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Rutter et al studied 111 Romanian orphans adopted before they were 2. they found that the faster they were adopted the better chance they had of having a normal childhood and a better IQ. They had a control group of English apdoptees which they used to make comparisons to. They found children adopted before 6 months caught up to the control group by age 6.

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This is when an infant mirrors an adult's expressions whilst interacting. Isabella et al's study showed that high synchronised behaviour was correlated with a greater quality of attachment. Therefore it is important for a parent to respond to their baby with the same behaviour to gain a desired attachment.

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According to Bowlby, the Internal Working Model is a mental representation of our relationship with our primary caregiver that becomes the template for all other relationships in life.

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According to research it is more likely for the primary attachment to be made with the mother than the father, this is due to how much time the father spends interacting with the child and how much they're involved in their day to day care.
This is due to many factors for example; the father is historically and culturally known to be the breadwinners in the family and therefore spend more time at work. This is also due to social policies for example men didn't used to be allowed maternity leave and therefore weren't there to form a primary caregiver attachment.
In order to be a primary caregiver to the child and have a bigger role the father must be directly involved in the child's daily care, be accessible and spend a decent amount of time interacting with the child.

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This theory suggests that if a child doesn't form and attachment to their mother (most likely primary caregiver) during the critical period (30 months) then there attachment is disrupted and they will find it difficult to form attachments in the future. I would simply suggest that you give your child appropriate care and respond to their needs effectively. Try not to be away from your child for long periods of time or be inconsistent with your behaviour towards your child.

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The strange situation is a procedure used to identify types of attachment as identified Mary Ainsworth: type a insecure avoidant, type b secure, type c insecure resistant.

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Monotropy is the concept that infants have an innate and inborn drive to firstly attach to a single caregiver or a specific attachment figure. This concept was proposed by Bowlby and is a huge part of the attachment theory. Bowlby proposed that if this monotropic bond did not occur in the infants critical period then negative consequences could occur.

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Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonerberg found that variation within a culture for attachment types was greater than attachment type differences between cultures. If you are thinking of moving abroad and are worried about the effect of how the country's culture will effect your relationship (attachment) with your child, you generally don't need to worry. Children may adopt the attachment type of thi
eir new home or be affected by it, but generally as they stay within the behaviour categories, this is still seen as normal. The study may lack internal validity as it was conducted in a lab environment, but this means there was greater control over the observations involved in the study (the strange situation).

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Konrad Lorenz divided a clutch of eggs in to two groups - one half was left to hatch with the mother and the other half were left to hatch in an incubator with Lorenz being the first thing they saw after birth. The first half followed their mother everywhere whereas the other group followed Lorenz everywhere. It is likely that the first person your child comes in to contact with/who they spend the most time with will be who they form a primary attachment to.

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Reciprocity is essentially a description of how 2 people react to one anther, usually with mutual benefit. For example a mother with a child. They both smile, laugh and play with each other and they both benefit from the interaction. Reciprocity starts from birth when a baby shows some signs of loneliness, and sends out signals which the mother usually picks up on and sees to the baby's needs. This comes mostly naturally so you wouldn't have to do anything out of the ordinary to "increase the amount of reciprocity" apart from paying attention to the baby and being nice to it.

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This study suggests that babies will attach more to those who comfort them rather than to those who feed them. For example, the study took 16 monkeys and gave them two mothers, one was a wired mother that provided milk but not comfort, the other was a cloth mother that provided comfort and not milk. The result was that the monkey would spend most of their time on the cloth mother and would run to her when scared or wanted comfort, and would only go to the wired mother briefly for milk.

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Shaffer and Emerson: The 4 Stages of Attachment

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Shaffer and Emerson: The 4 Stages of Attachment

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60 babies at monthly intervals for the first 18 months of life. The children were all studied in their own home, and a regular pattern was identified in the development of attachment.
They visited the babies on a monthly basis. From this they discovered that babies form attachments in a specific sequence.

First comes the asocial stage which is seen in infants aged 0-6 weeks old. social and non social stimuli produce the same kinds of reactions.

Indiscriminate attachments develop from 6 weeks to 7 months. At this stage infants will enjoy anybody's company equally but will become upset when an individual doesn't interact or ignores them. From 3 months infants smile more at familiar faces and can be easily comfortable by a regular caregiver.

Special preference for a single attachment figure come between 7-9 months. The baby looks to particular people for security, comfort, and protection.  It shows fear of strangers and unhappiness when separated from their main attachment figure

Multiple Attachment can be formed from 10 months onward.

The baby becomes increasingly independent and forms several attachments. By 18 months the majority of infants have formed multiple attachments.