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Ingestion  Esophagus The Stomach The Small Intestine and The Pancreas The Liver The Large Intestine and Excretion

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The Large Intestine and The Expelling of Wastes 

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The Large Intestine and The Expelling of Wastes 

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By the time the food reaches the large intestine, it has been chemically digested. The colon (within the large intestine) absorbs water from the broken down food. The most absorption occurs here in the large intestine. Finally, once absorption is complete, the remaining food is expelled through the anus.

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The liver produces bile which contain bile salts that allow for a greater surface area for the enzymes to work during digestion. The liver also is a storehouse for vitamins which help get rid of toxins.

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The small intestine is where most of digestion occurs. The area of the small intestine where this digestion is called the duodenum. The small intestine is divided into 3 sections, the first of which being the duodenum (the other two are called the jejunum and ileum). The partially digested food is covering in HCL and pepsin, and the cells are protected from those enzymes due to help from the pancreas. The pancreas takes takes secretin (a chemical produced when food enters the small intestine) which signals it to send out a solution containing bicarbonate ions which balances the amount of HCL and activates the pepsin which protects the cells that line the small intestine.

The pancreas also contains enzymes that break down carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.Enzymes involved are; trypsinogen (begins to digest proteins), enterokinase (further digests proteins), erepsins (complete protein digestion), disaccharides (digest carbohydrates), and Lipases (digest lipids).

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After travelling through the esophagus, the food goes into the stomach. The food enters when the cardiac sphincter relaxes, allowing the food to enter the stomach. Gastric fluids secreted by cells that line the stomach, aid in digestion. The fluids that are in the stomach include: HLC, pepsin, and Mucus.

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Once the food is swallowed, it travels down a tube like passage to the stomach. This passage is called the esophagus. The bolus (ball of food) is pushed through the esophagus with the help of peristalsis. This is when smooth muscles contract and push the food through the passage.

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Ingestion begins in the mouth where the teeth crush the food and the salivary glands break it down. The enzymes in saliva are called amylase enzymes, and help lubricate the food and allow it to be swallowed.