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Large-scale farmers, especially in the immense grain-producing areas of the Mississippi Valley, were now both specialists and business people. As cogs in the vast industrial machine, these farmers were intimately tied to banking, railroading, and manufacturing. They had to buy expensive machinery in order to plant and harvest their crops. A powerful steam engine could drag behind it simultaneously the plow, seeder, and harrow. The speed of harvesting wheat was dramatically increased in the 1870s by the invention of the twine binder and then in the 1880s by the “combine”—the combined reaper-thresher, which was drawn by twenty to forty horses and which both reaped and bagged the grain. Widespread use of such costly equipment naturally called for first-class management. But the farmers, often unskilled as businesspeople, were inclined to blame the banks and railroads or the volatility of the global marketplace, rather than their own shortcomings, for their losses.

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German immigrants included a considerably larger number of skilled craftsmen as compared to Irish immigrants.

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They filled many low-wage unskilled jobs in America.

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Economic expansion fueled a demand for labor, which was met, in part, by increased immigration from abroad.

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As you read this chapter, can you combine the information from the primary source excerpts, tables, figures, maps, and text to create a persuasive understanding of westward migration and demographic changes in the United States from 1790 to 1860?

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As you read this chapter, can you combine the information from the primary source excerpts, tables, figures, maps, and text to create a persuasive understanding of westward migration and demographic changes in the United States from 1790 to 1860?

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Improvements in transportation lowered costs and linked farmers to markets.

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Improved water transportation most dramatically increased the speed and lowered the expense of commerce.

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People traveled in groups and cooperated with each other to clear land, build houses and barns, and establish communities.

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Improvements in transportation and communication made possible the rise of the West as a powerful, self-conscious region of the new nation.

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In this chapter, the authors maintain that "clearly the early factory system did not shower its benefits evenly on all." What relevant historical evidence can you find in this chapter of a previous ones that supports, modifies or refuses this assertion.

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In this chapter, the authors maintain that "clearly the early factory system did not shower its benefits evenly on all." What relevant historical evidence can you find in this chapter of a previous ones that supports, modifies or refuses this assertion.

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What caused the market and transportation revolutions of the 19th-century? How many different reasons for the development of these changes can you identify?

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What caused the market and transportation revolutions of the 19th-century? How many different reasons for the development of these changes can you identify?

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Increased gap between poor and rich

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Increase in strikes

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Little pay

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Brutal and dangerous work conditions

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Long work hours

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Technological advancements

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Territorial expanision

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Closer nuclear family units

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Cheaply made goods led to lower prices

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More goods provided

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More Competition

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Single women could work in factories
Less homemade goods were necessary due to factories

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The increase in inventions led to more factories opening up, which meant more people and more jobs.

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The inventions helped plant more crops and increase profit

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The Reaper revolutionized the farming technology. It resulted in more harvest crops more than any other machine. It had the greatest technological impact

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What effects did the movement from a subsistence to a market economy have on American Society, including farmers, laborers, and women? What were the advantages and disadvantages of the change?

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What effects did the movement from a subsistence to a market economy have on American Society, including farmers, laborers, and women? What were the advantages and disadvantages of the change?

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Turned cotton farming from long and expensive to quick and profitable

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Innovation in farming Technology

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Increased crop yields
Decreased number of field hands needed
Lowered Costs

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Innovation of farming Technology

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Innovation of Naval Transport technology

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Allowed upstream navigation to be quick and easy

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Reaper

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Cotten Gin

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Steamboat

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Turnpikes covered wagons and helped the westward movement

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A technique invented by John Macadam that resulted in smooth and less muddy roads

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Macadam

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The steamboat was a lot faster, going 150 miles in 32 hours.

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Lancaster Turnpike

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Steamboat

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There were significant disadvantages to this type of transportation. The waterborne commerence was dangerous, slow and uncertain. The stagecoaches and wagons were likely to crash due to the road conditions the horses traveled on.

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Stagecoaches and Wagons

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Waterborne Commerence

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These conditions led to diseases, depression, and short life expectancy

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The pioneers lived in quickly built shacks and lacked required nutrients

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It was protrays it with the image of muscular, heros using axes to create civilization out of the western woods

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The frontier was described to be an unsettled area to be shaped by pioneers.

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Which technological innocation was most important for early 19th century economic development?

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Which technological innocation was most important for early 19th century economic development?

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Why was transporation - particularly the canals and the railroads so important in the early stages of industrualization?

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Why was transporation - particularly the canals and the railroads so important in the early stages of industrualization?

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How does the image of the frontier compare with the reality of pioneer life as described in the chapter?

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How does the image of the frontier compare with the reality of pioneer life as described in the chapter?