# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
A quiet revolution is taking place.

State governments have been sifting through their historical archives, digitizing records, and putting mountains of content on their websites.

Use the sidebar menu to see a state-by-state listing of what's available.

The result is a goldmine of information, newly available online. This is great news for historians, professional genealogists, family history researchers, students, journalists, or anyone wanting to know more about the communities in which they live and work.

State archives are digitizing documents, photographs, videos, oral histories, music, deeds, artifacts, court records, slave emancipation records, newspapers, reports, military records, and so much more. These really are amazing resources.

It's a quiet revolution because hardly anyone knows about it. States have neither the skills nor the resources to fully market the information they are putting online. Many of the archives are not terribly user-friendly, so even users who stumble across the sites may not realize the treasures that await, if they just dig a bit.

This is my attempt at making things a bit better. This site will post regularly on content you can find in Digital State Archives, focusing on the hidden gems they contain. Check back regularly, as the site will update often.

Enjoy!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
History at your fingertips A quiet revolution is taking place. State governments have been sifting through their historical archives, digitizing records, and putting mountains of content on their websites. Use the sidebar menu to see a state-by-state listing of what's available. The result is a

# data[].attributes.headline
Mapping Inequality: Redlining in New Deal America

# data[].attributes.subject
Mapping Inequality: Redlining in New Deal America

# data[].attributes.body
This online collection presents three of the newspapers edited by Frederick Douglass: The North Star, Frederick Douglass' Paper, and New National Era.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
This online collection presents newspapers edited by Frederick Douglass (1818-1895), the African American abolitionist who escaped slavery and became one of the most famous orators, authors, and journalists of the 19th century.

Douglass believed in the importance of the black press and in his leadership role within it, despite the struggles of earlier black newspaper enterprises.

The first issue of The North Star, December 3, 1847, emphasized that belief in "Our Paper and Its Prospects":

It has long been our anxious wish to see, in this slave-holding, slave-trading, and negro-hating land, a printing-press and paper, permanently established, under the complete control and direction of the immediate victims of slavery and oppression...that the man who has suffered the wrong is the man to demand redress,-that the man STRUCK is the man to CRY OUT-and that he who has endured the cruel pangs of Slavery is the man to advocate Liberty.

Douglass' newspapers also stressed black self-improvement and responsibility. One stated object of The North Star, as given in the December 3, 1847 issue, was to "promote the moral and intellectual improvement of the colored people."

While focusing on ending slavery and promoting the advancement and equality of African Americans, Douglass strongly supported women's rights. From its beginning, the motto of The North Star proclaimed:

"RIGHT IS OF NO SEX--TRUTH IS OF NO COLOR--GOD IS THE FATHER OF US ALL, AND ALL WE ARE BRETHREN."

The Frederick Douglass Newspapers collection contains more than 575 issues of three weekly newspaper titles, which have been digitally scanned from the Library of Congress collection of original paper issues and master negative microfilm.

The North Star (Rochester, N.Y.), 1847-1851

"Our Paper and Its Prospects," The North Star, December 3, 1847, p. 2.

Douglass founded and edited his first antislavery newspaper, The North Star, beginning December 3, 1847. The title referred to the bright star, Polaris, that helped guide those escaping slavery to the North. As Douglass explained in the initial issue: "To millions, now in our boasted land of liberty, it is the STAR OF HOPE." Douglass and his family moved from Lynn, Massachusetts, to Rochester, New York, a thriving city on the Erie Canal and one of the last stops on the Underground Railroad before safe haven in Canada. The move also gave him distance from his early mentor, the abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison, whose newspaper, The Liberator, was published in Boston, and who opposed Douglass' newspaper venture. Initially, his co-editor was black abolitionist Martin R. Delany, who had published his own newspaper, The Mystery, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania until earlier that year. His first publisher was William Cooper Nell, a black abolitionist from Boston. Douglass gained much of the funding to establish The North Star during a lengthy speaking tour of England, Ireland, and Scotland from late August 1845 to early April 1847, which followed the publication of his first autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. British abolitionist Julia Griffiths, whom he met during the tour, moved to Rochester in 1849 and was able to get the newspaper on better financial footing.

"Address to the Voters of the United States," Frederick Douglass' Paper, July 31, 1851, p. 1.

In June 1851, The North Star merged with the Liberty Party Paper (Syracuse, New York), under the title, Frederick Douglass' Paper. Still published in Rochester with volume and issue numbering continuing from The North Star, Douglass remained editor. Former Liberty Party Paper editor, John Thomas, was listed as corresponding editor. Gerrit Smith, the wealthy abolitionist and staunch Liberty Party supporter, encouraged the merger. Smith, who had provided some funding for The North Star, provided more financial support for Frederick Douglass' Paper, as Douglass joined Smith as a political abolitionist. A letter from Smith appeared on page 3 of the first issue of the Paper on June 26, 1851: "Much joy is expressed that you have settled down upon the anti-slavery interpretation of the federal Constitution." This viewpoint meant a complete break from William Lloyd Garrison and the American Anti-Slavery Society and their support of nonvoting, pacifism, and the rejection of the Constitution as a proslavery document.

In 1859, Douglass added a monthly as a supplement to the weekly paper, but by mid-1860, Douglass' Monthly replaced the weekly publication, as he increasingly focused on the impending Civil War and, during the war, on recruitment and acceptance of black troops. Douglass only ended the monthly publication in August 1863, when promised an army commission by Secretary of War Edwin Stanton after separate meetings with Stanton and President Lincoln about unequal pay and poor treatment of black troops. The commission never materialized, but 16 years of newspaper publication ended.

Masthead, New National Era, July 4, 1872, p. 1.

Douglass' final newspaper venture brought him to Washington, D.C. In September 1870, he became editor-in-chief and part owner of the New National Era, renamed from the short-lived New Era, for which he had been a corresponding editor based in Rochester. The New National Era gave Douglass a platform to champion Reconstruction and Radical Republican policies and to attack the rise of the Ku Klux Klan, the romanticizing of the South in the "Lost Cause," and bigotry and violence against African Americans throughout the U.S. His deep association with the newspaper was relatively short-lived, however. After fully purchasing the newspaper so that it would not fail, Douglass mainly turned it over to his sons, Lewis and Frederick, Jr., who published it for its remaining few years. Writing about the New National Era in his third autobiography, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass , he stated, "A misadventure though it was, which cost me from nine to ten thousand dollars, over it I have no tears to shed. The journal was valuable while it lasted, and the experiment was full of instruction to me, which has to some extent been heeded, for I have kept well out of newspaper undertakings since."

In early June 1872, while Douglass was living in Washington, D.C., his Rochester home was destroyed in a devastating fire. All family members living there survived, but most of their belongings were lost, including sixteen volumes of The North Star, Frederick Douglass' Paper, and Douglass' Monthly. No complete collection of Douglass' newspapers is known to exist, but this online collection greatly expands access to Douglass' three weeklies.

Douglass' Monthly, January 1859-August 1863, is not part of this presentation. Issues of the Monthly are available on microfilm and microfiche in the Library of Congress Microform and Electronic Resources Center.

For additional digitized issues of the four titles, see New York Heritage Digital Collections: St. John Fisher College External .

Notes

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
About this Collection | Frederick Douglass Newspapers, 1847-1874 | Digital Collections | Library of Congress

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This online collection presents newspapers edited by Frederick Douglass (1818-1895), the African American abolitionist who escaped slavery and became one of the most famous orators, authors, and journalists of the 19th century.

# data[].attributes.body
The Salem Witch Trials Documentary Archive and Transcription Project consists of an electronic collection of primary source materials relating to the Salem witch trials of 1692 and a new transcription of the court records.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Project Director: Benjamin Ray. Technical Development: Scholars' Lab.
© Copyright 2018 by Benjamin Ray and

The material presented in the Salem Witch Trials Documentary Archive is provided freely for non-commercial educational purposes. All other uses require advance permission from the project originators. The University of Virginia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
danvers; salem; witchcraft trials; witch trials; 1692; the witchcraftvictims' memorial; rebecca nurse

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Project Director: Benjamin Ray. Technical Development: Scholars' Lab. © Copyright 2018 by Benjamin Ray and The material presented in the Salem Witch Trials Documentary Archive is provided freely for non-commercial educational purposes. All other uses require advance permission from the project originators. The University of Virginia

# data[].attributes.body
Civil War Washington examines the U.S. national capital from multiple perspectives as a case study of social, political, cultural, and medical/scientific transitions provoked or accelerated by the Civil War.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Civil War Washington examines the U.S. national capital from multiple perspectives as a case study of social, political, cultural, and medical/scientific transitions provoked or accelerated by the Civil War. The project draws on the methods of many fields to create a digital resource that chronicles the war's impact on the city.

# data[].attributes.body
They have digitized a number of sources related to women's history, including the papers of Susan B. Anthony, the Beecher-Stowe Family, the Blackwell Family, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and Dorothy West.

# data[].attributes.body
They have digitized a number of sources related to women's history, including the papers of Susan B. Anthony, the Beecher-Stowe Family, the Blackwell Family, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and Dorothy West.

# data[].attributes.body
They have digitized a number of sources related to women's history, including the papers of Susan B. Anthony, the Beecher-Stowe Family, the Blackwell Family, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and Dorothy West.

# data[].attributes.body
They have digitized a number of sources related to women's history, including the papers of Susan B. Anthony, the Beecher-Stowe Family, the Blackwell Family, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and Dorothy West.

# data[].attributes.body
This includes a number of collections, including several related to women's history.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Smith Digital Collections | Smith College Libraries

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Smith Digital Collections is a gateway to digital collections and online exhibitions unique to Smith College featuring images, audio, video, and text from multiple repositories and platforms.

# data[].attributes.headline
University of Tennessee Sheet Music Collection

# data[].attributes.subject
University of Tennessee Sheet Music Collection

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Before recorded sound, popular music was most frequently played at home by amateur musicians using sheet music. Popular music composers and lyricists tailored their compositions to appeal to the tastes of potential buyers, and sheet music publishers increased the appeal of their product by printing…

# data[].attributes.body
This is largely composed of digital versions of paper documents from the Ike Skelton CARL collections and student papers produced at the US Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.

# data[].attributes.body
This is largely composed of digital versions of paper documents from the Ike Skelton CARL collections and student papers produced at the US Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.

# data[].attributes.headline
Discovering American Women's History Online

# data[].attributes.subject
Discovering American Women's History Online

# data[].attributes.body
This database provides access to digital collections of primary sources (photos, letters, diaries, artifacts, etc.) that document the history of women in the United States. These diverse collections range from Ancestral Pueblo pottery to interviews with women engineers from the 1970s.

# data[].attributes.body
This includes primary sources related to the Spanish flu epidemic of 1918-1919.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Welcome

"They are placed on the cots until every bed is full and yet others crowd in. The faces soon wear a bluish cast; a distressing cough brings up the blood stained sputum. In the morning the dead bodies are stacked about the morgue like cord wood."

-Victor Vaughan, A Doctor's Memories

An estimated 650,000 Americans lost their lives to the infamous and tragic 1918-1919 influenza epidemic, a small but significant fraction of the approximately 50 million deaths the disease caused worldwide. Countless more were left without parents, children, friends, and loved ones. Communities across the country did what they could to stem the rising tide of illness and death, closing their schools, churches, theaters, shops and saloons. Doctors, nurses, and volunteers gave their time - and, occasionally, their lives - to care for the ill.

These pages contain the stories of the places, the people, and the organizations that battled the American influenza epidemic of 1918-1919.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
"They are placed on the cots until every bed is full and yet others crowd in. The faces soon wear a bluish cast; a distressing cough brings up the blood stained sputum. In the morning the dead bodies are stacked about the morgue like cord wood."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
At the Pembroke Center, real-world questions and commitments are integral to our scholarly and research mission. We believe that redress is inextricable from questions of social, political, racial, medical, environmental and economic justice and demands an interdisciplinary approach to scholarship that can enable transformational change.

Since its founding in 1981, the Pembroke Center has sought to confront societal challenges across borders by interrogating the underpinnings and history of the categories used to differentiate individuals and groups-including gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity, religion, nationality, citizenship and class-and how those categories intersect. Together with a demand for knowledge by and about women, women-identified, gender non-binary and LGBTQIA+ individuals, this emphasis on rigorous, fruitful questioning paves the way for new insights into perennially vexing issues, like how to achieve reproductive justice, what ethical issues arise as new technology is deployed, or the possibilities of self-sovereignty for peoples contending with the long legacies of empire or slavery.

The Pembroke Center houses an academic program in Gender and Sexuality Studies, the intergenerational and interdisciplinary Pembroke Seminar, a renowned postdoctoral fellowship program, an array of research initiatives, the Pembroke Center Archives and Pembroke Center Oral History Project, differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies, public events, and international programs. We emphasize collaboration and community, and engage a broad global audience while maintaining close ties to our community of alumnae/i and friends.

We invite you to join us and to learn more about us and our programs.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
At the Pembroke Center, real-world questions and commitments are integral to our scholarly and research mission. We believe that redress is inextricable from questions of social, political, racial, medical, environmental and economic justice and demands an interdisciplinary approach to scholarship that can enable transformational change.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
At the Pembroke Center, real-world questions and commitments are integral to our scholarly and research mission. We believe that redress is inextricable from questions of social, political, racial, medical, environmental and economic justice and demands an interdisciplinary approach to scholarship that can enable transformational change.

Since its founding in 1981, the Pembroke Center has sought to confront societal challenges across borders by interrogating the underpinnings and history of the categories used to differentiate individuals and groups-including gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity, religion, nationality, citizenship and class-and how those categories intersect. Together with a demand for knowledge by and about women, women-identified, gender non-binary and LGBTQIA+ individuals, this emphasis on rigorous, fruitful questioning paves the way for new insights into perennially vexing issues, like how to achieve reproductive justice, what ethical issues arise as new technology is deployed, or the possibilities of self-sovereignty for peoples contending with the long legacies of empire or slavery.

The Pembroke Center houses an academic program in Gender and Sexuality Studies, the intergenerational and interdisciplinary Pembroke Seminar, a renowned postdoctoral fellowship program, an array of research initiatives, the Pembroke Center Archives and Pembroke Center Oral History Project, differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies, public events, and international programs. We emphasize collaboration and community, and engage a broad global audience while maintaining close ties to our community of alumnae/i and friends.

We invite you to join us and to learn more about us and our programs.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
At the Pembroke Center, real-world questions and commitments are integral to our scholarly and research mission. We believe that redress is inextricable from questions of social, political, racial, medical, environmental and economic justice and demands an interdisciplinary approach to scholarship that can enable transformational change.

# data[].attributes.body
Includes Olympic Games official reports, the IOC’s Olympic Review, oral histories, scholarly sport history journals, conference proceedings, 19th century sports magazines, the archives of the Special Olympics World Games 2015, and 180,000 biographical baseball player cards.

# data[].attributes.body
Their collection is strongest in these fields: history of the American West, medicine and technology, the American Civil War, Latin American history, and British history.

# data[].attributes.body
Articles published in Sports Illustrated have been archived here.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Vault is an archive of maintained and curated content by the editors of Sports Illustrated.

# data[].attributes.body
This includes collections on a variety of topics and time periods.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Except where otherwise noted, this work is subject to a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which allows anyone to share and adapt our material as long as proper attribution is given. For details and exceptions, see the Harvard Library Copyright Policy ©2022 Presidents and Fellows of Harvard College.

# data[].attributes.headline
Home Economics Archive: Research, Tradition, History

# data[].attributes.subject
Home Economics Archive: Research, Tradition, History

# data[].attributes.body
HEARTH is a core electronic collection of books and journals in Home Economics and related disciplines. Include titles published between 1850 and 1950.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
"Home Economists in early 20th century America had a major role in the Progressive Era, the development of the welfare state, the triumph of modern hygiene and scientific medicine, the application of scientific research in a number of industries, and the popularization of important research on child development, family health, and family economics. What other group of American women did so much, all over the country, and got so little credit? ... We must do everything we can to preserve and organize records and materials from this important female ghetto."
- Joan Jacobs Brumberg, Stephen H. Weiss Presidential Fellow and Professor, Cornell University College of Human Ecology and author of The Body Project: an Intimate History of American Girls.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
HEARTH - Home Economics Archive: Research, Tradition, History | Cornell University Library Digital Collections

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
"Home Economists in early 20th century America had a major role in the Progressive Era, the development of the welfare state, the triumph of modern hygiene and scientific medicine, the application of scientific research in a number of industries, and the popularization of important research on child development, family health, and family economics.

# data[].attributes.body
The New York Public Library is transcribing historical restaurant menus, dish by dish, so that they can be searched by what people were eating back in the day.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
American Historical Association

2011 New Media Award

"This archive has become tremendously important as there is nothing nearly as large, nor anything that has so much from the mid‐nineteenth century when restaurants were first established in the U.S. How people socialized, what they ate, how things change over time and the actual experience of people living in the United States in the past 170 years can be made vividly alive with these materials."-Paul Freedman, Yale University, author of
Out of the East: Spices and the Medieval Imagination, editor of Food: The History of Taste

"Menu writing is an art form seldom appreciated. In our restaurants, we put an incredible amount of time and thought into crafting menus. It's remarkable to see menus being preserved and documented, for them to become a resource for future chefs, sociologists, historians and everyone who loves food. It's not just What's on the Menu, it reveals so much more."
-Mario Batali, Chef, Author, Entrepreneur

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
American Historical Association 2011 New Media Award "This archive has become tremendously important as there is nothing nearly as large, nor anything that has so much from the mid‐nineteenth century when restaurants were first established in the U.S.

# data[].attributes.body
The papers of farmer, writer, reformer, landscape architect, urban and suburban planner, and conservationist Frederick Law Olmsted (1822-1903). The collection, spanning from 1777 to 1952, with the bulk dating 1838-1903, contains materials on both Olmsted's private and professional life.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
About this Collection | Frederick Law Olmsted Papers | Digital Collections | Library of Congress

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The papers of farmer, writer, reformer, landscape architect, urban and suburban planner, and conservationist Frederick Law Olmsted (1822-1903) consist of approximately 24,000 items (roughly 47,300 images), most of which were digitized from 60 reels of previously produced microfilm. The collection, s…

# data[].attributes.body
Through this website, you can read and search through thousands of records from George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison and see firsthand the growth of democracy and the birth of the Republic.

# data[].attributes.body
Through this website, you can read and search through thousands of records from George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison and see firsthand the growth of democracy and the birth of the Republic.

# data[].attributes.headline
Baptism by Fire: CIA Analysis of the Korean War

# data[].attributes.subject
Baptism by Fire: CIA Analysis of the Korean War

# data[].attributes.body
This collection includes more than 1,300 documents consisting of national estimates, intelligence memo, daily updates, and summaries of foreign media concerning developments on the Korean Peninsula during 1947-1954.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Nixon Collection

Nixon and the People's Republic of China: CIA's Support of the Historic 1972 Presidential Trip

This collection marks the 50th anniversary of President Richard M. Nixon's February 1972 trip to the People's Republic of China (PRC) - a landmark event that preceded the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries. This small collection, consisting of three city guides, an atlas, and four leadership profiles, i s a subset of the materials CIA produced for President Nixon and National Security Adv isor Henry Kissinger in preparation for the seven-day visit.

City guides were produced on Peking (Beijing), Shanghai, and Hang-Chou (Hangzhou) 1, as these cities were part of President Nixon's tour of the PRC. Each guide included a brief history of the city, contemporary maps and photographs, and descriptions of geography, climates, and points of interest.

CIA also produced an 82-page atlas of the PRC for President Nixon's trip. The US government distributed more than 4,000 copies to government customers and non-government institutions and libraries, and sold 30,000 copies to the public for a short period after the trip for $5.25, or $35.19 in today's dollars. This is the first time in fifty years CIA has made the atlas available to the public.

This collection also includes leadership profiles-assessments that CIA provides US Presidents and other policymakers to assist them in understanding their foreign counterparts. The profiles in this collection include Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Chairman Mao Tse-tung ( Mao Zedong) and Premier Chou En-lai ( Zhou Enlai). A profile of Lin Piao ( Lin Biao), Vice Chair of the CCP, prepared for this trip is also included in this collection; however, Lin died in a plane crash five months before President Nixon's visit.

1 CIA did not begin using the non-Romanization spelling of Beijing and Hangzhou until 1979. This article provides updated spellings elsewhere in parentheses.

See The Nixon Collection (8 documents/331 pages).

Current/Central Intelligence Bulletin Collection Central Intelligence Bulletin
Harry Truman was the first U.S. president to receive a daily intelligence digest. At his direction, the Daily Summary began production in February 1946, and continued until February 1951. President Truman was pleased with the product, but a survey group commissioned by the National Security Council in 1949 was critical of the Daily Summary and issued several recommendations to improve it. The new version, called the Current Intelligence Bulletin, began production on 28 February 1951, and this remained the format of the president's daily digest through Dwight Eisenhower's two terms, although it was retitled the Central Intelligence Bulletin in 1958. The Current/Central Intelligence Bulletin grew longer than its predecessor over time with the addition of more items and more analysis, and would eventually contain more graphics as printing technology improved.
2 January-30 June 1961
The new Kennedy Administration confronted a full array of international issues in 1961. In April, a group of CIA-trained Cuban exiles landed at the Bay of Pigs on the southern coast of Cuba with the goal of overthrowing the Fidel Castro regime and establishing an anti-Communist government. The outnumbered invading force was quickly repelled by Castro's troops. The year's reports were dominated by the worsening Congo crisis, with the fragmentation of the country widening despite the efforts of the United Nations, and US concern over the high tempo of Soviet testing of space vehicles and intercontinental ballistic missiles. The situation in Laos deteriorated, as the Communist Pathet Lao insurgency gained strength against the US-backed Royal Lao government.

The changes at the CIA following the Bay of Pigs included a format update for the president's daily intelligence report. The new version, called the President's Intelligence Checklist (PICL), was first delivered on 17 June 1961. The Central Intelligence Bulletin continued to be produced as a separate publication until 10 Jan 1974, when it was replaced by the National Intelligence Daily. The PICL, however, was the president's primary written intelligence source through the remainder of the Kennedy Administration. The Kennedy PICL reports are available here

This historical release includes: the Central Intelligence Bulletin reports from 2 January-30 June 1961 (2752 pages).

This release is the thirteenth and final release in the Current/Central Intelligence Bulletin series.

See the Current/Central Intelligence Bulletin Collection

Aquiline
aquiline adj. of or like the eagle.

Aerial intelligence collection platforms have played a critical role in US national security from the earliest beginnings of aviation. CIA's 1960s OXCART Program and its use of U-2s are examples of collection innovations that have kept US leaders informed about adversaries' capabilities and intentions. Despite their success, however, use of these platforms carried significant risks and repercussions, including detection and even pilot loss, such as the downing of the U-2 flown by Francis Gary Powers in 1960. Ever-evolving research by the CIA led to the development concept of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as collection platforms. An innovative Agency program in the 1960s codenamed Aquiline was the very first to test this concept. Based initially on the study of flight characteristics of birds, Aquiline was envisioned as a long-range vehicle that could safely and stealthily provide a window into denied areas such as the Soviet Union through photography and other capabilities, and would even support in-place agent operations. While it never became operational, the concept proved invaluable as a forerunner to today's multi-capability UAVs.

Learn more about CIA's early eagle (40 documents/289 pages).

The Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe: A 30-Year Legacy The Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe: A 30-Year Legacy
This collection includes a broad sampling of articles from the National Intelligence Daily-the CIA's principal form of current intelligence analysis at the time-from February 1989 to March 1990. These articles represent much of the Agency's short-term analysis of events unfolding in Central and Eastern Europe as popular opposition to Soviet misrule erupted and quickly surpassed anything the Communist regimes were prepared to understand or to which they could respond. The material also represents a major source of information and insight for US policymakers into what was happening in these countries, where the situation was heading, and how a collapse of Communist rule in Europe and the beginnings of the breakup of the Soviet Union would impact Europe and the United States.

Please note: Some of the material is marked "NR" or "not relevant." This means that material is unrelated to events in Central and Eastern Europe, and was therefore not reviewed for declassification as part of this collection.

Learn more about the collapse of Communist rule in Europe (105 documents/151 pages)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Nixon Collection Nixon and the People's Republic of China: CIA's Support of the Historic 1972 Presidential Trip This collection marks the 50th anniversary of President Richard M. Nixon's February 1972 trip to the People's Republic of China (PRC) - a landmark event that preceded the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries.

# data[].attributes.body
These are from North Dakota State University's holdings.

# data[].attributes.body
This is a collection of primary source documents covering the collapse of the Soviet Union during the late 1980s.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Language

Original language

Available translation

Digital Archive International History Declassified

End of the Cold War

This is a collection of primary source documents covering the collapse of the Soviet Union during the late 1980s. The collection contains documents from archives in most of the former Soviet bloc countries. They discuss the changes occurring in Eastern Europe and the Tiananmen Square events in China. See also Cold War Origins; China, 1989; and German Reunification. and (Image: A crowd of West German citizens gathers at the newly created opening in the Berlin Wall at Potsdamer Platz. National Archives NAID 6460115, Image number 330-CFD-DF-ST-91-01380)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Language Original language Available translation Digital Archive International History Declassified This is a collection of primary source documents covering the collapse of the Soviet Union during the late 1980s. The collection contains documents from archives in most of the former Soviet bloc countries.

# data[].attributes.body
These are declassified documents from the NSA.

# data[].attributes.body
This contains once-secret documents from governments all across the globe; it is overseen by the Wilson Center's History and Public Policy Program and focuses on the interrelated histories of the Cold War, Korea, and Nuclear Proliferation.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Home Page | Wilson Center Digital Archive

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Wilson Center Digital Archive is a resource where students, researchers and specialists can access once-secret documents from governments and organizations all over the world. Constructed and maintained by the Wilson Center's History and Public Policy Program, the Digital Archive contains declassified historical materials from archives around the world, including diplomatic cables, high level correspondence, meeting minutes, intelligence estimates, and more.

# data[].attributes.body
The Joint Committee on Atomic Energy was established by the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 and existed from 1946 to 1977. It was created to "make continuing studies of the activities of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and of problems relating to the development, use, and control of atomic energy."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Joint Committee on Atomic Energy was established by the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 and existed from 1946 to 1977. It was created to "make continuing studies of the activities of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and of problems relating to the development, use, and control of atomic energy." Through hearings and other public informational activities, the committee played a significant role in encouraging peaceful uses of atomic energy, dealing with subjects such as budget authorization bills for the Atomic Energy Commission, international agreements regarding atomic energy (stemming from President Dwight D. Eisenhower's "Atoms-For-Peace" speech of December 1953), and various mutual defense agreements. Examples of other matters the Joint Committee covered include: developments at the national energy labs; health impacts of nuclear energy; nuclear waste management. This collection of published committee hearings and prints includes policy as well as limited technical information. Included in this extensive collection are statistics from various sources, folding maps and charts, photographs, bibliographies, selective indexes, periodical and journal article reprints, and selections of various government and public reports. Selective reprints of congressional bills and public laws are included as well.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Joint Committee on Atomic Energy was established by the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 and existed from 1946 to 1977. It was created to "make continuing studies of the activities of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and of problems relating to the development, use, and control of atomic energy."

# data[].attributes.headline
Harry S. Truman Library and Museum Digital Collections

# data[].attributes.subject
Harry S. Truman Library and Museum Digital Collections

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Collections with Online Content Truman Papers: Family, Business, and Personal Affairs Papers President's Secretary's Files Naval Aide to the President Files Matthew J. Connelly Files Richard E.

# data[].attributes.body
This has thousands of digitized sources from University of Massachusetts-Amherst.

# data[].attributes.body
This has thousands of digitized sources from University of Massachusetts-Amherst.

# data[].attributes.headline
Fake News in the 1890s: Yellow Journalism

# data[].attributes.subject
Fake News in the 1890s: Yellow Journalism

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Fake News in the 1890s: Yellow Journalism | DPLA

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Digital Public Library of America brings together the riches of America’s libraries, archives, and museums, and makes them freely available to the world.

# data[].attributes.body
This has thousands of digitized sources from University of Massachusetts-Amherst.

# data[].attributes.headline
The Chinese in California Virtual Collection

# data[].attributes.subject
The Chinese in California Virtual Collection

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Chinese and Westward Expansion

Photographs from the Burckhalter Family collection [graphic]

Chinese and Westward Expansion

Robert B. Honeyman, Jr. Collection of Early Californian and Western American Pictorial Material

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Guide to the Chinese in California Virtual Collection

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Chinese and Westward Expansion Photographs from the Burckhalter Family collection [graphic] Chinese and Westward Expansion Robert B. Honeyman, Jr. Collection of Early Californian and Western American Pictorial Material

# data[].attributes.headline
Alcohol, Temperance, and Prohibition Collection

# data[].attributes.subject
Alcohol, Temperance, and Prohibition Collection

# data[].attributes.body
These are sources housed at Brown University.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The digitized items in the Alcohol, Temperance and Prohibition Collection are from the Alcoholism and Addiction Studies Collection, as well as from various collections in the Brown University Library - broadsides, sheet music, pamphlets and government publications.

The items have been collected at Brown for over three centuries for researchers and scholars at Brown and worldwide interested in American history, including the history of alcoholism, how the media was used for spreading ideas and information, and in how the arts presented various movements.

The purpose of this digital collection is to give researchers and interested individuals a glimpse into the rich and diverse resources at Brown's library. All of the digital items are in the public domain.

The digitized pamphlets were published by various groups leading up to prohibition, during the prohibition era, and ending with the 21st amendment in 1933, which repealed the 18th amendment from 1919 prohibiting the manufacturing, sale or transportation of intoxicating liquors.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Brown Digital Repository | Collection | Alcohol, Temperance ...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The digitized items in the Alcohol, Temperance and Prohibition Collection are from the Alcoholism and Addiction Studies Collection, as well as from various collections in the Brown University Library - broadsides, sheet music, pamphlets and government publications.

# data[].attributes.headline
Alcohol, Temperance, and Prohibition Collection

# data[].attributes.subject
Alcohol, Temperance, and Prohibition Collection

# data[].attributes.body
These are sources housed at Brown University.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The digitized items in the Alcohol, Temperance and Prohibition Collection are from the Alcoholism and Addiction Studies Collection, as well as from various collections in the Brown University Library - broadsides, sheet music, pamphlets and government publications.

The items have been collected at Brown for over three centuries for researchers and scholars at Brown and worldwide interested in American history, including the history of alcoholism, how the media was used for spreading ideas and information, and in how the arts presented various movements.

The purpose of this digital collection is to give researchers and interested individuals a glimpse into the rich and diverse resources at Brown's library. All of the digital items are in the public domain.

The digitized pamphlets were published by various groups leading up to prohibition, during the prohibition era, and ending with the 21st amendment in 1933, which repealed the 18th amendment from 1919 prohibiting the manufacturing, sale or transportation of intoxicating liquors.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Brown Digital Repository | Collection | Alcohol, Temperance ...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The digitized items in the Alcohol, Temperance and Prohibition Collection are from the Alcoholism and Addiction Studies Collection, as well as from various collections in the Brown University Library - broadsides, sheet music, pamphlets and government publications.

# data[].attributes.headline
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) Document Library

# data[].attributes.subject
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) Document Library

# data[].attributes.body
This site is run by the IWW; they are providing these documents for historical and educational purposes and they do not necessarily reflect the modern views of the IWW.

# data[].attributes.body
These sources are from the Chicago Historical Society.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Chicago Historical Society is a privately endowed, independent institution devoted to collecting, interpreting, and presenting the rich multicultural history of Chicago and Illinois, as well as selected areas of American history, to the public through exhibitions, programs, research collection…

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Cornell University - ILR School - The Triangle Factory Fire

# data[].attributes.headline
Patronage and Populism: The Politics of the Gilded Age

# data[].attributes.subject
Patronage and Populism: The Politics of the Gilded Age

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The term "Gilded Age" was coined by Mark Twain in his 1873 book, The Gilded Age: A Tale for Today. Twain's phrase uses the practice of gilding, in which a thin sheet of gold leaf is laid over plain metal, as a metaphor to describe how major societal and political problems were hidden with a veneer of respectability during the post-Civil War era. In the Gilded Age, corruption and graft permeated every level of American politics. Campaigns promised patronage and civil service positions in order to win elections and access to infrastructure benefitted corporations over small-scale farmers.

This corruption met various forms of resistance. Backlash to self-serving Gilded Age politicians led to the arrest of New York Democratic Party Boss William Tweed, who controlled votes and appointments. A decade later, Charles Guiteau murdered President James Garfield; Guiteau believed the President owed him a government job as recompense for unsolicited political campaign work. The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry and the Populist Party both rose to national prominence for their fight against railroad conglomerates' preferential treatment of business allies. Both groups also pushed for bimetallism-backing American currency with both gold and silver-and wanted to put more paper money into circulation.

One of the most active critics of Gilded Age politics was Thomas Nast, a New York political cartoonist best known for creating the elephant and donkey as symbols for the Republican and Democratic parties. Nast's cartoons spurred citizens' opposition to corruption throughout the era. By the late 1890s, American politics had moved toward the ideals of Progressivism, which sought to protect social welfare, encourage productivity, ensure morality, and generate economic reform by reinterpreting the United States Constitution as an organic or alterable document.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Patronage and Populism: The Politics of the Gilded Age

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The term "Gilded Age" was coined by Mark Twain in his 1873 book, The Gilded Age: A Tale for Today. Twain's phrase uses the practice of gilding, in which a thin sheet of gold leaf is laid over plain metal, as a metaphor to describe how major societal and political problems were hidden with a veneer of respectability during the post-Civil War era.

# data[].attributes.headline
Before and After the Great Earthquake and Fire: Early Films of San Francisco

# data[].attributes.subject
Before and After the Great Earthquake and Fire: Early Films of San Francisco

# data[].attributes.body
This collection consists of twenty-six films of San Francisco from before and after the Great Earthquake and Fire, 1897-1916.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
This collection consists of twenty-six films of San Francisco from before and after the Great Earthquake and Fire, 1897-1916. Seventeen of the films depict San Francisco and its environs before the 1906 disaster. Seven films describe the great earthquake and fire. The two later films include a 1915 travelogue that shows scenes of the rebuilt city and a tour of the Panama Pacific Exposition and a 1916 propaganda film.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
About this Collection | Before and After the Great Earthquake and Fire: Early Films of San Francisco, 1897-1916 | Digital Collections | Library of Congress

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This collection consists of twenty-six films of San Francisco from before and after the Great Earthquake and Fire, 1897-1916. Seventeen of the films depict San Francisco and its environs before the 1906 disaster. Seven films describe the great earthquake and fire.

# data[].attributes.body
This collection consists of approximately 276,000 documents (roughly 461,000 images), most of which were digitized from 485 reels of previously reproduced microfilm, from the Library of Congress.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Search results from Theodore Roosevelt Papers, Available Online

# data[].attributes.body
Mapping Occupation captures the regions where the United States Army could effectively act as an occupying force in the Reconstruction South.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Mapping Occupation: Force, Freedom, and the Army in Reconstruction

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Mapping Occupation, by Gregory P. Downs and Scott Nesbit, captures the regions where the United States Army could effectively act as an occupying force in the Reconstruction South. For the first time, it presents the basic facts about the Army's presence, facts that are central to understanding the occupation of the South.

# data[].attributes.body
Under the headline “Information Wanted,” the ads appeared in African American publications around the nation as newly freed slaves established their lives and tried to reunite with loved ones.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
of families separated in the domestic slave trade. Formerly enslaved people placed these ads hoping to reconnect with family and loved ones for decades following emancipation. The ads serve as testaments to their enduring hope and determination to regain what was taken from them.

# data[].attributes.headline
Civil War Maps (from the Library of Congress)

# data[].attributes.subject
Civil War Maps (from the Library of Congress)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Search results from Civil War Maps, Available Online

# data[].attributes.body
This includes information about all sorts of social welfare movements, addressing issues like poverty, unemployment, mental illness, disability, old age, public health, etc.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Social Welfare History Project Preserving the history of social reform and social welfare

# data[].attributes.headline
Voices Across Time: American History Through Music

# data[].attributes.subject
Voices Across Time: American History Through Music

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Voices Across Time helps teachers of all disciplines harness the power of song as a primary source
to educate students about the diverse regions, cultures, ideas, beliefs, and institutions of the United States.
The guide provides a curated selection of songs and recordings, background and historical context,
song lyrics, teaching strategies, and more.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Voices Across Time helps teachers of all disciplines harness the power of song as a primary source to educate students about the diverse regions, cultures, ideas, beliefs, and institutions of the United States. The guide provides a curated selection of songs and recordings, background and historical context, song lyrics, teaching strategies, and more.

# data[].attributes.body
These are large-scale maps (made for fire insurance purposes) dating from 1867 to the present, depicting the commercial, industrial, and residential sections of ~12,000 cities and towns in the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. They are incredibly detailed and are an excellent way to study buildings, space, and geography.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps Online Checklist provides a searchable database of the fire insurance maps published by the Sanborn Map Company housed in the collections of the Geography and Map Division. The online checklist is based upon the Library's 1981 publication Fire Insurance Maps in the Library of Congress and will be continually updated to reflect new acquisitions.

Fire Insurance Maps
in the Library of
Congress. 1981

The online checklist also contains links to existing digital images from our collection and will be updated as new images are added. If you have any questions, comments, or are interested in obtaining reproductions from the collection, please Ask A Librarian.

The Sanborn maps are arranged by state, then city and release data. Currently there are over 25,000 sheets from over 3000 city sets online in the following states: AK, AL, AZ, CA, CO, CT, DC, DE, GA, ID, IL, IN, KY, LA, MA, MD, ME, MI, MO, MS, NC, ND, NE, NH, NJ, NV, OH, OK, PA, SD, TX, VA, VT, WY and Canada, Mexico, Cuba sugar warehouses, and U.S. whiskey warehouses.

Sanborn Keys & Colors

Fire insurance maps are distinctive because of the sophisticated set of symbols that allows complex information to be conveyed clearly. In working with insurance maps, it is important to remember that they were made for a very specific use, and that although they are now valuable for a variety of purposes, the insurance industry dictated the selection of information to be mapped and the way that information was portrayed. Knowledge of the keys and colors is essential to proper interpretation of the information found in fire insurance maps.

Color

Example 1

Color plays an important role in Sanborn map reading. In Example 1, we see that brick and tile are represented with a reddish/pink color. Several advantages demonstrate themselves when using color: a) the mapmaker can easily and quickly convey information; b) space formerly used to convey this information can now be used to convey more detailed information; and c) uniformity across all the maps is achieved and maintained.

Example 2

The use of yellow indicates frame, or wood, structures. Example 2 shows the use of framing on the inside as well as outside of buildings. Along with the color indicators, the map uses basic abbreviations to convey other information. S = store, D = dwelling, and ASB. CL. = asbestos clapboards.

Example 3

Other colors employed by Sanborn mapmakers included an olive green to demark fire resistive construction and gray for adobe construction material. Blue denotes concrete and cinder block construction. Gray is also used to indicate metal or iron building materials. The tenant indicator "loft" is shown in color to indicate that it can be seen in any of the construction color indicators.

Example 4

To print an image with many of the colors and symbols, click here.

Sanborn Keys, Legends, and Symbol Sheets

Fire insurance maps are distinctive because of the sophisticated set of symbols that allows complex information to be conveyed clearly. In working with insurance maps, it is important to remember that they were made for a very specific use, and that although they are now valuable for a variety of purposes, the initial selection of information to be mapped and the way that information was portrayed was dictated by the needs of the insurance industry.

Key for interpreting Sanborn fire insurance maps

The prefatory material found at the beginning of atlases and on the first sheet of smaller editions usually included a legend or " key" to symbols. Knowledge of these is essential to proper interpretation of the information found in fire insurance maps. The use of these symbols on fire insurance maps, especially those done by the Sanborn Map Company, was prescribed by company manuals and can usually be interpreted with a considerable degree of confidence. However, the symbols, abbreviations, and annotations are not always easily interpreted. Therefore, it is important for researchers to consult the keys to symbols. It is also important to remember that over time new symbols were added and that there were variations in the way in which symbols were applied.

Title Pages

Most editions of fire insurance maps contained prefatory material that is useful or necessary for interpreting the maps and which now has historic value in its own right. In particular, the map indexes and the descriptions of a city's fire protection services of a city provide insights into various aspects of the development of urban America. The amount and nature of such introductory material varies widely from city to city and over time, reflecting changes in mapping policies of the Sanborn Map Company, the size of the city, and the rate of change within the city. The following discussion highlights major features of the prefatory material, but not all elements will necessarily be found in the fire insurance maps for a given city or town.

Small-town maps that comprised only a few map sheets were generally issued in loose-leaf format and did not have separate title pages. The first page of such editions, however, would include the names of the city, county, and state. The county name was important for differentiating towns of the same name within a state. It is important to note that because of divisions of counties or changes in county boundaries, a city may now be part of a county different from that in which it was originally mapped.

For large-city maps issued in one or more volumes, the title page often presents a visual delight of ornate typography and design. As cities became denser and larger over time, the Sanborn Map Company occasionally altered the presentation of the coverage of a city. A single volume could be divided: for instance, volume 1 from an edition in the late 1800s might become volume 1, North and volume 1, South in the 1920s. Also, the coverage of the suburban portions of a city could be shifted from volume to volume. Researchers need to be aware of such changes reflected in the titles to insure that they are using the volume that covers the portion of the city in which they are interested.

An important component of title pages for large city atlases is the listing of incorporated and unincorporated places covered in the volume. This is particularly common on the fringe areas of towns from the 1920s onward, where suburban developments and new additions to the territory of a city were frequently given their own names in local usage. Such place names have been listed in the index of Fire Insurance Maps in the Library of Congress. These names can also be searched through the search engine available on the Library of Congress Web site.

Reports on Fire Protection, Services and Infrastructure

Example of a fire report from Honolulu

To the insurance industry, a valuable component of the prefatory material was a description of the fire-fighting equipment and water system of a city or town. The description could be a simple statement of a line or two in the coverage of a small town, or an elaborate report of many paragraphs for the larger cities. Reports would address such issues as the number and types of fire-fighting equipment and the number and training background of firefighters. The size, extent, and pressure of water mains was a critical factor that was often addressed in such reports. The predominant wind patterns were usually noted as well.

Interpreting Scale

The vast majority of fire insurance maps were drawn at a scale of one inch to fifty feet (1:600) when expressed as a representative fraction. A smaller or less detailed scale of mapping was employed for suburban areas or large industrial sites. For these areas, scales of one inch to one hundred feet (1:1,200) or one inch to two hundred feet (1:4,800) were used. In rare instances, even smaller scales were used. Most map sheets contain a bar scale that facilitates the measurement of features or distances, and the scale is usually given in the title of the map as well.

Interpreting Sheet Numbers

Considering that there were more than fifty thousand editions of fire insurance maps of more than ten thousand communities, it is not surprising to find inconsistencies in the way sheets in a given edition were numbered. In early atlases, numbering was often sequential across coverage for the whole city. In other cases, especially in later editions, numbering was sequential within each volume. In some early editions also, double-page plates were given a single number, but the most common pattern was to have a separate number for each page. Prefatory material was not given page numbers, however.

In the list of maps, Fire Insurance Maps in the Library of Congress, the figure in the column that indicates the number of pages does not reflect the page numbering. The figure that is given includes any unpaginated prefatory material, even the inside of atlas covers to which indexes have been pasted. Where applicable, the comments column in Fire Insurance Maps in the Library of Congress indicates special numbering sequences, such as double-page plates.

Interpreting Sanborn Indexes

Graphic Index (or Key Map)

For researchers, an important part of the prefatory material is the graphic index that portrays the areas of the city covered by each sheet in the edition. In the case of multi-volume editions, there is often a "Graphic Map of Volumes" that shows the portions of the city covered by each volume.

The graphic index is frequently referred to as a "key map." When a researcher wishes to examine the coverage for a portion of a city, the graphic index is more useful than the street or other indexes. Key maps serve two purposes: they show the areas encompassed by individual sheets and indicate the portions of a city or town that were mapped. Coloring was generally used on key maps to indicate the area covered by an individual sheet in the edition or atlas. There are usually compass roses, often highly decorative, to orient the user, but not always scales.

Street Indexes

A street index from a small town

One important component of a fire insurance map or atlas is the street index. In theory, street indexes are rather simple. Street names are listed alphabetically, including numbered streets and avenues, which are spelled out in full. Subheadings under the name of a street frequently indicate address ranges covered by individual sheets in the edition or volume. For some large editions and atlases, however, this index may also contain a separate listing for a special component of the city, such as wharves and piers. In using these indexes, it must be remembered that street names and building numbering systems could change several times in a given city during the century and a half in which these maps were prepared. Trying to find the historical equivalent of a current address can be rather difficult if researchers try to rely strictly on the street indexes. In many cases, it will be necessary to relate an address on a current map to the key map described in the previous section. On the other hand, when working only with a written record of an address, street indexes are essential for locating buildings for which the street or number has changed.

Special Indexes

Example of a Special Index

An interesting look at the life of a city can be found in an index of specific properties that sometimes appears separately but may also be a continuation of the street index. The name of this index usually includes the word "Specials." It identified major businesses, public buildings, factories, or other large structures. Such indexes were prepared to facilitate quick location of these major features. For current researchers, however, the list of "specials" is the equivalent of an abridged city directory that provides insight into the economic and social landscape of a community. From one edition of a city to another, entries in these indexes will come and go, and a particular business or institution will change its name to reflect new owners, a new function, or a modernized sense of propriety.

Line Style, Abbreviations & Modern Symbols

Line Style

Much information could be conveyed through line types. A solid line indicated a solid wall. A break in a line showed doorways and other passages. Additionally, dashed lines could indicate some aspect of wall construction or the presence of a mansard roof. Extending solid lines beyond the edge of a building was a technique for indicating how high above the roof fire walls were built. When interpreting any fire insurance map, researchers should take care to consult the legend for that particular edition to ensure the correct interpretation of line symbology.

Abbreviations

Fire insurance maps often relied on abbreviations to convey the type of activity that took place in a structure, since that information had some bearing on the likelihood of fires. The most common abbreviations are as follows: "D" or "Dwg" for a dwelling, "F" for a flat or apartment, "S" for a store, "Sal" for a saloon. Other abbreviations added more information about a structure: numerals were used to indicate the number of stories in a building, and the letter "B" indicated the presence of a basement. These could be combined, so that "2B," for instance, indicates that a building has two stories and a basement. Multiple symbols for a single structure could reflect the use or nature of different parts of a building; hence a two-story building with a basement might be marked "2B" for the main portion of the structure while an addition on the front had the number "1" by itself to indicate a single story.

In some instances, symbols and abbreviations were combined with text to describe a specific use. These can be frequently difficult to interpret because they are run together; the symbols for store and basement, for instance, can be combined in the form SinB, representing the phrase "store in basement."

Modern Symbols for Fire Insurance Maps

The symbolization used on fire insurance maps evolved over time as a result of such factors as the consolidation of the industry under the control of the Sanborn Map Company, the development and improvements of building codes, the development of larger and taller buildings that required notation of special features, and the maturation of this form of cartographic endeavor. To aid researchers in using these maps, a series of keys or legends have been reproduced from reference manuals that the Sanborn Map Company produced for its employees. Researchers, should not rely solely on the extensive legends reproduced here, however, the legends published in the atlases and on the small editions issued as loose sheets represent the use of symbols at the time the map was made.

Interpreting Congested District or Business District Maps

A valuable feature in the prefatory material of editions for large cities is the map of the "congested" or "business" district. This kind of map was drawn at scales intermediate between the large scale of a single sheet and the small scale of the key map for a volume. A typical map of this type might cover an area twenty blocks by thirty blocks in size. Generally, such maps served as a frame of reference for understanding the relationship of buildings and places in the heavily developed portions of towns. In some cases, they were annotated to show the limits of coverage by fire departments (in the early years of fire protection, fire company service was not provided to all parts of a town or city) or some other salient feature of the city.

Interpreting Dates

Publication Dates

For the first half century of fire insurance mapping, the dating of editions is generally straightforward. For small-town maps issued in loose-leaf format, the first page and generally each subsequent page carried the month and year of publication quite prominently in an upper corner of the map. The year of publication was usually repeated as part of the copyright notice that appeared as part of or adjacent to the title.

The dating of multi-volume editions of large-city maps is somewhat more complicated. The date on the first volume may be valid only for that particular volume, as the subsequent volumes may have been issued over a period of years. In several cases, a single volume within a multi-volume set was revised and reissued with a new date even before the whole edition was completed. In Fire Insurance Maps in the Library of Congress, therefore, date ranges are given for the coverage of multi-volume editions.

Corrected Editions

Beginning around 1920, the dating of an edition becomes rather complicated. In response to various economic factors around that time, the Sanborn Map Company began updating maps for its customers by issuing paste-on correction slips. These were generally applied by a company employee, who then annotated a chart, usually entitled "Correction Record," attached to the title page, recording the dates on which corrections had been applied. Such correction slips were intended to keep the map coverages current. Over the years, however, more and more correction slips were added, and it is impossible to determine which correction slips were applied in which years. For many cities, as many as fifty or sixty series of correction slips were applied over the course of thirty or forty years. In Fire Insurance Maps in the Library of Congress, the dates for such editions are the date of the original printed edition of the map and the latest date for which corrections were applied.

The latest date, however, is not always found in the "Correction Record." In many cases, additions to indexes pasted into an atlas are later than the last correction slip annotation indicates. In Fire Insurance Maps in the Library of Congress, the latest date of an edition or volume reflects the latest date found on any material pasted into that volume or edition.

The vast majority of examples of paste-on correction sheets in the collections of the Library of Congress come from the maps produced by the Sanborn Map Company from the late 1920s. This technique, however, appeared very early in the history of fire insurance mapping. When significant changes took place in a city, it was important to update the fire insurance plans. In some cases, the amount of change did not warrant mapping the entire city again. In other cases, it may have been prudent to update certain key changes even before the whole city could be re-mapped. To accomplish this, fire insurance map producers printed a correction sheet that was pasted over the incorrect information. Charles Rascher, for example, in his 1891 atlas of Chicago, includes seven different updates printed on a single sheet. Where a map producer had inventory in stock, the corrections could be applied before the volume was sold. At least some companies offered the service of sending employees to customers' offices, where the correction sheets could be applied on site.

Interpreting Water System Maps

Example of a portion of a water system map

In many editions of fire insurance atlases of large towns or cities, there was a separate map, frequently an inset but sometimes rather substantial in size, showing the water distribution system. Such a map might be accompanied by a description of pumping station equipment, pressure, sizes of mains and water lines, the types and distribution of fire hydrants, and so forth.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
About this Collection | Sanborn Maps | Digital Collections | Library of Congress

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps Online Checklist provides a searchable database of the fire insurance maps published by the Sanborn Map Company housed in the collections of the Geography and Map Division. The online checklist is based upon the Library's 1981 publication Fire Insurance Maps in the Library of Congress and will be continually updated to reflect new acquisitions.

# data[].attributes.body
This is a great starting place for research in U.S. newspapers.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Search America's historic newspaper pages from 1770-1963 or use the U.S. Newspaper Directory to find information about American newspapers published between 1690-present. Chronicling America is sponsored jointly by the National Endowment for the Humanities external link and the Library of Congress. Learn more

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Chronicling America " Library of Congress

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Search America's historic newspaper pages from 1770-1963 or use the U.S. Newspaper Directory to find information about American newspapers published between 1690-present.

# data[].attributes.body
This is a Library of Congress site that collects, preserves, and makes accessible the personal accounts of American war veterans so that future generations may hear directly from veterans and better understand the realities of war.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Notice: To help us better serve you, please contact us at [email protected] at least 10 days in advance of your anticipated visit to ensure collection material is accessible during your visit at the Library. The Library of Congress asks all visitors to follow our COVID-19 health screening protocols (PDF,432 KB), which are based on guidance from the Centers for Disease Control and the Office of the Attending Physician of the U.S. Capitol.

Doing Research in
our Collections

Print Forms & Kits
Resources for Educators/Students

WWII Reunion

20th Anniversary Events & Videos

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Veterans History Project at the Library of Congress

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
VHP helps you preserve the memories of the U.S. veterans in your life and community at the Library of Congress. Spanning from WWI to the current conflicts, you can see and hear these first-hand accounts at loc.gov/vets. The Veterans History Project (VHP) is part of the Library's American Folklife Center.

# data[].attributes.headline
Eleanor Roosevelt's "My Day" Newspaper Columns

# data[].attributes.subject
Eleanor Roosevelt's "My Day" Newspaper Columns

# data[].attributes.body
These date from 1936 to 1962.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
My Day by Eleanor Roosevelt -- Browse by year

# data[].attributes.headline
Eleanor Roosevelt's "My Day" Newspaper Columns

# data[].attributes.subject
Eleanor Roosevelt's "My Day" Newspaper Columns

# data[].attributes.body
These date from 1936 to 1962.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
My Day by Eleanor Roosevelt -- Browse by year

# data[].attributes.body
Their digitized collections include executive orders, correspondence, speeches, etc. in addition to records of the War Refugee Board and correspondence by First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
What is FRANKLIN?

FRANKLIN is a virtual research room and digital repository that provides free and open access to the digitized collections of the Roosevelt Library-to everyone, anywhere in the world. Whether you are a lover of history, a student working on a school project, or a scholar, FRANKLIN allows you to keyword search for archival documents and photographs and to search, browse, and view whole files, just as you could if you came to the Library's research room in-person. Now available online are some of the most important documents of the twentieth century-primary source documentation of Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt's experiences leading the nation through the Great Depression and World War II.

What can you find in FRANKLIN?

Digital copies of significant documents and photographs from the archives of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library & Museum. FRANKLIN hosts over 800,000 pages of archival documents and 2,500 historical photographs, along with many detailed descriptions of archival collections not yet digitized. Users can search the digital collections by keyword or go directly browse the full lists of digitized archival folders in a virtual research room environment. Documents include Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt's New Deal and wartime correspondence with world leaders, government administrators, and regular Americans. Photographs include public domain images of the Roosevelts throughout their respective lifetimes, as well as subject areas like the Great Depression, New Deal, and World War II.

Is everything digitized?

Not yet. FRANKLIN hosts two of the major collections of FDR's Papers as President, selected Eleanor Roosevelt correspondence, the complete Diaries of Treasury Secretary Henry Morgethau, Jr., and several smaller batches of in-demand archival materials. The Roosevelt Library has an ongoing and ambitious digitization program and will post additional historical materials to Franklin on an ongoing basis. A list of fully digitized collections or series appears on FRANKLIN's home screen.

About this project

FRANKLIN is the result of a special cooperative effort-a unique combination of public, nonprofit, and corporate support. The Roosevelt Library and its parent agency, the National Archives, worked with nonprofit partner the Roosevelt Institute to digitize a large amount of microfilmed archival documents. The Library's digital partner and web host, Marist College, then developed and implemented FRANKLIN's underlying database infrastructure based on the Archon platform. Marist runs the system using powerful servers manufactured by Marist and Roosevelt Library corporate partner, IBM.

In the future all of FRANKLIN's documents will also become available to online users of the National Archives online catalog, Online Public Access (or OPA).

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library & Museum

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
FRANKLIN is a virtual research room and digital repository that provides free and open access to the digitized collections of the Roosevelt Library-to everyone, anywhere in the world.

# data[].attributes.headline
Herrick Digital Collections: Academy Awards Records

# data[].attributes.subject
Herrick Digital Collections: Academy Awards Records

# data[].attributes.body
This has various collections related to the film industry and the Academy Awards (Oscars). Interesting collections include the Alfred Hitchcock Papers, Production Code Administration records, Mary Pickford Papers, and Spotlight on Latino Film Culture (among others).

# data[].attributes.headline
Herrick Digital Collections: Academy Awards Records

# data[].attributes.subject
Herrick Digital Collections: Academy Awards Records

# data[].attributes.body
This has various collections related to the film industry and the Academy Awards (Oscars). Interesting collections include the Alfred Hitchcock Papers, Production Code Administration records, Mary Pickford Papers, and Spotlight on Latino Film Culture (among others).

# data[].attributes.headline
Herrick Digital Collections: Academy Awards Records

# data[].attributes.subject
Herrick Digital Collections: Academy Awards Records

# data[].attributes.body
This has various collections related to the film industry and the Academy Awards (Oscars). Interesting collections include the Alfred Hitchcock Papers, Production Code Administration records, Mary Pickford Papers, and Spotlight on Latino Film Culture (among others).

# data[].attributes.headline
NY Public Library: Digitized Green Books 

# data[].attributes.subject
NY Public Library: Digitized Green Books 

# data[].attributes.body
These guides, beginning in 1936, helped African Americans travel safely in the era of segregation.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Green Book - NYPL Digital Collections

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
From the Introduction to the 1949 edition: With the introduction of this travel guide in 1936, it has been our idea to give the Negro traveler information that will keep him from running into difficulties, embarrassments and to make his trips more enjoyable.

# data[].attributes.headline
NY Public Library: Digitized Green Books 

# data[].attributes.subject
NY Public Library: Digitized Green Books 

# data[].attributes.body
These guides, beginning in 1936, helped African Americans travel safely in the era of segregation.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Green Book - NYPL Digital Collections

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
From the Introduction to the 1949 edition: With the introduction of this travel guide in 1936, it has been our idea to give the Negro traveler information that will keep him from running into difficulties, embarrassments and to make his trips more enjoyable.

# data[].attributes.headline
NY Public Library: Digitized Green Books 

# data[].attributes.subject
NY Public Library: Digitized Green Books 

# data[].attributes.body
These guides, beginning in 1936, helped African Americans travel safely in the era of segregation.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Green Book - NYPL Digital Collections

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
From the Introduction to the 1949 edition: With the introduction of this travel guide in 1936, it has been our idea to give the Negro traveler information that will keep him from running into difficulties, embarrassments and to make his trips more enjoyable.

# data[].attributes.body
Oyez (pronounced OH-yay)—a free law project from Cornell’s Legal Information Institute (LII), Justia, and Chicago-Kent College of Law—is a multimedia archive devoted to making the Supreme Court of the United States accessible to everyone. It is the most complete and authoritative source for all of the Court’s audio since the installation of a recording system in October 1955.

# data[].attributes.headline
The United States and Its Territories, 1870-1925

# data[].attributes.subject
The United States and Its Territories, 1870-1925

# data[].attributes.body
This website, drawn from the University of Michigan Library's Southeast Asia collection, comprises the full text of monographs and government documents published in the United States, Spain, and the Philippines between 1870 and 1925.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The United States and its Territories, 1870-1925: The Age of Imperialism

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The United States and its Territories, drawn from the University of Michigan Library's Southeast Asia collection, comprises the full text of monographs and government documents published in the United States, Spain, and the Philippines between 1870 and 1925. The primary focus of the material is the Spanish-American war and subsequent American governance (approximately 1898-1910).

# data[].attributes.headline
Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project

# data[].attributes.subject
Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project

# data[].attributes.body
This multi-media web site brings the vital history of Seattle's civil rights movements to life with scores of video oral histories, hundreds of rare photographs, documents, movement histories, and personal biographies.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Seattle has a unique civil rights history that challenges the way we think about race, civil rights, and the Pacific Northwest. Civil rights movements in Seattle started well before the celebrated struggles in the South in the 1950s and 1960s, and they relied not just on African American activists but also on Filipino Americans, Japanese Americans, Chinese Americans, Jews, Latinos, and Native Americans. They also depended upon the support of some elements of the region's labor movement. From the 1910s through the 1970s, labor and civil rights were linked in complicated ways, with some unions and radical organizations providing critical support to struggles for racial justice, while others stood in the way.

This multi-media web site brings the vital history of Seattle's civil rights movements to life with scores of video oral histories, hundreds of rare photographs, documents, movement histories, and personal biographies, more than 300 pages in all. Based at the University of Washington, the Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project is a collaboration between community groups and UW faculty and students. Here is more About the Project, about our contributors, and the project's impact.

Tour the Project

Activist Oral Histories We have interviewed more than 80 civil rights activists. You can watch video excerpts and read short biographies.

Films & Slide Shows Here are short films and powerpoint slide shows that introduce special themes of the Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project.

Research Reports These in-depth historical essays explore fascinating issues, incidents, and people. Each is fully illustrated with photos and newspaper articles.

Segregated Seattle Learn about the history of racial segregation in Seattle and check to see whether property in your neighborhood includes restrictive covenants. See What's In Your Deed?

Seattle's Ethnic Press Read about the newspapers that have represented Seattle's communities of color.

Civil Rights Organizations Here are short profiles and links to more information about more than fifty organizations that have participated in struggles for civil rights over the course of the 20th century.

For Teachers Lesson plans, project ideas, powerpoint slide shows, and other materials for high school, college, and middle school classrooms.

Special Sections We have comprehensive reports, oral histories, photo collections, and documents about these movements and organizations:

Volunteers are assisting by reading deeds and recording the restrictions. We use optical character recognition (OCR) to identify property records containing racial language, but computers can only do some of the work. Please volunteer to examine the text flagged by the computer and answer a series of questions. Each document takes no more than a few minutes to examine. Teachers: this can be an exciting class project. More

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Seattle has a unique civil rights history that challenges the way we think about race, civil rights, and the Pacific Northwest. Civil rights movements in Seattle started well before the celebrated struggles in the South in the 1950s and 1960s, and they relied not just on African American activists ...

# data[].attributes.body
This multi-media special section details and documents a generation of activism by Chicano students and community activists from the mid 1960s to the 1980s.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Civil rights activism by people of Latin American descent dates back to United States conquest and annexation of northern Mexico in 1848. In response to severe racism and forms of segregation that rivaled the Jim Crow South, Mexican Americans in what is now the American southwest used the courts, labor unions, and defense organizations like the League of United Latin American Citizens to fight for basic rights. In the late 1960s, these struggles took new forms as young activists organized themselves into a movement that asserted new "Chicano" and "Chicana" identities, that united Mexican Americans and Mexicans, Indian and Hispanic heritages into a common, transnational culture and community, or "Raza." Taking inspiration from Caesar Chavez and the United Farm Workers movement, but linking farmworker struggles with movements for justice in cities and schools, the Chicano/a movement developed strong and uncompromising tactics that brought it visibility and important victories.

The Chicano/a Movement made an important impact on Washington state. Hispanic Americans had migrated through the Pacific Northwest since before statehood. Following an influx of "bracero" farm workers in Eastern Washington during World War II, their numbers grew steadily and had become significant in Washington State by the 1960s. The movement in Washington emerged in two locales: in the Yakima Valley, which was home to most of the state's Latinos, and in Seattle and especially the University of Washington, where Chicano students launched many new initiatives. Reflecting the split geography, the movement linked together campaigns to organize and support farmworkers with projects that served urban communities and educational agendas. Key organizations included the United Mexican American Students (UMAS), the Brown Berets, Movimiento Estudiantil Chicana/Chicano de Aztlan (MEChA), United Farmworker Cooperative, El Teatro del Piojo, El Centro de la Raza, the Concilio for Spanish Speaking, SEAMAR Community Health Centers, and radio station KDNA.

This page introduces the Chicano Movement in Washington State History Project. This multi-media special section details and documents a generation of activism by Chicano students and community activists from the mid 1960s to the 1980s. It comprises the most comprehensive online resource for exploring this vital history. Links above and below lead to oral histories, several photographic collections, rare documents, important essays, and an archive of digitized newspaper articles, nearly 300 in number. These materials have been created and assembled with the cooperation of MEChA de UW. Oscar Rosales Castañeda, Michael Shulze-Oechtering Castañeda, Angelita Chavez, Edgar Flores, Chris Paredes, Cristal Barragan, Francesca Barajas, and Roberto Alvizo initiated this project and are responsible for much of this special section.

"Raza Si! Chicano Activism in Washington State 1965-present" This powerpoint slideshow introduces the special section.

History: begin with the timeline then read the research reports:

Video Oral Histories: short biographies and streaming video excerpts of interviews with Pedro Acevez, Yolanda Alaniz, Teresa Aragon, Juan Jose Bocanegra, Blanca and Frank Estella Martinez, Sydney Gallegos, Erasmo Gamboa, Guadelupe Gamboa, Rosalinda Guillen, Roberto Maestas, Ricardo Martinez, Rogelio Riojas, Jesus Rodriguez, Rebecca Saldana, Tomas Villanueva.

Photographs and Murals: including pictures from the Jesus Rodriguez collection, and Oscar Rosales Castañeda's photos of Seattle Murals.

News Coverage: We have digitized more than 300 newspaper articles that appeared between 1968 and 1979, making it possible to follow the news coverage that surrounded the Chicano Movement.

Documents: Here are digital copies of important publications and documents.

For Teachers: a lesson plan designed for middle school high school classes.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Chicanx: Home - Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Chicano/a Movement made an important impact on Washington state. It emerged in two locales: in the Yakima Valley, which was home to most of the state's Latinos, and in Seattle and especially the University of Washington, where Chicano students launched many new initiatives.

# data[].attributes.body
These documents explain how black people traversed the bloody ground from slavery to freedom between the beginning of the Civil War in 1861 and the beginning of Radical Reconstruction in 1867.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Freedmen and Southern Society Project - Welcome Page

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Freedmen and Southern Society Project is producing a documentary history of emancipation during the American Civil War and Presidential Reconstruction, 1861-1867

# data[].attributes.body
The Black Abolitionist Digital Archive is a collection of over 800 speeches by antebellum blacks and approximately 1,000 editorials from the period.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.authors[].name
University of Detroit Mercy Libraries/Instructional Design Studio

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Course Catalogs + Bulletins :: UDM Libraries / Instructional Design Studio

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The historical Undergraduate and Graduate Catalogs contain information about academic programs, course descriptions and student services offered by University of Detroit Mercy or the previous institutions known as Mercy College of Detroit and University of Detroit. The catalogs also contain general…

# data[].attributes.headline
Free People of Color in Louisiana: Revealing an Unknown Past

# data[].attributes.subject
Free People of Color in Louisiana: Revealing an Unknown Past

# data[].attributes.body
This is a collaboration among various repositories (including LSU, Tulane, the Historical Center at the Louisiana State Museum, etc.) to bring together digitally the personal and family papers of free people of color and public records that relate to the group from the repositories’ collections.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Cathedral of New Orleans/La Cathedrale; lithograph by Jules Lion; 1842; THNOC; bequest of Richard Koch (1971.32)

Free people of color--people of African descent who lived in colonial and antebellum America and were born free or escaped the bonds of slavery before it was abolished in 1865--made significant contributions to the economies and cultures of the communities in which they lived but held an anomalous status in the racial hierarchy of the day. Inhabiting this place in between made their ambiguous and incongruent status one of the most talked about "problems" of the first half of the nineteenth century, yet their story has been largely overshadowed by the harsh story of slavery.

In Louisiana, free people of color enjoyed a relatively high level of acceptance and prosperity during the antebellum period, a legacy from the state's French and Spanish antecedents, but their position and opportunities decreased as the American Civil War approached. They were most heavily concentrated in New Orleans, where they often worked as artisans and professionals. Baton Rouge, St. Landry Parish, and the Natchitoches area also had significant numbers. Some were plantation owners and slaveholders. It is for their contributions to the arts that Louisiana's free people of color have come to be best known, with many distinguishing themselves as authors. Further contributing to the diversity of free people of color, while Francophone and free blacks of French descent (" gens de couleur libres ") predominated the population, there were also many English-speaking free blacks who either moved to Louisiana from elsewhere or had Anglo-Saxon heritage.

Victor Sejour from La Presse Illustre; 1874; THNOC (2010.01763)

"Free People of Color in Louisiana: Revealing an Unknown Past" is a collaboration among LSU Libraries Special Collections, the Historical Center at the Louisiana State Museum in New Orleans, the Louisiana Division of the New Orleans Public Library, The Historic New Orleans Collection, and Tulane University's Louisiana Research Collection to bring together digitally the personal and family papers of free people of color and public records that relate to the group from the repositories' collections. The project is made possible through a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. The digitized materials will be accessible at no charge through the Louisiana Digital Library.

The digital resources created by the project will support new scholarship that explores and illuminates the complex history of free people of color and their significance in the ongoing story of race relations in the United States.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Cathedral of New Orleans/La Cathedrale; lithograph by Jules Lion; 1842; THNOC; bequest of Richard Koch (1971.32) Free people of color--people of African descent who lived in colonial and antebellum America and were born free or escaped the bonds of slavery before it was abolished in 1865--made significant contributions to the economies and cultures of the communities in which they lived but held an anomalous status in the racial hierarchy of the day.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
he Texas Slavery Project examines the spread of American slavery into the borderlands between the United States and Mexico in the decades between 1820 and 1850. American slaveholders began migrating to the Mexican province of Texas in the 1820s, where they established a society like those developing at the same time in Mississippi and Alabama. Tensions quickly rose between these Anglo settlers and the government of Mexico, which repeatedly attempted to outlaw slavery in Texas. Settlers in the region eventually rebelled from Mexico in 1836 and established the Republic of Texas. From 1836 to 1845, slaveholders from the American South poured into this new nation between the borders of the United States and Mexico.

Centered on a database of slave and slaveholder populations in Texas during the Republic era (1837-45), the Texas Slavery Project offers a window into the role slavery played in the development of Texas in the years before the region became part of the United States. Dynamic interactive maps show the changing flows of enslaved and slaveholder populations in Texas over time. The population database search engine allows users to discover the growth of slave and slaveholder populations in the region. Digitized original documents from the era provide an opportunity to hear the voices of those who lived with slavery in early Texas

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
he Texas Slavery Project examines the spread of American slavery into the borderlands between the United States and Mexico in the decades between 1820 and 1850. American slaveholders began migrating to the Mexican province of Texas in the 1820s, where they established a society like those developing at the same time in Mississippi and Alabama.

# data[].attributes.headline
United States Sanitary Commission Records (NY Public Library)

# data[].attributes.subject
United States Sanitary Commission Records (NY Public Library)

# data[].attributes.body
In 1861, the Government officially recognized and empowered the United States Sanitary Commission, a civilian organization, to conduct inquiries regarding the sanitary condition of the volunteer troops, and to advise on the means to promote their health, comfort and efficiency.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
United States Sanitary Commission records - NYPL Digital Collections

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The United States Sanitary Commission (USSC), 1861-1879, was a civilian organization authorized by the United States government to provide medical and sanitary assistance to the Union volunteer forces during the United States Civil War (1861-1865). As the USSC broadened the scope of its work during the war, Regular troops, sailors and others also benefited from its services.

# data[].attributes.headline
The Valley of the Shadow: Two Communities at War

# data[].attributes.subject
The Valley of the Shadow: Two Communities at War

# data[].attributes.body
This site documents life in Augusta County, Virginia, and Franklin County, Pennsylvania, from John Brown's raid through Reconstruction.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
united states civil war american history virginia pennsylvania military geneology archive

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Valley of the Shadow: Two Communities in the American Civil War

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Valley of the Shadow is an electronic archive of two communities in the American Civil War--Augusta County, Virginia, and Franklin County, Pennyslvania. The Valley Web site includes searchable newspapers, population census data, agricultural census data, manufacturing census data, slaveowner census data, and tax records.

# data[].attributes.body
This archive contains documents and images which chronicle events surrounding this historically significant case up to the present.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Brown v. Board of Education Online Archive

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Welcome to the University of Michigan Library’s Brown v. Board of Education Digital Archive. This archive contains documents and images which chronicle events surrounding this historically significant case up to the present.

# data[].attributes.body
This includes information about all sorts of social welfare movements, addressing issues like poverty, unemployment, mental illness, disability, old age, public health, etc.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Social Welfare History Project Preserving the history of social reform and social welfare

# data[].attributes.headline
Trails of Hope: Overland Diaries and Letters, 1846-1869

# data[].attributes.subject
Trails of Hope: Overland Diaries and Letters, 1846-1869

# data[].attributes.body
This is a collection of the original writings of 49 voyagers on the Mormon, California, Oregon, and Montana trails who wrote while traveling on the trail, discussing everything from bison, to disease, to "gold fever."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Trails of Hope: Overland Diaries and Letters, 1846-1869 is a collection of the original writings of 49 voyagers on the Mormon, California, Oregon, and Montana trails who wrote while traveling on the trail. Some diarists speak with uncommon eloquence and others with maddening brevity, while telling their stories of persistence and pain, birth and death, God and gold, dust and debris, bugs and buffalo, love and laughter, and trail tedium.

Accompanying the original diary images and their searchable transcripts are 43 contemporary maps; seven trail guides; 82 photographs, watercolors and art sketches; four essays on the Mormon and California trails, maps and trail guides; suggested readings for further discovery; and brief biographies of 45 of the 49 diarists.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Trails of Hope: Overland Diaries and Letters, 1846-1869

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Trails of Hope: Overland Diaries and Letters, 1846-1869 is a collection of the original writings of 49 voyagers on the Mormon, California, Oregon, and Montana trails who wrote while traveling on the trail.

# data[].attributes.headline
The First American West: The Ohio River Valley, 1750-1820

# data[].attributes.subject
The First American West: The Ohio River Valley, 1750-1820

# data[].attributes.body
This consists of 15,000 pages of original historical material documenting the land, peoples, exploration, and transformation of the trans-Appalachian West from the mid-eighteenth to the early nineteenth century.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
You may have an outdated bookmark or we have a broken link.

# data[].attributes.headline
The National Archives of the United States

# data[].attributes.subject
The National Archives of the United States

# data[].attributes.body
This is an excellent resource for all periods and topics.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Request military records and learn about other services for yourself or a family member.

# data[].attributes.headline
Women's Liberation Movement Print Culture

# data[].attributes.subject
Women's Liberation Movement Print Culture

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Women’s Liberation Movement Print Culture / Digital Collections / Duke Digital Repository

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Manifestos, speeches, essays, and other materials documenting various aspects of the Women’s Movement in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s.

# data[].attributes.body
A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation brings together online the records and acts of Congress from the Continental Congress and Constitutional Convention through the 43rd Congress, including the first three volumes of the Congressional Record, 1873-75.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation
The Library of Congress Search: All Titles |Browse Titles by Category:
The Library of Congress presents these documents as part of the record of the past. These primary historical documents reflect the attitudes, perspectives, and beliefs of different times. The Library of Congress does not endorse the views expressed in these collections, which may contain materials offensive to some readers.
Special Presentations:
The Making of the U.S. Constitution
Timeline: American History as Seen in Congressional Documents, 1774-1873
The Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States
Indian Land Cessions in the United States, 1784 to 1894
The Louisiana Purchase: Legislative Timeline - 1802 to 1807
Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States of America, 1861-1865
The Impeachment Trial of President Andrew Johnson, 1868
Presidential Elections and the Electoral College, 1877
Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention |Journals of Congress |Debates of Congress |Statutes and Documents
Beginning with the Continental Congress in 1774, America's national legislative bodies have kept records of their proceedings. The records of the Continental Congress, the Constitutional Convention, and the United States Congress make up a rich documentary history of the construction of the nation and the development of the federal government and its role in the national life. These documents record American history in the words of those who built our government.

Books on the law formed a major part of the holdings of the Library of Congress from its beginning. In 1832, Congress established the Law Library of Congress as a separate department of the Library. It houses one of the most complete collections of U.S. Congressional documents in their original format. In order to make these records more easily accessible to students, scholars, and interested citizens, A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation brings together online the records and acts of Congress from the Continental Congress and Constitutional Convention through the 43rd Congress, including the first three volumes of the Congressional Record, 1873-75.
American Memory |Search All Collections |Collection Finder |Learning Page

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
law library law law law congress contintental congress congressional documents house journal senate journal maclay senate executive journal annals of congress register of debates congressional globe serial set statutes at large house senate bills resolutions electoral college indian land cessions journals of confederate congress impeachment trial andrew johnson elliot's debates farrand's record constitution maps broadsides

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774-1873

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A Century of Lawmaking For a New Nation provides access to U.S. congressional documents and debates from 1774-1873. The Law Library of Congress houses one of the most complete collections of U.S. Congressional documents in their original format.

# data[].attributes.body
A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation brings together online the records and acts of Congress from the Continental Congress and Constitutional Convention through the 43rd Congress, including the first three volumes of the Congressional Record, 1873-75.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation
The Library of Congress Search: All Titles |Browse Titles by Category:
The Library of Congress presents these documents as part of the record of the past. These primary historical documents reflect the attitudes, perspectives, and beliefs of different times. The Library of Congress does not endorse the views expressed in these collections, which may contain materials offensive to some readers.
Special Presentations:
The Making of the U.S. Constitution
Timeline: American History as Seen in Congressional Documents, 1774-1873
The Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States
Indian Land Cessions in the United States, 1784 to 1894
The Louisiana Purchase: Legislative Timeline - 1802 to 1807
Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States of America, 1861-1865
The Impeachment Trial of President Andrew Johnson, 1868
Presidential Elections and the Electoral College, 1877
Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention |Journals of Congress |Debates of Congress |Statutes and Documents
Beginning with the Continental Congress in 1774, America's national legislative bodies have kept records of their proceedings. The records of the Continental Congress, the Constitutional Convention, and the United States Congress make up a rich documentary history of the construction of the nation and the development of the federal government and its role in the national life. These documents record American history in the words of those who built our government.

Books on the law formed a major part of the holdings of the Library of Congress from its beginning. In 1832, Congress established the Law Library of Congress as a separate department of the Library. It houses one of the most complete collections of U.S. Congressional documents in their original format. In order to make these records more easily accessible to students, scholars, and interested citizens, A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation brings together online the records and acts of Congress from the Continental Congress and Constitutional Convention through the 43rd Congress, including the first three volumes of the Congressional Record, 1873-75.
American Memory |Search All Collections |Collection Finder |Learning Page

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
law library law law law congress contintental congress congressional documents house journal senate journal maclay senate executive journal annals of congress register of debates congressional globe serial set statutes at large house senate bills resolutions electoral college indian land cessions journals of confederate congress impeachment trial andrew johnson elliot's debates farrand's record constitution maps broadsides

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774-1873

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A Century of Lawmaking For a New Nation provides access to U.S. congressional documents and debates from 1774-1873. The Law Library of Congress houses one of the most complete collections of U.S. Congressional documents in their original format.

# data[].attributes.body
A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation brings together online the records and acts of Congress from the Continental Congress and Constitutional Convention through the 43rd Congress, including the first three volumes of the Congressional Record, 1873-75.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation
The Library of Congress Search: All Titles |Browse Titles by Category:
The Library of Congress presents these documents as part of the record of the past. These primary historical documents reflect the attitudes, perspectives, and beliefs of different times. The Library of Congress does not endorse the views expressed in these collections, which may contain materials offensive to some readers.
Special Presentations:
The Making of the U.S. Constitution
Timeline: American History as Seen in Congressional Documents, 1774-1873
The Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States
Indian Land Cessions in the United States, 1784 to 1894
The Louisiana Purchase: Legislative Timeline - 1802 to 1807
Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States of America, 1861-1865
The Impeachment Trial of President Andrew Johnson, 1868
Presidential Elections and the Electoral College, 1877
Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention |Journals of Congress |Debates of Congress |Statutes and Documents
Beginning with the Continental Congress in 1774, America's national legislative bodies have kept records of their proceedings. The records of the Continental Congress, the Constitutional Convention, and the United States Congress make up a rich documentary history of the construction of the nation and the development of the federal government and its role in the national life. These documents record American history in the words of those who built our government.

Books on the law formed a major part of the holdings of the Library of Congress from its beginning. In 1832, Congress established the Law Library of Congress as a separate department of the Library. It houses one of the most complete collections of U.S. Congressional documents in their original format. In order to make these records more easily accessible to students, scholars, and interested citizens, A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation brings together online the records and acts of Congress from the Continental Congress and Constitutional Convention through the 43rd Congress, including the first three volumes of the Congressional Record, 1873-75.
American Memory |Search All Collections |Collection Finder |Learning Page

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
law library law law law congress contintental congress congressional documents house journal senate journal maclay senate executive journal annals of congress register of debates congressional globe serial set statutes at large house senate bills resolutions electoral college indian land cessions journals of confederate congress impeachment trial andrew johnson elliot's debates farrand's record constitution maps broadsides

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774-1873

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A Century of Lawmaking For a New Nation provides access to U.S. congressional documents and debates from 1774-1873. The Law Library of Congress houses one of the most complete collections of U.S. Congressional documents in their original format.

# data[].attributes.body
This database contains leaflets and newspapers that were distributed on the University of Washington campus during the decades of the 1960s and 1970s. They reflect the social environment and political activities of the youth movement in Seattle during that period.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
In 1960 a small group of young people formed Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) and adopted The Port Huron Statement, written by student leader Tom Hayden. The manifesto urged participatory democracy, or the idea that all Americans, not just a small elite, should decide major economic, political, and social issues that shaped the nation. It also criticized American society for its focus on career advancement, material possessions, military strength, and racism. By 1968 some 100,000 young people around the nation had joined SDS.

Student protesters denounced corporate bureaucracy and campus administrators. Universities and colleges, they believed, were dictatorial and exercised too much control over students. Students held rallies and sit-ins to protest restrictions of their rights. In 1964 a coalition of student groups at the University of California, Berkeley, claimed the right to conduct political activities on campus; the coalition became known as the Free Speech Movement. Political activism and protests spread to other campuses in the 1960s.

The youth movement's demonstrations soon merged with the protests of students who opposed the Vietnam War. By the spring of 1968, student protests had reached hundreds of campuses. At the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, antiwar demonstrators clashed with the police, and the images of police beating students shocked television audiences. Violence peaked at an antiwar protest at Ohio's Kent State University in May 1970, when National Guard troops gunned down four student protesters.

The political activities of the youth movement had enduring effects. Colleges became less authoritarian, ending dress codes and curfews and recruiting more minority students. Students also contributed mightily to the movement against the war in Vietnam. Both the counterculture and student activism, finally, fueled a backlash that blossomed in the 1970s and 1980s. The civil rights movement, the women's movement, the youth movement, and the environmental movement changed people's lives. They also created a climate of rebellion, confrontation, and upheaval. ("United States (History)," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2004 http://encarta.msn.com )

The chaotic events of the 60's, including war and social change, seemed destined to continue in the 70's. Major trends included a growing disillusionment of government, advances in civil rights, increased influence of the women's movement, a heightened concern for the environment, and increased space exploration. Many of the "radical" ideas of the 60's gained wider acceptance in the new decade, and were mainstreamed into American life and culture. Amid war, social realignment and presidential impeachment proceedings, American culture flourished. Indeed, the events of the times were reflected in and became the inspiration for much of the music, literature, entertainment, and even fashion of the decade. (Kingwood College Library. American Cultural History 1970-1979 http://kclibrary.nhmccd.edu/decade70.html)

This database contains leaflets and newspapers that were distributed on the University of Washington campus during the decades of the 1960s and 1970s. They reflect the social environment and political activities of the youth movement in Seattle during that period.

About the Database

Selection, research and descriptive metadata for the Peoples Protest Database were completed by Kristin Kinsey and Abel Diaz in 2003-4. The text are selections from Vietnam War era ephemera collection of printed ephemera including pamphlets, posters, manifestos, newsletters, booklets, and open letters created by the various Seattle-area and University of Washington manifestations of American civil rights and protest movements of the late 1960's and 1970's. The material centers mainly around the Vietnam War, but includes much about feminism, racism, socialism, labor unions and the rights of farm workers, gay rights, environmental and economic boycotts of large corporations and agro-industry, prisoners' rights, and the Iranian revolution of 1979. Documents include the publications of groups such as the Seattle Liberation Front, the UW chapter of Students for a Democratic Society, the Student Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, WashPIRG, Young Socialist Alliance, UW Staff Rights Organizing Committee, Seattle Gay Liberation Front, Students Against Violent Expression, United Workers Union, and the Northwest Nihilist League. The majority of the materials dates from 1970-1973. The database also includes a selection from the Seattle underground newspaper The Helix edited by Paul Dorpat and illustrated in part by Walt Crowley.

The text was scanned in grayscale and color using a Microtek Scanmaker 9600L and saved in .jpg format. Some manipulation of the images was done to present the clearest possible digital image. The scanned images were then linked with descriptive data using CONTENTdm software. The original collections reside in the UW Libraries Special Collections Division as the Vietnam War Era Ephemera Collection.

Follow Us:

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This database contains leaflets, posters and newspapers that were distributed on the University of Washington campus during the decades of the 1960s and 1970s. They reflect the social environment and political activities of the youth movement in Seattle during that period.

# data[].attributes.body
Housed at the University of Washington.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
This archive of primary documents from World War One has been assembled by volunteers of the World War I Military History List (WWI-L). I nternational in focus, the archive intends to present in one location primary documents concerning the Great War.

T his site is linked from

EuroDocs: Online Sources for European History,

from AmDocs: Documents for the Study of American History,

and from the Documents Room of Carrie: A Full-Text Electronic Library

F or citing documents from this archive, here is an example of

MLA documentation style for citing sources from the World Wide Web.

Conventions and Treaties and Official Papers

Documents by Year:

Pre-1914 - 1914 - 1915 - 1916 - 1917 - 1918 - Post-1918

WWI Resource Center & Image Archive

(See also "Visual Arts" in the IX. Links to Other WWI Sites (below)

The World War I Document Archive has resided on the server of the Brigham Young University Library since February 1996.
To the wiki statistics found here should be added approximately 15 million pre-wiki website visits (1996-2006).

Find out more about this global community of WWI historians, students & enthusiasts.

This site uses the GreatWarDocsBot for site maintenance.

Comments, corrections and suggestions are welcome:

Richard Hacken (hacken @ byu.edu)

Thanks for artistic design to:

Alan Albright and Micheal Shackelford

Please read our Disclaimer and Copyright Notice

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This archive of primary documents from World War One has been assembled by volunteers of the World War I Military History List (WWI-L). I nternational in focus, the archive intends to present in one location primary documents concerning the Great War.

# data[].attributes.headline
Historical Publications of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights

# data[].attributes.subject
Historical Publications of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights

# data[].attributes.headline
LibGuide to Digital Collections (Christopher Newport University)

# data[].attributes.subject
LibGuide to Digital Collections (Christopher Newport University)

# data[].attributes.body
This is probably the most comprehensive research guide that exists, covering all time periods, countries, continents, and regions.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Skip to Main Content

It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results.

Digital Collections

These resources provide access to collections of libraries around the world that would otherwise not be available for use or would require extensive travel to access.

Images and other materials may be in the public domain or under copyright.

Check the terms of use/image rights/copyright for details.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
LibGuides: Primary Sources Home: Digital Collections

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Skip to Main Content It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results.

# data[].attributes.body
Since the days of Benjamin Franklin (its founder), the collection has grown to more than half a million rare books, manuscripts, pamphlets, broadsides, prints, and photographs, making the Library Company one of the nation’s largest collections of printed and graphic materials relating to early American history.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Digital Collections | Library Company of Philadelphia Digital Collections

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
© Copyright 2020 - The Library Company of Philadelphia, 1314 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107. TEL (215) 546-3181 FAX (215) 546-5167 For inquiries, please contact our IT Department

# data[].attributes.body
Since the days of Benjamin Franklin (its founder), the collection has grown to more than half a million rare books, manuscripts, pamphlets, broadsides, prints, and photographs, making the Library Company one of the nation’s largest collections of printed and graphic materials relating to early American history.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Digital Collections | Library Company of Philadelphia Digital Collections

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
© Copyright 2020 - The Library Company of Philadelphia, 1314 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107. TEL (215) 546-3181 FAX (215) 546-5167 For inquiries, please contact our IT Department

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Cornell University Library Making of America Collection is comprised of primary sources in American social history from the antebellum period through reconstruction.

# data[].attributes.body
Making of America (MoA) is a digital library of primary sources in American social history from the antebellum period through Reconstruction. The collection is particularly strong in the subject areas of education, psychology, American history, sociology, religion, and science and technology.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
New Additions: We have recently added a new feature, subject browsing. 99 more volumes focusing on New York City were added to MoA in June 2007. Digital conversion of the volumes was made possible through a gift from UM alumnus Lawrence Portnoy.

# data[].attributes.body
Making of America (MoA) is a digital library of primary sources in American social history from the antebellum period through Reconstruction. The collection is particularly strong in the subject areas of education, psychology, American history, sociology, religion, and science and technology.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
New Additions: We have recently added a new feature, subject browsing. 99 more volumes focusing on New York City were added to MoA in June 2007. Digital conversion of the volumes was made possible through a gift from UM alumnus Lawrence Portnoy.

# data[].attributes.body
Contains over 30,000 pieces of American popular music from all periods.

# data[].attributes.headline
Feeding America: The Historic American Cookbook Project

# data[].attributes.subject
Feeding America: The Historic American Cookbook Project

# data[].attributes.body
The Feeding America project has created an online collection of some of the most important and influential American cookbooks from the late 18th to early 20th century.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Feeding America is an online collection of some of the most important and influential American cookbooks from the late 18th to early 20th century. The digital archive includes 76 cookbooks from the MSU Libraries' collection as well as searchable full-text transcriptions.

The aim of the online collection is to highlight an important part of America's cultural heritage for teachers, students, researchers investigating American social history, professional chefs, and lifelong learners of all ages.

View all 76 cookbooks

Or start with these randomly selected cookbooks from the collection.

About the Collection

In addition to cookbooks, the original Feeding America site features a glossary of cookery terms and images of antique cooking implements from the collections of the MSU Museum.

Learn more about the project:

Feeding America was made possible with funds from a 2001 IMLS National Leadership Grant. The project began September 1, 2001 and was completed on August 31, 2003.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Feeding America is an online collection of some of the most important and influential American cookbooks from the late 18th to early 20th century. The digital archive includes 76 cookbooks from the MSU Libraries' collection as well as searchable full-text transcriptions.

# data[].attributes.body
Their collection is strongest in these fields: history of the American West, medicine and technology, the American Civil War, Latin American history, and British history.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Collections | Japanese American National Museum

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The over 150,000 objects that comprise the JANM permanent collection chronicle the Japanese American experience in its entirety from early immigration to the present. Artifacts related to early immigration to the United States at the turn of the 20th century, early life in Japanese American communit…