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INDIA

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The formation of the Indian Subcontinent

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The formation of the Indian Subcontinent

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Collision of India & Tectonic Evolution of SE Asia - CR Scotese

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Species and Protected Areas of the Western Ghats

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Species and Protected Areas of the Western Ghats

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Western Ghat is a mountain range situated at the south-west of India. This mountain range is 1600 km long and runs parallel to the west coast. It is one of the ten hottest biodiversity hotspots, holding unique flora and fauna, with over 7402 species of flowering plants (1273 endemic), 139 species of mammals (16 endemic), 508 species of birds (at least 16 endemic), 179 species of amphibians (approx. 80% endemic), 157 species of reptiles (approx. 62% endemic), 290 species of freshwater fish (approx. 118 endemic) and 6000 species of insects (e.g. 69 endemic species of odonates).
There are several forms of protected areas in the Western Ghats, namely Biosphere Reserves, National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Reserve Forests. Some of these protected areas have been declared as World Heritage Site by UNESCO. Some examples of these 39 protected areas are: Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park, Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Eravikulm National Park, Silent Valley National Park, Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary and Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary.
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Older than the Himalaya mountains, the mountain chain of the Western Ghats represents geomorphic features of immense importance with unique biophysical and ecological processes. The site’s high montane forest ...

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Purple frog

(Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis)

The purple frog is an endemic, endangered and very rare species of the Western Ghats. The family Nasikabatrachidae is comprised of two species and evolved about 100 million years ago. They live in burrows (1.3m to 3.7m underground) and eat primarily termites. The adults come out of the ground at the start of the monsoon only for a few weeks to breed. They are mainly threatened by habitat loss.
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Purple frog videos, photos and facts - Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis | Arkive

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The sole surviving member of an ancient group of amphibians that evolved some 130 million years ago, the discovery of the purple frog (Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis) has been described as a...

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An online resource from the Geological Society, outlining the three types of plate boundary and the activity that characterises them.

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Different regions of India are part of four Biodiversity hotspots:

Western Chats & Sri Lanka

Eastern Himalayas

Indo-Burma

Sundaland

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Biodiversity hotspots in India - Biodiversity of India: A Wiki Resource for Indian Biodiversity

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India is one of the richest countries in the world in terms of biodiversity. This natural variation in life is also reflected in the demography of the land. Although the causes behind biodiversity and demographic diversity are different, the human population of the land has depended on the biodiversity in many ways for a long time.

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The main biodiversity threats in the Western Ghats are habitat loss and destruction, fragmentation, poaching and illegal hunting, human-wildlife conflict, overpopulation, and extraction of forest products.
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Habitat fragmentation is the alteration of habitat, which results in the division of a continuous habitat into smaller, isolated fragments. While natural causes can contribute to habitat fragmentation, humans are the main cause. Human activities such as roads, mining, agricultural land conversion and urbanization contribute greatly to fragmentation. Habitat fragmentation has a greater effect on terrestrial animals as they have to cross human inhabited areas and roads to reach the habitats and resources they depend upon. This leads to road kills and human-wildlife conflict.

Plantations are an important cause of habitat fragmentation in the Western Ghats. The image shows habitat fragmentation due to tea plantations bordering Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (KMTR), located in the Southern Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu.

About the author

Gladwin John
Gladwin John is a Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu based biotechnology student who is also a budding naturalist and nature photographer​.

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Habitat Fragmentation in the Western Ghats

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Habitat fragmentation is the alteration of habitat, which results in the division of a continuous habitat into smaller, isolated fragments. While natural causes can contribute to habitat fragmentation, humans are the main cause. Human activities such as roads, mining, agricultural land conversion and urbanization contribute greatly to fragmentation.

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India is characterised by a plethora of different ecosystems. Some of them are:

Tropical Evergreen Forests

Tropical Deciduous Forests and Scrubs

Deserts

Mangroves

Wetlands

Dry Evergreen Forests

Dry Deciduous Forests

Savanna and Grasslands

Temperate Broadleaf Forests

Sub-Alpine Forests

Alpine and Montane Grasslands and Steppe

Biotic characteristics of this region include all the animals, plants, fungi and microorganisms found in these ecosystems. Abiotic characteristics include all the non-living factors in an ecosystem. A very good example of an Abiotic Characteristic in India is the monsoon.

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A colorful, data-driven view into how monsoons work.

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Learn more - Interesting projects in the Western Ghats

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Learn more - Interesting projects in the Western Ghats

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Nature Conservation Foundation - Western Ghats

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The Western Ghats forests, rivers, and grasslands contain an extraordinary diversity of species, including rare and threatened species and endemics found nowhere else in the world. These species survive in landscapes that are a mix of protected and human-use areas.

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Your BioArea is looking excellent!
Keep going the good job!

You can evaluate mine if you would.

Giannis' BioArea GR

Thank you!