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Background: The murder of Kitty Genovese- psychologists wanted to know how she was killed with 38 witnesses. Theries such as diffusion of responsibility and the cost-reward arousal model were...

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Suggest why the study by Piliavin et al. did not provide evidence for diffusion of responsibility.

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Give one disadvantage of a field experiment for this investigation.

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Ethical Considerations:
- People observing the collapse felt some anxiety (psychological harm) and distress as they couldn't leave the area like if they were on the street as they were trapped in the carriage.
Validity:
- The ecological validity is very good as it is the participant's natural environment of being on their train, and the scene (collapse) is very plausible.

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Latane and Darley (1968) proposed that the key issue in deciding whether we help or not is whether we see it as our personal responsibility to do so. One reason why groups of people do not help individuals in need is that is shared equally among the group so that each person has only a small portion of responsibility. They call this idea 'diffusion of responsibility'.

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The researchers explained the findings in terms of arousal and the costs and rewards of alternative responses. In this case, the closer one is to the emergency and the longer it continues, the more arousal increases. Arousal is also greatest when the bystander can empathise with the victim, which helped explain the reasons behind the different reactions to the different situations (drunk, ill, black or white).

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This study is concerned with bystander behaviour. The case of the Kitty Genovese murder, where for more than half an hour 38 respectable, law-abiding citizens in Queens watched a killer stalk and stab a woman, and not one person telephoned the police or intervened during the assault; one witness called after the woman was dead.

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Piliavin et al aimed to study the factors affecting whether people would help a collapsed man on the New York underground.