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Addresses the rights of citizens. "equal protection of the laws"
No discrimination (racial or gender)

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Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

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Enforces the right to a jury trial in certain civil cases and inhibits courts from overturning a jury's findings of fact.

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Rights related to criminal prosecutions.

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Protects individuals from being compelled to be witnesses against themselves in criminal cases. Cannot be tried twice, not deprived of life, liberty, and property without due process of law. Property cannot be taken for public use without compensation.

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Prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures.

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The right to bear arms.

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Supreme Court case dealing with freedom of speech and freedom of assembly.

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Likely to ruin someone's reputation by saying something bad or untrue about them.

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Libel is a written or published defamatory statement, slander is defamation that is spoken by the defendant.

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Speech directed at the overthrow of the government.

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When the U.S. made Japanese-Americans move into camps, Korematsu refused.

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Prevents the government from establishing a religion. Gives freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and the right to peacefully assemble.

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Racial segregation, especially in public schools, that happens by fact rather than by law.

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The Supreme Court ruled that Pennsylvania's Nonpublic Elementary and Secondary Education Act was unconstitutional - violating the Establishment Clause.

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Judicial suppression of material that would be published or broadcast, on the grounds that it is false or harmful.

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Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.

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The normal standard of review that courts apply when considering constitutional questions.

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The Supreme Court ruled that states are required under the Sixth Amendment to provide an attorney to defendants in criminal cases who are unable to afford their own attorneys.

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The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality.

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Unsuccessfully sued for the freedom of himself, his wife, and two daughters.

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Decision issued by the Supreme Court on the issue of the constitutionality of laws that criminalized or restricted access to abortions.

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Outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

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Jim Crow laws enforced racial segregation.

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Favors those who who suffer from discrimination, especially in relation to jobs and education.

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Assesses a person's ability to read and write.

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The Supreme Court decided that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment may not be used in state law criminal prosecutions in state courts or federal criminal law prosecutions in federal courts.

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A state must govern impartially. No state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction "the equal protection of the laws".

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Miranda was arrested and interrogated without being informed of his Fifth Amendment rights.

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Supreme Court case in which the Court declared segregation of public schools unconstitutional.

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A Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose and official school prayer and encourage its recitation in public schools.

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A Constitutional Doctrine through which the first 10 amendments are made applicable to the states through the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

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Used to describe actions that purposefully and discernibly convey a particular message or statement to those viewing it.

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Allan Bakke (a white man) was not allowed into a medical school and claimed that he was being racially discriminated.

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Reasons for making a search or pressing charges

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Legal separation of groups in society.

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A class of individuals that have been historically subject to discrimination.

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The communication of ideas through spoken or written words or through conduct limited in form to that necessary to convey the idea.

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The prosecution of a person twice for the same offense.

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Fair treatment through the normal judicial system.

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Prohibits establishment of religion by Congress in the First Amendment.

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A law that prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial.