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p+q=1

and

p2+2pq+q2=1

where p stands for the dominant allele and q stands for the recessive allele.

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Genetic equilibrium describes the condition of an allele or genotype in a gene pool (such as a population) where the frequency does not change from generation to generation. Genetic equilibrium describes a theoretical state that is the basis for determining whether and in what ways populations may deviate from it.

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Nonrandom mating occurs when the probability that two individuals in a population will mate is not the same for all possible pairs of individuals. ... Nonrandom matingcan take two forms: Inbreeding - individuals are more likely to mate with close relatives (e.g. their neighbors) than with distant relatives.

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In biology, a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements.

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In population genetics, gene flow (also known asgene migration or allele flow) is the transfer ofgenetic variation from one population to another

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In population genetics, the founder effect is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population.

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A population bottleneck or genetic bottleneck is a sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events or human activities.

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variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce.

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Allele frequency, or gene frequency, is the relativefrequency of an allele (variant of a gene) at a particular locus in a population, expressed as a fraction or percentage

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Peripatric speciation is a mode of speciation in which a new species is formed from an isolated peripheral population.

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Parapatric speciation is extremely rare. It occurs when populations are separated not by a geographical barrier, such as a body of water, but by an extreme change in habitat.

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(of animals or plants, especially of related species or populations) occurring in separate non-overlapping geographical areas.

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In biology, two related species or populations are considered sympatric when they exist in the same geographic area and thus frequently encounter one another.

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make or become more diverse or varied.

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make or become unlikely to give way or overturn.

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relating to or indicating the direction in which someone or something is situated, moving, or developing.

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Favorable adaptations accumulate over many generations while unfavourable ones disappear.
The results of these changes is a new species.

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The best suited organisms survive and produce more offspring than less adapted organisms

“Survival of the Fittest”

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Inherited characteristics that improve on an organism’s  chances of survival and reproduction.

Camouflage

Warning colouration

Mimicry

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Differing Characteristics within a species creates an unequal ability to survive and reproduce.

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Offspring compete with one another and other species for resources - food and space

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Many offsprings but only those who are best suited to the environment survive And reproduce.

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He published the Principle of Population where he made the observations that the human race would be likely to overproduce if the population size was not kept under control.

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A French naturalist who theorized that animals acquired traits to adapt to their environment, and pass those traits on to their children.

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a Scottish geologist who popularized the revolutionary work of James Hutton. Helped to propose that the Earth was formed by slow geological processes.

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a Scottish geologist and physician who originated the fundamental principles of geology. He and Charles Lyell each propose that the Earth was formed by slow geological processes.

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a English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. Travelled around the world on the HMS Beagle, including the Galápagos Islands. Published “On the Origin of the Species” in 1859.

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Structures within an organism which have no function now, but worked on an ancestor.

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Same function but different internal structure between unrelated organisms.

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Parts of different organisms have similar structures and similar embryological development, but have different functions.

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Fossils are preserved remains, impressions or traces of any once living thing.

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How living organisms developed and diversified from earlier forms