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Browning, E., Gibb, R., Glover-Kapfer, P., & Jones, K. E. (2017). Passive acoustic monitoring in ecology and conservation. WWF Conservation Technology Series 1(2), 3-64. Retrieved from: https://www.wwf.org.uk/conservationtechnology/documents/Acousticmonitoring-WWF-guidelines.pdf

Burivalova, Z., Towsey, M., Boucher, T., Truskinger, A., Apelis, C., Roe, P., & Game, E. T. (2018). Using soundscapes to detect variable degrees of human influence on tropical forests in Papua New Guinea. Conservation Biology, 32(1), 205-215. doi:
10.1111/cobi.12968

Cool Green Science. (2015, September 14). Bioacoustics for conservation in Papua New Guinea [Video file]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=9&v=IC0DTD1Fpts

Dumyahn, J. L., & Pijanowski, B. C. (2011). Soundscape conservation. Landscape Ecology, 26(9), 1327-1344. doi:
10.1007/s10980-011-9635-x

Farina, A., James, P., Bobryk, C., Pieretti, N., Lattanzi, E., & McWilliam, J. (2014). Low cost (audio) recording (LCR) for advancing soundscape ecology towards the conservation of sonic complexity and biodiversity in natural and urban landscapes. Urban Ecosystems, 17(4), 923-944. doi:
10.1007/s11252-014-0365-0

"Fragments of extinction." (2015). Retrieved from: http://www.fragmentsofextinction.org/fragments-of-extinction/

"Kauai Oo." (2019). Retrieved from: https://ebird.org/media/catalog?taxonCode=kauoo&sort=rating_rank_desc&mediaType=a&regionCode=

LivingShadow (Photographer). (2010).  Zoom H4n audio recording levels [digital file]. Retrieved from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zoom_H4n_audio_recording_levels.jpg. CC BY-SA 3.0 .

Lynch, E., Angeloni, L., Fristup, K., Joyce, D., Wittenmeyer, G. (2013). The use of on-animal acoustical recording devices for studying animal behavior. Ecology and Evolution 3(7), 2030-2037. doi: 10.1002/ece3.608

"Mapping ocean noise: A citizen science project." (n.d.). Retrieved from: http://www.silverleafgeospatial.com/mapping-ocean-noise-a-citizen-science-project.html

"NatureSoundmap." (2019). Retrieved from: http://www.naturesoundmap.com/

Suarez, J. (2018, August 12). Vocalization of the black-headed night monkey (Aotus nigriceps [Video file]. Retrieved from: https://www.tropicalconservationfund.com/research.html

Sugai, L. S. M., & Llusia, D. (2019). Bioacoustic time capsules: Using acoustic monitoring to document biodiversity. Ecological Indicators, 99, 149

Zwart, M. C., Baker, A., McGowan, P. J. K., & Whittingham, M. J. (2014). The use of automated bioacoustic recorders to replace human wildlife surveys: An example using nightjars. PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102770

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Audio recorders are projected to have an increase in the areas of citizen science projects and nation-wide census schemes that are contributed by non-professionals, such as the North American Breeding Bird Survey (Farina et al., 2014). Their often low cost means that they are also projected to increase in use in developing countries, and to potentially introduce or further conservation programs that are limited or nonexistent within these areas (Farina et al., 2014).

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Mapping Ocean Noise: A Citizen Science Project

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One of the new projects on the horizon for us is a citizen science initiative that will send sailors all over the globe recording audio data in the deep ocean. Each year, thousands of intrepid...

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Data collected through the aid of audio recorders can create large datasets, which is daunting to process without the aid of specific software (Lynch, Angeloni, Fristup, Joyce, & Wittenmeyer, 2013). Additionally, collecting acoustic data often leads to additional recording sessions being needed, in order to confirm identification of a species (Lynch et al., 2013).

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One of the major strengths of audio recorders is that they are known to be more accurate than human surveyors in animal detection and movement patterns (Zwart, Baker, McGowan, & Whittingham, 2014). Additionally, an unknown strength of audio recorders  is that they can fight deforestation and environmental degradation through personal inspiration and captivation (Dumyahn & Pjianowski, 2011). David Monacchi's Fragments of Extinction (2015) is an ecological sound art project that aims to capture disappearing soundscapes of equatorial forests while engaging listeners on an emotional level through the immersive experience of sound (Dumyahn & Pjianowski, 2011).

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An ENVIRONMENTAL SOUND-ART PROJECT, which explores the eco-acoustic complexity of the remaining intact equatorial forests.

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Audio recorders play a significant role in the halting of tropical forest degradation through the capture of a rainforest's soundscape - which is a collection of all of the sounds in a certain space over a period of time (Burivalova, Towsey, Boucher, & Truskinger, 2018). A study conducted by Burivalvoa et al., (2018), discovered that undisturbed tropical forests in Papua New Guinea reported a higher saturation of vocalizing species, as compared to areas of forest that were impacted by the presence of local communities (even if the forests had only been partially fragmented by human presence).

Knowing the impacts that we have on the saturation levels of soundscapes can not only lead us to better understand our impact upon biodiversity within tropical forests, but also to the effectiveness of land conservation strategies (Burivalvoa, et al., 2018), and the management of human-caused sounds (Farina, James, Bobryk, Pieretti, Lattanzi, & McWilliam, 2014).

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Bioacoustics for Conservation in Papua New Guinea

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Bioacoustics also aids in the "conservation" of extinct species. Take for example, the Kauai Oo, a species of bird endemic to the island of Kauai on the Hawaii archipelago that was last reported in 1987 ("Kauai Oo," 2019). Though now extinct, its song lives on in eBird's bioacoustic archives so that future generations can still hear it sing.

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Bioacoustic data has often been used to aid in species conservation efforts through sound detection of cryptic species, revealing changes in species abundance, and detecting species distribution efforts (Sugai & Llusia, 2019).

A perfect example of the use of bioacoustics in conservation research is with the Tropical Conservation Fund's efforts to document and conserve the elusive night monkey, the only nocturnal primate in the world. Check out Jessica Suarez's (2018) video below to learn more about how bioacoustics is helping scientists learn more about this elusive monkey.

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Vocalization of the Black-headed Night Monkey (Aotus nigriceps)

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Please visit the Tropical Conservation Fund -  https://www.tropicalconservationfund.com/research.html to learn more about our research!

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With large numbers of species using sound on a daily basis, audio recorders have become the primary tool to document the presence of species within a given area (Sugai & Llusia, 2019).

NatureSoundmap (2019) allows you to explore the globe through the sounds of nature - all captured with the aid of audio recorders. Access the link below to see what you can discover about nature through sound.

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Using either a microphone (for terrestrial environments) or a hydrophone (for underwater environments), audio recorders capture incoming sound waves, which are then converted into an electric signal (Browning et al., 2017). This signal is recorded within the device, until the collected bioacoustic data is processed and analyzed using specific software designed for bioacoustic analysis (Browning et al., 2017).

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Audio recorders are a type of technology that are often employed in bioacoustic monitoring, which is the practice of surveying and monitoring wildlife (Browning, Gibb, Glover-Kapfer, & Jones, 2017).

Figure 1. (LivingShadow, 2010)