matters

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Welcome to Fun English Games for Kids! Find a wide range of free teaching resources that are perfect for students learning English, ESL classes and teachers looking for ideas online.

Enjoy interactive games, classroom activities, printable worksheets and more!

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english games activities kids online educational learning fun cool free children students letters words puzzles spelling reading writing grammar play free teaching resources studying learn practice exercises

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Fun English Games for Kids - Free Interactive Learning Activities Online

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Enjoy a wide range of fun, interactive English games and activities that are perfect for kids learning English as well as teachers looking for free educational resources online.

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This site offers students, whether they are bilingual or just needing definitions on parts of grammar. There are many videos that offer fun and insight on grammar rules like capitalization, verbs and end punctuation. Great resources for fun and inviting videos!

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K12 Grammar Hip-Hop Videos & Lessons | Flocabulary - Flocabulary

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Grammar lessons have never been so engaging! Get Flocabulary's educational videos, printable hand-outs and quizzes for students from K to 12!

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BrainPOP Espanol is a great site that has all subject matters and many popular categories all in Spanish. This is really a cool cite that is completley in Spanish for your Spanish speakers. It would really help EB's do research on topics to have better understanding.

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BrainPOP - Sitio de recursos animados educativos para niños con temas de Ciencia, Ciencias sociales, Español, Matemáticas, Arte y Música, Salud y Tecnología.

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MES teaching videos are a great and simple way to teach EB's about various vocabulary. There are interactive flashcards that go up in varying challenges from directly telling the learner the object to asking questions.

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Free ESL videos for kids, English vocabulary videos, word builders and English listening activities for children

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Free ESL videos, English vocabulary videos, questions and answer videos for students and teachers, listening materials.

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Grammarpolis will make learning grammmar exciting for students. Through it's interactive website that can have student's or teachers reading, listening or watching, grammaropolis can be a help to any learner

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Grammaropolis is where grammar lives! Our songs, books, games, and videos make the parts of speech come alive. Now with fun grammar quizzes!